1
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Nene LC, Buthelezi K, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. The in vitro photo-sonodynamic combinatorial therapy activity of cationic and zwitterionic phthalocyanines on MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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2
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Biral Silva C, Cesar Torres Antonio F, Homem-de-Mello P, Orzari Ribeiro A, Batista do Nascimento F, de Oliveira HPM. Photochemical and photophysical properties of tetracarboxylic acid phthalocyanines from glycolic and lactic acids in homogeneous and micro heterogeneous media. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120177. [PMID: 34340053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycolic acid and lactic acid substituted zinc phthalocyanines were studied concerning their photophysical and photochemical properties in eight organic solvents (homogeneous medium) and in aqueous media with the presence of CTAB and PVP 360 surfactants. Solvent effects were investigated according to several physical solvent parameters, including studies that used more than one parameter at a time, such as the ET(30) scale and the Lippet-Mataga equation. Computational studies were realized and was found in good agreement with experimental data indicating J-type dimers' formation through hydrogen bonds, which may not affect the spectroscopic properties. Fluorescence lifetimes were recorded using a time-correlated single-photon counting setup (TCSPC) technique. The direct method (analyzing the phosphorescence decay curves of singlet oxygen at 1270 nm) was employed to study singlet oxygen quantum yields. Phthalocyanine macrocycle with lactic acid substituent showed better solvation arrangement than the glycolic derivative, which can be explained based on the presence of the methyl group bonded to the chain. The water solvation of Pc's in the presence of cationic surfactant (CTAB) and biocompatible polymer PVP 360 increses the importance of this study for appliance in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Biral Silva
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cesar Torres Antonio
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Paula Homem-de-Mello
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Anderson Orzari Ribeiro
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Francisco Batista do Nascimento
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Hueder Paulo Moisés de Oliveira
- Federal University of ABC/Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Av. dos Estados, 5001 - Santo André, São Paulo CEP 09210-580, Brazil.
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3
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Akyüz D, Akçay HT, Bayrak R. Synthesis, Characterization and Investigation of Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Peripherally Tetra Diethoxypropan Substituted Phthalocyanines. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Akyüz
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Gebze Technical University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Hakkı Türker Akçay
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Rize Turkey
| | - Rıza Bayrak
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques Vocational School of Health Services Sinop University Sinop Turkey
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4
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Kasprzycki P, Sobotta L, Lijewski S, Wierzchowski M, Goslinski T, Mielcarek J, Radzewicz C, Fita P. Unusual cis-diprotonated forms and fluorescent aggregates of non-peripherally alkoxy-substituted metallophthalocyanines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:21390-21400. [PMID: 28776609 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protonation and aggregation of two metallophthalocyanines (zinc and magnesium) non-peripherally substituted with 1,4,7-trioxanonyl moieties were studied by steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy. Both compounds are easily protonated in organic solvents, but the central metal ion strongly affects the character of this process. In particular, the magnesium derivative forms the cis-diprotonated isomer observed for the first time in phthalocyanines, in contrast to its zinc counterpart which forms the typical trans-diprotonated isomer. In addition, studies performed on phthalocyanines substituted with n-butoxy groups at their non-peripheral positions indicated that the formation of the cis-diprotonated forms is a more common feature of alkoxy-substituted magnesium metallophthalocyanines, in contrast to derivatives with other metal ions. The cis-diprotonated forms of the magnesium derivatives are formed at much lower proton concentrations than the trans-diprotonated forms of their zinc counterparts. The cis-isomers were also found to have more advantageous photophysical properties for photoactive applications than the trans-isomers. Aggregation studies of the trioxanonyl phthalocyanines revealed that the magnesium derivative aggregates much more easily in non-coordinating solvents than its zinc counterpart. Both the derivatives form fluorescent aggregates, which is typically attributed to the presence of oxygen-to-metal intermolecular coordination preventing the formation of non-fluorescent face-to-face stacks. The results indicate that the oxygen-to-metal coordination plays a significant role in the studied systems and the stronger oxygen-coordination ability of magnesium ions compared to zinc ions may underlie the observed differences between the phthalocyanines metallated with these two ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kasprzycki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Guo Q, Chen L, Pan S, Ma D, Liu X, Chen X, Xu G, Yang H, Peng Y. Morpholinyl dendrimer phthalocyanine: synthesis, photophysical properties and photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13164-13170. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a novel series of morpholinyl dendrimer phthalocyanines exhibited dependence on the number of morpholinyl groups and the central ion. The photoinduced electron transfer from the morpholinyl units to phthalocyanine ring was evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Guo
