1
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Melesi S, Marabotti P, Milani A, Pigulski B, Gulia N, Pińkowski P, Szafert S, Del Zoppo M, Castiglioni C, Casari CS. Impact of Halogen Termination and Chain Length on π-Electron Conjugation and Vibrational Properties of Halogen-Terminated Polyynes. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2703-2716. [PMID: 38507898 PMCID: PMC11017249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We explored the optoelectronic and vibrational properties of a new class of halogen-terminated carbon atomic wires in the form of polyynes using UV-vis, infrared absorption, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and DFT calculations. These polyynes terminate on one side with a cyanophenyl group and on the other side, with a halogen atom X (X = Cl, Br, I). We focus on the effect of different halogen terminations and increasing lengths (i.e., 4, 6, and 8 sp-carbon atoms) on the π-electron conjugation and the electronic structure of these systems. The variation in the sp-carbon chain length is more effective in tuning these features than changing the halogen end group, which instead leads to a variety of solid-state architectures. Shifts between the vibrational frequencies of samples in crystalline powders and in solution reflect intermolecular interactions. In particular, the presence of head-to-tail dimers in the crystals is responsible for the modulation of the charge density associated with the π-electron system, and this phenomenon is particularly important when strong I··· N halogen bonds occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Melesi
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Pietro Marabotti
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
- Institut
für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt
Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Milani
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Nurbey Gulia
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Piotr Pińkowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Mirella Del Zoppo
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Chiara Castiglioni
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Department
of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab,
Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano 20133, Italy
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2
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Gao W, Zheng W, Sun L, Kang F, Zhou Z, Xu W. On-surface synthesis and characterization of polyynic carbon chains. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae031. [PMID: 38410826 PMCID: PMC10896587 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbyne, an elusive sp-hybridized linear carbon allotrope, has fascinated chemists and physicists for decades. Due to its high chemical reactivity and extreme instability, carbyne was much less explored in contrast to the sp2-hybridized carbon allotropes such as graphene. Herein, we report the on-surface synthesis of polyynic carbon chains by demetallization of organometallic polyynes on the Au(111) surface; the longest one observed consists of ∼60 alkyne units (120 carbon atoms). The polyynic structure of carbon chains with alternating triple and single bonds was unambiguously revealed by bond-resolved atomic force microscopy. Moreover, an atomically precise polyyne, C14, was successfully produced via tip-induced dehalogenation and ring-opening of the decachloroanthracene molecule (C14Cl10) on a bilayer NaCl/Au(111) surface at 4.7 K, and a band gap of 5.8 eV was measured by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, in a good agreement with the theoretical HOMO-LUMO gap (5.48 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Luye Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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3
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Patrick CW, Gao Y, Gupta P, Thompson AL, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Masked alkynes for synthesis of threaded carbon chains. Nat Chem 2024; 16:193-200. [PMID: 37973943 PMCID: PMC10849957 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyynes are chains of sp1 carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds. As they become longer, they evolve towards carbyne, the 1D allotrope of carbon, and they become increasingly unstable. It has been anticipated that long polyynes could be stabilized by supramolecular encapsulation, by threading them through macrocycles to form polyrotaxanes-but, until now, polyyne polyrotaxanes with many threaded macrocycles have been synthetically inaccessible. Here we show that masked alkynes, in which the C≡C triple bond is temporarily coordinated to cobalt, can be used to synthesize polyrotaxanes, up to the C68 [5]rotaxane with 34 contiguous triple bonds and four threaded macrocycles. This is the length regime at which the electronic properties of polyynes converge to those of carbyne. Cyclocarbons constitute a related family of molecular carbon allotropes, and cobalt-masked alkynes also provide a route to [3]catenanes and [5]catenanes built around cobalt complexes of cyclo[40]carbon and cyclo[80]carbon, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prakhar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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4