- College of Chemistry & Material
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
| | - Limin Chen
- Fujian Medical University
- Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Sujuan Pan
- College of Chemistry & Material
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
| | - Dongdong Ma
- College of Chemistry & Material
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Fujian Medical University
- Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- College of Chemistry & Material
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
| | - Guoxing Xu
- Fujian Medical University
- Affiliate Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine
- Ministry of Education and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- China
| | - Yiru Peng
- College of Chemistry & Material
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
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6
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Miretti M, Clementi R, Tempesti TC, Baumgartner MT. Photodynamic inactivation of multiresistant bacteria (KPC) using zinc(II)phthalocyanines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4341-4344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Triblock copolymers encapsulated poly (aryl benzyl ether) dendrimer zinc(II) phthalocyanine nanoparticles for enhancement in vitro photodynamic efficacy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 16:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Medyouni R, Elgabsi W, Naouali O, Romerosa A, Sulaiman Al-Ayed A, Baklouti L, Hamdi N. One-pot three-component Biginelli-type reaction to synthesize 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-ones catalyzed by Co phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization, aggregation behavior and antibacterial activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 167:165-174. [PMID: 27287623 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel phthalonitrile derivative with pyridine-2-thiol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenylamine substituents functionalized groups and its peripherally tetrasubstituted cobalt phthalocyanine and cationic phthalocyanines complexes were reported. The aggregation investigations carried out in different concentrations indicate that Co Phthalocyanines compounds 3,4 do not have any aggregation behavior for the concentration range of 6×10(-4)-14×10(-6)M in DMSO. The ion binding properties of Co Phthalocyanines compounds 3,4 show the formation of stable complex with Co(2+). In addition 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives were synthesized by modified Biginelli cyclocondensation reaction catalyzed by MPc as Lewis base. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been successfully characterized by the spectroscopic methods (IR, (1)H NMR, (13C)NMR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and NMR 2D). The influence of substrate/catalyst ratio, solvent was also investigated to find optimal reaction on this synthesis for getting the highest conversion. Different parameters were examined for finding optimal conditions of catalysis. In addition; the compounds 3-11 were investigated for antimicrobial activity. Most of them exhibited important antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawdha Medyouni
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Wissal Elgabsi
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Naouali
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Natural Substances Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Carthage, Zarzouna-Bizerta, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica, Universidad d'Almeria 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Abdullah Sulaiman Al-Ayed
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lasaad Baklouti
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Natural Substances Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Carthage, Zarzouna-Bizerta, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Heterocyclic and Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif, 2050, Tunisia; Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Cyclopropanation reactions catalysed by dendrimers possessing one metalloporphyrin active site at the core: linear and sigmoidal kinetic behaviour for different dendrimer generations. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Pan SJ, Ma DD, Liu JS, Chen KZ, Zhang TT, Peng YR. Benzophenone and zinc(II) phthalocyanine dichromophores-labeled poly (aryl ether) dendrimer: synthesis, characterization and photoinduced energy transfer. J COORD CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Pan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Zhi Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ru Peng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Muli DK, Carpenter BL, Mayukh M, Ghiladi RA, McGrath DV. Dendritic near-IR absorbing zinc phthalocyanines for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Li XS, Guo J, Zhuang JJ, Zheng BY, Ke MR, Huang JD. Highly positive-charged zinc(II) phthalocyanine as non-aggregated and efficient antifungal photosensitizer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2386-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Nas A, Kantekin H, Koca A. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of 4-(4-(5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)phenoxy)-Substituted Cobalt(II), Lead(II) and Metal-Free Phthalocyanines. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Ağırtaş MS, Dede E, Gümüş S, Dündar A, Okumuş V. Metallo Phthalocyanines bearing 2-Isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yloxy Substituents: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation Behavior, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity, and Electronic Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel hexadeca-substituted phthalocyanines bearing three different groups. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Lapkina LA, Gorbunova YG, Gil DO, Ivanov VK, Konstantinov NY, Tsivadze AY. Synthesis, spectral properties, cation-induced dimerization and photochemical stability of tetra-(15-crown-5)-phthalocyaninato indium(III). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-tetra-(15-crown-5)phthalocyaninato indium(III) hydroxide [(15 C 5)4 Pc ] In ( OH )(I) was obtained by direct interaction of tetra-(15-crown-5)-phthalocyanine with indium acetylacetonate with 90% yield. The set of UV-vis, 1 H NMR and MALDI-TOF spectroscopy data allowed the unambiguous interpretation of complex structure. It was shown that the developed synthetic approach can be also used for synthesis of indium(III) 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octabutoxyphthalocyanine [( BuO )8 Pc ] In ( OH )(II). Photophysical characteristics (fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields) of I were established. The photochemical stability of I was compared with tetra-(15-crown-5)-phthalocyanine H 2[(15 C 5)4 Pc ] and aluminum(III) complex [(15 C 5)4 Pc ] Al ( OH ). It was found that cation-induced formation of cofacial dimers [2I × 4MX] ( M = K +, Rb +, X = CO 32-, OPic -, OPiv -, SO 42-, ClO 4-, Br -) resulted in significant enhancement of complex photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila A. Lapkina
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Dmitry O. Gil
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir K. Ivanov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Yu. Konstantinov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
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17
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Ogbodu RO, Antunes E, Nyokong T. Physicochemical properties of a zinc phthalocyanine – pyrene conjugate adsorbed onto single walled carbon nanotubes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10769-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Zhao B, Duan W, Lo PC, Duan L, Wu C, Ng DKP. Mono-PEGylated Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines: Preparation, Nanoparticle Formation, and In Vitro Photodynamic Activity. Chem Asian J 2012; 8:55-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Kimani SG, Shmigol TA, Hammond S, Phillips JB, Bruce JI, MacRobert AJ, Malakhov MV, Golding JP. Fully protected glycosylated zinc (II) phthalocyanine shows high uptake and photodynamic cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:139-49. [PMID: 22803957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanine photosensitizers are effective in anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) but suffer from limited solubility, limited cellular uptake and limited selectivity for cancer cells. To improve these characteristics, we synthesized isopropylidene-protected and partially deprotected tetra β-glycosylated zinc (II) phthalocyanines and compared their uptake and accumulation kinetics, subcellular localization, in vitro photocytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation with those of disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine. In MCF-7 cancer cells, one of the compounds, zinc phthalocyanine {4}, demonstrated 10-fold higher uptake, 5-fold greater PDT-induced cellular reactive oxygen species concentration and 2-fold greater phototoxicity than equimolar (9 μm) disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine. Thus, isopropylidene-protected β-glycosylation of phthalocyanines provides a simple method of improving the efficacy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Kimani
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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20
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Özçeşmeci İ, Güney O, Okur Aİ, Gül A. New phthalocyanines containing bulky electron rich substituents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free and metallophthalocyanines with four 9-anthroyl groups bound through ethylthio ester bridges on the periphery have been prepared. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, 1 H NMR, IR, mass and UV-vis spectral data. The electronic spectra exhibit an intense π-π* transition of 9-anthroyl identity together with characteristic Q and B bands of the phthalocyanine core. Effect of metal ions on intensity of fluorescence spectra of phthalocyanine derivatives substituted with 9-anthroyl groups was investigated. The energy transfer to the phthalocyanine core and radiative decays of the 9-anthroyl emission and phthalocyanine core were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Özçeşmeci