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Arora A, Baksi SD, Weisbach N, Amini H, Bhuvanesh N, Gladysz JA. Monodisperse Molecular Models for the sp Carbon Allotrope Carbyne; Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of Diplatinum Polyynediyl Complexes with PtC20Pt to PtC52Pt Linkages. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2225-2240. [PMID: 38161378 PMCID: PMC10755852 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Extended conjugated polyynes provide models for the elusive sp carbon polymer carbyne, but progress has been hampered by numerous synthetic challenges. Stabilities appear to be enhanced by bulky, electropositive transition-metal endgroups. Reactions of trans-(C6F5)(p-tol3P)2Pt(C≡C)nSiEt3 (n = 4-6, PtCxSi (x = 2n)) with n-Bu4N+F-/Me3SiCl followed by excess tetrayne H(C≡C)4SiEt3 (HC8Si) and then CuCl/TMEDA and O2 give the heterocoupling products PtCx+8Si, PtCx+16Si, and sometimes higher homologues. The PtCx+16Si species presumably arise via protodesilylation of PtCx+8Si under the reaction conditions. Chromatography allows the separation of PtC16Si, PtC24Si, and PtC32Si (from n = 4), PtC18Si and PtC26Si (n = 5), or PtC20Si and PtC28Si (n = 6). These and previously reported species are applied in similar oxidative homocouplings, affording the family of diplatinum polyynediyl complexes PtCxPt (x = 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 in 96-34% yields and x = 44, 48, 52 in 22-7% yields). These are carefully characterized by 13C NMR, UV-visible, and Raman spectroscopy and other techniques, with particular attention to behavior as the Cx chain approaches the macromolecular limit and endgroup effects diminish. The crystal structures of solvates of PtC20Pt, PtC24Pt, and PtC26Si, which feature the longest sp chains structurally characterized to date, are analyzed in detail. All data support a polyyne electronic structure with a nonzero optical band gap and bond length alternation for carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Weisbach
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas
A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United
States
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5
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Gorenskaia E, Potter J, Korb M, Lambert C, Low PJ. Exploring relationships between chemical structure and molecular conductance: from α,ω-functionalised oligoynes to molecular circuits. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37070423 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The quantum circuit rule (QCR) allows estimation of the conductance of molecular junctions, electrode|X-bridge-Y|electrode, by considering the molecule as a series of independent scattering regions associated with the anchor groups (X, Y) and bridge, provided the numerical parameters that characterise the anchor groups (aX, aY) and molecular backbones (bB) are known. Single-molecule conductance measurements made with a series of α,ω-substituted oligoynes (X-{(CC)N}-X, N = 1, 2, 3, 4), functionalised by terminal groups, X (4-thioanisole (C6H4SMe), 5-(3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene) (DMBT), 4-aniline (C6H4NH2), 4-pyridine (Py), capable of serving as 'anchor groups' to contact the oligoyne fragment within a molecular junction, have shown the expected exponential dependence of molecular conductance, G, with the number of alkyne repeating units. In turn, this allows estimation of the anchor (ai) and backbone (bi) parameters. Using these values, together with previously determined parameters for other molecular fragments, the QCR is found to accurately estimate the junction conductance of more complex molecular circuits formed from smaller components assembled in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorenskaia
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6026, Australia.
| | - Jarred Potter
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6026, Australia.
| | - Marcus Korb
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6026, Australia.
| | - Colin Lambert
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England, UK.
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6026, Australia.