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey
| | - Orhan Güney
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey
| | - Ali İhsan Okur
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul TR-34469, Turkey
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21
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Seotsanyana-Mokhosi I, Nyokong T. Photophysical properties of a water-soluble adjacently substituted bisnaphthalophthalocyanine. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spectral properties of a water soluble metal free tetracarboxyphenoxy bisnaphthalophthalocyanine (3) were studied in water and organic solvents. It was found that in protic solvents, complex 3 was highly aggregated. The surfactant, Triton X100, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) do not effect disaggregation while cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) caused the molecule to disaggregate. The fluorescence quantum yields were higher in the presence of CTAC. Studying the interaction of BSA with complex 3 using fluorometry revealed that BSA is highly quenched by the latter. A 1:1 stoichiometric binding ratio between BSA and the Pc was found. Triplet quantum yields in water containing CTAC were higher than in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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22
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Nishida M, Momotake A, Shinohara Y, Nishimura Y, Arai T. Synthesis and photophysical properties of water-soluble dendrimers bearing a phthalocyanine core. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation behaviors of phthalocyanine derivatives which have a dendritic structure were examined in an aqueous solution. We prepared the first- and second-generation dendrimers (WG1-PC and WG2-PC), having water-soluble substituents as a peripheral group, to be resolved in water. From spectroscopic measurement, WG2-PC acted in a monomeric manner, even in an aqueous solution, in contrast to WG1-PC, which exhibited spectra attributed to aggregation. This implies that a higher generation of water-soluble dendrimers can prevent a phthalocyanine core from forming an aggregation. The introduction of the second-generation dendrons to an aggregatable core may be effective to avoid self-aggregation and an undesirable deactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nishida
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Atsuya Momotake
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shinohara
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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23
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Huang JD, Jiang XJ, Shen XM, Tang QQ. Synthesis and photobiological properties of novel silicon(IV) phthalocyanines axially modified by paracetamol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609001571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two novel axial-disubstituted silicon(IV) phthalocyanines (compounds 1 and 2) have been prepared by introducing paracetamol (a common antipyretic analgesic) or its isomer 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide at the axial positions of silicon(IV) phthalocyanine, respectively. Their photophysical and biological properties have been examined. Both compounds are highly soluble and exhibit very similar absorption spectra in N, N-dimethylformamide, which is typical for non-aggregated phthalocyanines. Both compounds are photocytotoxic against HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Compound 2 shows a very high in vitro photodynamic activity, with the IC50 value down to 15 nM. In contrast, compound 1 exhibits a much lower in vitro photodynamic activity toward HT29 cells, which can be attributed to its higher aggregating trend in the biological medium and lower singlet oxygen quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Min Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Lau JTF, Lo PC, Fong WP, Ng DKP. Preparation and Photodynamic Activities of Silicon(IV) Phthalocyanines Substituted with Permethylated β-Cyclodextrins. Chemistry 2011; 17:7569-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Electrochemical and in situ Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Phthalocyanines Bearing N-Benzyl-4-Phenyloxyacetamide Moieties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.5504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The general redox behaviour of phthalocyanines bearing N-benzyl-4-phenyloxyacetamide moieties (H2Pc, ZnPc, NiPc, CuPc, and CoPc) has been identified by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry on Pt in dimethylsulfoxide/tetrabutylammonium perchlorate. These measurements showed that the complexes indicate subsequent one-electron reduction and oxidation processes. Although the voltammetric measurements implied the association of the redox processes of some complexes with aggregation phenomenon, the complete evaluation of the aggregation effects by only these measurements was not possible. In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical measurements enabled us to assign the ligand- and metal-based redox processes, and identify if the aggregation affects these processes. These measurements suggested that the redox processes of H2Pc, NiPc, and CuPc are coupled by aggregation phenomenon, while those of ZnPc and especially CoPc are not, probably due to the difference in their axial coordinating properties.