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6
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Abstract
The formation and study of molecules that model the sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, carbyne, is a challenging field of synthetic physical organic chemistry. The target molecules, oligo- and polyynes, are often the preferred candidates as models for carbyne because they can be formed with monodisperse lengths as well as defined structures. Despite a simple linear structure, the synthesis of polyynes is often far from straightforward, due in large part to a highly conjugated framework that can render both precursors and products highly reactive, i.e., kinetically unstable. The vast majority of polyynes are formed as symmetrical products from terminal alkynes as precursors via an oxidative, acetylenic homocoupling reaction based on the Glaser, Eglinton-Galbraith, and Hay reactions. These reactions are very efficient for the synthesis of shorter polyynes (e.g., hexaynes and octaynes), but yields often drop dramatically as a function of length for longer derivatives, usually starting with the formation of decaynes. The most effective approach to circumvent unstable precursors and products has been through the incorporation of sterically demanding end groups that serve to "protect" the polyyne skeleton. This approach was arguably identified in the early 1950s by Bohlmann and co-workers with the synthesis of tBu-end-capped polyynes. During the next 50 years, a polyyne with 14 contiguous alkyne units remained the longest isolated derivative until 2010, when the record was extended to 22 alkyne units. The record length was broken again in 2020, when a polyyne consisting of 24 alkynes was isolated and characterized. Beyond polyynes, there have been several reports describing the potential synthesis of carbyne, but conclusive characterization and proof of structure have been tenuous. The sole example of synthetic carbyne arises from synthesis within carbon nanotubes, when chains of thousands of sp carbon atoms have been linked to form polydisperse samples of carbyne. Thus, model compounds for carbyne, the polyynes, remain the best means to examine and predict the experimental structure and properties of this carbon allotrope.This Account will discuss the general synthesis of polyynes using homologous series of polyynes with up to 10 alkyne units as examples (decaynes). The limited number of specific syntheses of series with longer polyynes will then be presented and discussed in more detail based on end groups. The monodisperse polyynes produced from these synthetic efforts are then examined toward providing our best extrapolations for the expected characteristics for carbyne based on 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron Difluoride Formazanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Erin L. Cotterill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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8
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterrill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Erin L. Cotterrill
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Michael Anghel
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemistry 1151 Richmond St. N. N6A 5B7 London CANADA
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9
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Kowalski PH, Krzemińska A, Pernal K, Pastorczak E. Dispersion Interactions between Molecules in and out of Equilibrium Geometry: Visualization and Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1312-1319. [PMID: 35166552 PMCID: PMC8883464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The London dispersion interactions between systems undergoing bond breaking, twisting, or compression are not well studied due to the scarcity and the high computational cost of methods being able to describe both the dynamic correlation and the multireference character of the system. Recently developed methods based on the Generalized Valence Bond wave function, such as EERPA-GVB and SAPT(GVB) (SAPT = symmetry-adapted perturbation theory), allow one to accurately compute and analyze noncovalent interactions between multireference systems. Here, we augment this analysis by introducing a local indicator for dispersion interactions inspired by Mata and Wuttke's Dispersion Interaction Density [ J. Comput. Chem. 2017, 38, 15-23] applied on top of an EERPA-GVB computation. Using a few model systems, we show what insights into the nature and evolution of the dispersion interaction during bond breaking and twisting such an approach is able to offer. The new indicator can be used at a minimal cost additional to an EERPA-GVB computation and can be complemented by an energy decomposition employing the SAPT(GVB) method. We explain the physics behind the initial increase, followed by a decrease in the interaction of linear molecules upon bond stretching. Namely, the elongation of covalent bonds leads to the enhancement of attractive dispersion interactions. For even larger bond lengths, this effect is canceled by the increase of the repulsive exchange forces resulting in a suppression of the interaction and finally leading to repulsion between monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr H Kowalski
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pernal
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Amini H, Weisbach N, Gauthier S, Kuhn H, Bhuvanesh N, Hampel F, Reibenspies JH, Gladysz JA. Trapping of Terminal Platinapolyynes by Copper(I) Catalyzed Click Cycloadditions; Probes of Labile Intermediates in Syntheses of Complexes with Extended sp Carbon Chains, and Crystallographic Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:12619-12634. [PMID: 34101914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The silylated hexatriynyl complex trans-(C6 F5 )(p-tol3 P)2 Pt(C≡C)3 SiEt3 (PtC6 TES) is converted in situ to PtC6 H (wet n-Bu4 N+ F- , THF) and cross coupled with the diyne H(C≡C)2 SiEt3 (HC4 TES; CuCl/TMEDA, O2 ) to give PtC10 TES (71 %). This sequence is repeated twice to afford PtC14 TES (65 %) and then PtC18 TES (27 %). An analogous series of reactions starting with PtC8 TES gives PtC12 TES (60 %), then PtC16 TES (43 %), and then PtC20 TES (17 %). Similar cross couplings with H(C≡C)2 Si(i-Pr)3 (HC4 TIPS) give PtC12 TIPS (68 %), PtC14 TIPS (68 %), and PtC16 TIPS (34 %). The trialkylsilyl species (up to PtC18 TES) are converted to 3+2 "click" cycloadducts or 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles trans-(C6 F5 )(p-tol3 P)2 Pt(C≡C)n-1 C=CHN(CH2 C6 H5 )N=N (29-92 % after workups). The most general procedure involves generating the terminal polyynes PtCx H (wet n-Bu4 N+ F- , THF) in the presence of benzyl azide in DMF and aqueous CuSO4 /ascorbic acid. All of the preceding complexes are crystallographically characterized and the structural and spectroscopic properties analyzed as a function of chain length. Two pseudopolymorphs of PtC20 TES are obtained, both of which feature molecules with parallel sp carbon chains in a pairwise head/tail packing motif with extensive sp/sp van der Waals contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Nancy Weisbach
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Sébastien Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Helene Kuhn
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joseph H Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
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11
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5941-5947. [PMID: 33253464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyyne polyrotaxanes, encapsulated cyclocarbon catenanes and other fascinating mechanically interlocked carbon-rich architectures should become accessible if masked alkyne equivalents (MAEs) can be developed that are large enough to prevent unthreading of a macrocycle, and that can be cleanly unmasked under mild conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new bulky MAE based on t-butylbicyclo[4.3.1]decatriene. This MAE was used to synthesize a polyyne [2]rotaxane and a masked-polyyne [3]rotaxane by Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling. Glaser cyclo-oligomerization of the [2]rotaxane gave masked cyclocarbon catenanes. The unmasking behavior of the catenanes and rotaxanes was tested by photolysis at a range of UV wavelengths. Photochemical unmasking did not proceed cleanly enough to prepare extended encapsulated polyyne polyrotaxanes. We highlight the scope and challenges involved with this approach to interlocked carbon-rich architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka, 44/52, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Steffen L Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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12
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Gawel P, Woltering SL, Xiong Y, Christensen KE, Anderson HL. Masked Alkyne Equivalents for the Synthesis of Mechanically Interlocked Polyynes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw Poland
| | - Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry Oxford University Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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13
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Yuan Z, Liu X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Recent Advances in Rapid Synthesis of Non-proteinogenic Amino Acids from Proteinogenic Amino Acids Derivatives via Direct Photo-Mediated C-H Functionalization. Molecules 2020; 25:E5270. [PMID: 33198166 PMCID: PMC7696505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-proteinogenic amino acids have attracted tremendous interest for their essential applications in the realm of biology and chemistry. Recently, rising C-H functionalization has been considered an alternative powerful method for the direct synthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acids. Meanwhile, photochemistry has become popular for its predominant advantages of mild conditions and conservation of energy. Therefore, C-H functionalization and photochemistry have been merged to synthesize diverse non-proteinogenic amino acids in a mild and environmentally friendly way. In this review, the recent developments in the photo-mediated C-H functionalization of proteinogenic amino acids derivatives for the rapid synthesis of versatile non-proteinogenic amino acids are presented. Moreover, postulated mechanisms are also described wherever needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Xuanzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Changmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (C.L.)
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14
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The loss of endgroup effects in long pyridyl-endcapped oligoynes on the way to carbyne. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1143-1149. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Is It Conjugated or Not? The Theoretical and Experimental Electron Density Map of Bonding in p-CH3CH2COC6H4-C≡C-C≡C-p-C6H4COCH3CH2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194388. [PMID: 32987740 PMCID: PMC7583911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron density of p-CH3CH2COC6H4-C≡CC≡C-p-C6H4COCH3CH2 has been investigated on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected to high resolution at 100 K and from theoretical calculations. An analysis of the X-ray data of the diyne showed interesting “liquidity” of electron distribution along the carbon chain compared to 1,2-diphenylacetylene. These findings are compatible with the results of topological analysis of Electron Localization Function (ELF), which has also revealed a larger (than expected) concentration of the electron density at the single bonds. Both methods indicate a clear π-type or “banana” character of a single bond and a significant distortion from the typical conjugated structure of the bonding in the diyne with a small contribution of cumulenic structures.