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Hahn U, Setaro F, Ragàs X, Gray-Weale A, Nonell S, Torres T. Microenvironment-switchable singlet oxygen generation by axially-coordinated hydrophilic ruthenium phthalocyanine dendrimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3385-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Shen XM, Jiang XJ, Huang CC, Zhang HH, Huang JD. Highly photostable silicon(IV) phthalocyanines containing adamantane moieties: synthesis, structure, and properties. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tetra-3-[(2-diethylamino)ethyl]-7-oxo-4-methylcoumarin-substituted zinc phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization and aggregation effects on photophysical/photochemical properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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George RC, Durmuş M, Egharevba GO, Nyokong T. Electrostatic self-assembly of quaternized 2,(3)-tetra(oxo-pyridine) phthalocyaninato chloroindium(III) with a series of tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Çamur M, Bulut M, Kandaz M, Güney O. Effects of coumarin substituents on the photophysical properties of newly synthesised phthalocyanine derivatives. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270802613596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Çamur
- a Department of Chemistry , Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Bulut
- a Department of Chemistry , Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kandaz
- b Department of Chemistry , Sakarya University , Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Orhan Güney
- c Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul, Turkey
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shi Li
- ERATO-SORST “Nanospace Project”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, and Centre for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- ERATO-SORST “Nanospace Project”, Japan Science and Technology Agency, National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, and Centre for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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33
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Esenpınar AA, Bulut M. Synthesis and characterization of novel α- or β-tetra[6,7-dihexyloxy-3-(4-oxyphenyl)coumarin]-substituted metal-free and metallo phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Kernag CA, Mcgrath DV. Solution and Thin-Film Aggregation Studies of Octasubstituted Dendritic Phthalocyanines. Isr J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc.49.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Chen X, Salmon, III TR, McGrath DV. Asymmetric Phthalocyanine Synthesis by ROMP-Capture-Release. Org Lett 2009; 11:2061-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of soluble TiOPc derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 9:2745-2756. [PMID: 19330101 PMCID: PMC2635652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized soluble TiOPc derivatives containing alkoxy groups for use as additives in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The DSSC devices containing these TiOPc derivatives exhibited short-circuit current densities of 8.49~10.04 mA/cm2 and power conversion efficiencies of 2.73~3.62 % under AM 1.5 illumination and 100 mW/cm2 irradiation.
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37
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Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence behavior of new fluorescent probe phthalocyanines bearing coumarin substituents. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Zhao P, Song Y, Dong S, Niu L, Zhang F. Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical properties of amphiphilic carboxyl phthalocyanine oligomers. Dalton Trans 2009:6327-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b904569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Misici-Falzi M, Palmieri GF. Colloidal soft matter as drug delivery system. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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40
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Liu JY, Jiang XJ, Fong WP, Ng DKP. Highly photocytotoxic 1,4-dipegylated zinc(ii) phthalocyanines. Effects of the chain length on the in vitro photodynamic activities. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4560-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b814627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Durmuş M, Nyokong T. Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical properties of tetra- and octa-substituted gallium and indium phthalocyanines. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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El-Khouly ME, Kang ES, Kay KY, Choi CS, Aaraki Y, Ito O. Silicon-Phthalocyanine-Cored Fullerene Dendrimers: Synthesis and Prolonged Charge-Separated States with Dendrimer Generations. Chemistry 2007; 13:2854-63. [PMID: 17177216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Silicon-phthalocyanine-cored fullerodendrimers with up to eight fullerene substituents (SiPc-n C(60); n=2, 4, and 8) have been synthesized. Photophysical properties of newly synthesized SiPc-n C(60) have been investigated by time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption analysis with pulsed laser light. Laser photolysis measurements suggest the occurrence of a charge-separation process from (1)SiPc* to the C(60) subunits. The nanosecond transient absorption spectra in the near-IR region indicate that the lifetimes of the formed radical ion pairs are prolonged on the order of SiPc-8 C(60)>SiPc-4 C(60)>SiPc-2 C(60), which may be related to the electron migration among the C(60) subunits. The usefulness of SiPc-n C(60) as light-harvesting systems, evaluated as a ratio of the rates of charge recombination to those of charge separation, increases markedly with the dendrimer generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El-Khouly