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16
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Optical gap and fundamental gap of oligoynes and carbyne. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4797. [PMID: 32968057 PMCID: PMC7511338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of various carbon allotropes and nanomaterials have been well established, while the purely sp-hybridized carbyne remains synthetically inaccessible. Its properties have therefore frequently been extrapolated from those of defined oligomers. Most analyses have, however, focused on the main optical transitions in UV-Vis spectroscopy, neglecting the frequently observed weaker optical bands at significantly lower energies. Here, we report a systematic photophysical analysis as well as computations on two homologous series of oligoynes that allow us to elucidate the nature of these weaker transitions and the intrinsic photophysical properties of oligoynes. Based on these results, we reassess the estimates for both the optical and fundamental gap of carbyne to below 1.6 eV, significantly lower than previously suggested by experimental studies of oligoynes. Carbyne, a linear sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, is synthetically inaccessible and its properties are extrapolated from those of defined oligomers. Here the authors analyze weak optical bands in two series of oligoynes and reassess the optical and fundamental gap of carbyne to lower values than previously suggested.
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17
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Bomal E, Croué V, Yeo R, Scopelliti R, Frauenrath H. Hexayne Amphiphiles and Bolaamphiphiles. Chemistry 2020; 26:8907-8915. [PMID: 32022344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oligoynes with two or more conjugated carbon-carbon triple bonds are useful precursors for carbon-rich nanomaterials. However, their range of applications has so far been severely limited by the challenging syntheses, particularly in the case of oligoynes with functional groups. Here, we report a universal synthetic approach towards both symmetric and unsymmetric, functionalized hexaynes through the use of a modified Eglinton-Galbraith coupling and a sacrificial building block. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach by preparing hexaynes functionalized with phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, ammonium, or thiol head groups, which serve as neutral, cationogenic, or anionogenic interfacially active groups. We show that these hexaynes are carbon-rich amphiphiles or bolaamphiphiles that self-assemble at liquid-liquid interfaces, on solid surfaces, as well as in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Bomal
- Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MXG 135, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Croué
- Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MXG 135, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reuben Yeo
- Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MXG 135, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), MXG 135, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Woltering SL, Gawel P, Christensen KE, Thompson AL, Anderson HL. Photochemical Unmasking of Polyyne Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13523-13532. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen L. Woltering
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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19
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Li P, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Pu L, King RB. Understanding the singlet–triplet energy splittings in transition metal-capped carbon chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2858-2869. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06591a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and molecular orbital analysis suggest that the odd–even alternation of singlet–triplet energy separations is a general feature of transition metal-capped carbon chains, determined primarily by the carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhi Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Pu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - R. Bruce King
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Chemistry
- University of Georgia
- Athens
- USA
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20
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Weisbach N, Kuhn H, Amini H, Ehnbom A, Hampel F, Reibenspies JH, Hall MB, Gladysz JA. Triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) Alkynes as Building Blocks for Syntheses of Platinum Triisopropylsilylpolyynyl and Diplatinum Polyynediyl Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Weisbach
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helene Kuhn
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hashem Amini
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Andreas Ehnbom
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joseph H. Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8378-8382. [PMID: 31026371 PMCID: PMC6563095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cumulenes are sometimes described as "metallic" because an infinitely long cumulene would have the band structure of a metal. Herein, we report the single-molecule conductance of a series of cumulenes and cumulene analogues, where the number of consecutive C=C bonds in the core is n=1, 2, 3, and 5. The [n]cumulenes with n=3 and 5 have almost the same conductance, and they are both more conductive than the alkene (n=1). This is remarkable because molecular conductance normally falls exponentially with length. The conductance of the allene (n=2) is much lower, because of its twisted geometry. Computational simulations predict a similar trend to the experimental results and indicate that the low conductance of the allene is a general feature of [n]cumulenes where n is even. The lack of length dependence in the conductance of [3] and [5]cumulenes is attributed to the strong decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap with increasing length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | | | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of LiverpoolOxford StreetLiverpoolL69 3BXUK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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22
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Xu W, Leary E, Hou S, Sangtarash S, González MT, Rubio‐Bollinger G, Wu Q, Sadeghi H, Tejerina L, Christensen KE, Agraït N, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ, Anderson HL. Unusual Length Dependence of the Conductance in Cumulene Molecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Edmund Leary
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - M. Teresa González
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Gabino Rubio‐Bollinger
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Department of PhysicsLancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK
| | - Lara Tejerina
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Calle Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia CondensadaIFIMAC and Instituto “Nicolás Cabrera”Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | | | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department of ChemistryDonnan and Robert Robinson LaboratoriesUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
- Surface Science Research CentreUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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23
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Pigulski B, Gulia N, Szafert S. Reactivity of Polyynes: Complex Molecules from Simple Carbon Rods. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Nurbey Gulia
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wrocław; F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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24
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:494-498. [PMID: 30452109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional, conjugated building blocks have been formed through the axial coordination of polyynes to the central Ga atom of tetraarylporphyrins. Electron deficient pentafluorophenyl substituents in the meso-positions provide more stable σ-acetylide complexes to Ga than analogous structures with tert-butylphenyl groups. Mono-, di-, and triynes have been used, including a pyridyl endcapped diyne that allows for formation of porphyrin triads through coordination of the pyridyl ligand to a Ru porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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25
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Walter V, Gao Y, Grzegorzek N, Krempe M, Hampel F, Jux N, Tykwinski RR. Building from Ga-Porphyrins: Synthesis of Ga-Acetylide Complexes Using Acetylenes and Polyynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norbert Grzegorzek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Krempe
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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26
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Hijazi I, Khedhiri K, Campidelli S. Grafting of porphyrin oligomers on single-walled carbon nanotubes by Hay coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6767-6772. [PMID: 30191229 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of nanotube-based functional materials is still limited by the difficulty in incorporating highly engineered molecules onto the nanotube surface. To overcome this difficulty, the development of procedures involving two subsequent reaction steps on the nanotubes appeared particularly promising. It was previously demonstrated that "click chemistry" (CuAAC) permits efficiently functionalising nanotubes with a wide variety of materials (from inorganic to biological). In this work, we present an original strategy based on Hay coupling (i.e. the oxidative coupling between triple bonds) to fabricate nanotube-porphyrin conjugates. Porphyrins containing ethynyl functional groups were attached on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) bearing phenylacetylene groups and the resulting materials were fully characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hijazi
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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27
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Schnabel TM, Melcher D, Brandhorst K, Bockfeld D, Tamm M. Unraveling the Mechanism of 1,3-Diyne Cross-Metathesis Catalyzed by Silanolate-Supported Tungsten Alkylidyne Complexes. Chemistry 2018; 24:9022-9032. [PMID: 29676817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Schnabel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Daniel Melcher
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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28
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Neugebauer TS, Franz M, Frankenberger S, Tykwinski RR, Drewello T. Laser desorption vs. electrospray of polyyne-threaded rotaxanes: Preventing covalent cross-linking and promoting noncovalent aggregation. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:064308. [PMID: 29448797 DOI: 10.1063/1.5013123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced cross-linking of polyynes is successfully hindered when the polyyne is encapsulated as part of a rotaxane and therefore protected by a surrounding macrocycle. When the rotaxane is electrosprayed, however, noncovalent aggregate ions are efficiently formed. Aggregates of considerable size (including more than 50 rotaxane molecules with masses beyond 100k Da) and charge states (up to 13 charges and beyond) have been observed. Either protons or sodium cations act as the charge carriers. These aggregates are not formed when the individual components of the rotaxane, i.e., the macrocycle or the polyyne, are separately electrosprayed. This underlines the structural importance of the rotaxane for the aggregate formation. Straightforward force field calculations indicate that the polyyne thread hinders the folding of the macrocycles, which facilitates the bonding interaction between the two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Neugebauer
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Frankenberger
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Organic Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Wendinger D, Tykwinski RR. Odd [n]Cumulenes (n = 3, 5, 7, 9): Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1468-1479. [PMID: 28561581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to the omnipresent two- and three-dimensional allotropes of carbon, namely, graphite and diamond (as well as recent entries graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes), a detailed understanding of the one-dimensional carbon allotrope carbyne is not well established, and even the existence of carbyne has been a matter of controversy over the past decades. Composed of sp-hybridized carbon, carbyne could potentially exist in two forms, either as a polyyne (alternating single and triple bonds, expected to show a semiconducting behavior) or as a cumulene (all carbon atoms are connected via double bonds, predicted to show metallic behavior). Although a number of publications are available on the hypothetical structure and properties of carbyne, specific