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Jiang XJ, Huang JD, Zhu YJ, Tang FX, Ng DKP, Sun JC. Preparation and in vitro photodynamic activities of novel axially substituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanines and their bovine serum albumin conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2450-3. [PMID: 16464589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two novel axially substituted phthalocyanines, namely bis(4-(4-acetylpiperazine)phenoxy)phthalocyaninatosilicon (IV) (1) and its N-methylated derivative 2, have been synthesized. The dicationic phthalocyanine 2 is non-aggregated in water and exhibits good photophysical properties. The non-covalent BSA conjugates of these compounds have also been prepared. Compound 2 and the conjugate 2-BSA show extremely high photodynamic activities toward B16 melanoma cancer cell lines. The corresponding 50% growth-inhibitory (IC50) ratios are 33 and 38 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Jie Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Research on Functional Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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44
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Kang HJ, Kang EH, Park SW, Lee JW, Lee JK. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Some PEG Substitued Titanyl Phthalocyanine Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200650323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Leclaire J, Dagiral R, Fery-Forgues S, Coppel Y, Donnadieu B, Caminade AM, Majoral JP. Octasubstituted Metal-Free Phthalocyanine as Core of Phosphorus Dendrimers: A Probe for the Properties of the Internal Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15762-70. [PMID: 16277519 DOI: 10.1021/ja054797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new family of phosphorus dendrimers built from an octasubstituted metal-free phthalocyanine core is described up to generation 5. This core is used as a sensor and a probe for analyzing the properties of the internal structure and the influence of each structural part (core, branches, surface) upon the whole structure. UV-visible spectra show both a hyperchromic and bathochromic effect on the Q-bands with increasing generation, indicating that the chromophore is more isolated, and that the dendritic shell mimics a highly polar solvent. There is no evidence for aggregation, except for generation 0, showing again the isolation of the core. However, the dendritic shell is permeable to aqueous acids and bases, as demonstrated by the reversible splitting of the Q-band in an acidic medium (neutral form of the phthalocyanine) and the single Q-band in a basic medium (dianionic form), even for generation 4. The fluorescence quantum yield for the neutral form increases with increasing generation. The dianionic form of generation 0 is poorly fluorescent, whereas generations 3 and 4 (G3 and G4) exhibit better fluorescence. The cores of G3 and G4 are highly sensitive optical sensors for H3O+ and OH-. These experiments are carried out in THF/water mixtures, and the influence of water on the structure has been checked. The hydrodynamic radius of generation 4 is measured by NMR diffusion (pulse gradient spin-echo) experiments. R(H) varies from 35.4 A at 4 mol % of water to 32.5 A at 64 mol % of water in THF, indicating the hydrophobic nature of these dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Leclaire
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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46
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Andrews DL, Bradshaw DS. Optically nonlinear energy transfer in light-harvesting dendrimers. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:2445-54. [PMID: 15260800 DOI: 10.1063/1.1769354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimeric polymers are the subject of intense research activity geared towards their implementation in nanodevice applications such as energy harvesting systems, organic light-emitting diodes, photosensitizers, low-threshold lasers, and quantum logic elements, etc. A recent development in this area has been the construction of dendrimers specifically designed to exhibit novel forms of optical nonlinearity, exploiting the unique properties of these materials at high levels of photon flux. Starting from a thorough treatment of the underlying theory based on the principles of molecular quantum electrodynamics, it is possible to identify and characterize several optically nonlinear mechanisms for directed energy transfer and energy pooling in multichromophore dendrimers. Such mechanisms fall into two classes: first, those where two-photon absorption by individual donors is followed by transfer of the net energy to an acceptor; second, those where the excitation of two electronically distinct but neighboring donor groups is followed by a collective migration of their energy to a suitable acceptor. Each transfer process is subject to minor dissipative losses. In this paper we describe in detail the balance of factors and the constraints that determines the favored mechanism, which include the excitation statistics, structure of the energy levels, laser coherence factors, chromophore selection rules and architecture, possibilities for the formation of delocalized excitons, spectral overlap, and the overall distribution of donors and acceptors. Furthermore, it transpires that quantum interference between different mechanisms can play an important role. Thus, as the relative importance of each mechanism determines the relevant nanophotonic characteristics, the results reported here afford the means for optimizing highly efficient light-harvesting dendrimer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Andrews
- Nanostructures and Photomolecular Systems, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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