knowledge about its physical and spectroscopic characteristics is still unclear. In order to predict the properties of carbyne, the synthesis and study of model compounds, namely, polyynes and cumulenes, has been a promising avenue. The synthesis of polyynes has been extensively explored in the last decades, culminating with the isolation of a polyyne with 22 acetylene units, which allows extrapolation to the properties of carbyne. Extended cumulenes, on the other hand, have remained much less well-known, and specific studies of properties versus molecular length are quite limited. A limiting factor to the study of [n]cumulenes has been their dramatically increased reactivity, especially in comparison to polyynes of comparable length. For example, most known [7]cumulenes can only be handled in solution, while the polyynes of equivalent length (i.e., a triyne with three acetylene units) are quite stable. [9]Cumulenes are the longest derivatives studied to date. In this Account, we describe our efforts to design and synthesize odd [n]cumulenes (i.e., n = 3, 5, 7, 9) that are sufficiently persistent under ambient conditions to allow in depth characterization of physical and spectral properties. This goal has been achieved through modification of the end-capping groups by increasing the steric bulk and thereby shielding the reactive cumulene framework to provide stable [7]- and [9]cumulenes. An alternative route to stabilization is accomplished via encapsulation of the cumulene skeleton in a macrocycle, that is, formation of cumulene rotaxanes. The new sterically encumbered cumulenic products are reasonably stable under normal laboratory conditions, although some readily undergo cycloaddition reactions to give interesting products. We have explored preliminary trends for the reactivity of long [n]cumulenes. Finally, trends in the series of [n]cumulene model compounds are now discernible, including a thorough consideration of bond length alternation (BLA) in long [n]cumulenes using X-ray crystallographic analyses, as well as electronic properties via UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wendinger
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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30
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Synthesis and Use of Reactive Molecular Precursors for the Preparation of Carbon Nanomaterials. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of reactive molecular carbon precursors is required if the preparation of carbon nanostructures and nanomaterials is to be achieved under conditions that are sufficiently benign to control their nanoscopic morphology and tailor their chemical functionalization. Recently, oligoyne precursors have been explored for this purpose, as they are sufficiently stable to be available in tangible quantities but readily rearrange in reactions that yield other forms of carbon. In this chapter, we briefly discuss available synthetic routes toward higher oligoynes that mostly rely on transition metal-mediated coupling reactions. Thereafter, a comprehensive overview of the use of oligoyne derivatives as precursors for carbon nanostructures and nanomaterials is given. While the non-templated conversion of simple oligoynes into carbonaceous matter exemplifies their potential as metastable carbon precursors, the more recent attempts to use functionalized oligoynes in host–guest complexes, self-assembled aggregates, thin films, colloids or other types of supramolecular structures have paved the way toward a new generation of carbon nanomaterials with predictable nanoscopic morphology and chemical functionalization.
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31
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Pigulski B, Męcik P, Cichos J, Szafert S. Use of Stable Amine-Capped Polyynes in the Regioselective Synthesis of Push–Pull Thiophenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1487-1498. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrycja Męcik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Cichos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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32
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Ito S, Nagami T, Nakano M. Rational design of doubly-bridged chromophores for singlet fission and triplet–triplet annihilation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06032g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple-bridging realizes rational molecular design for efficient singlet fission and triplet–triplet annihilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ito
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - T. Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - M. Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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33
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Prenzel D, Kirschbaum RW, Chalifoux WA, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Drewello T, Tykwinski RR. Polymerization of acetylene: polyynes, but not carbyne. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00648e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymerization of acetylene in the presence of sterically-hindered endgroups leads to polyynes, but with lengths shorter than by stepwise syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rolf W. Kirschbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisclipinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
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34
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Della TD, Suresh CH. Massive dihydrogen uptake by anionic carbon chains. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5830-5838. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable capacity of anionic and dianionic carbon chains to bind dihydrogen compared to their neutral moieties has been established theoretically and these one dimensional anions could be utilized in developing novel H2 storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Davis Della
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Cherumuttathu H. Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research
- CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
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35
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Schrettl S, Schulte B, Frauenrath H. Templating for hierarchical structure control in carbon materials. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18828-18848. [PMID: 27827511 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based materials show a remarkable variety of physical properties. For this reason, they have recently been explored for many advanced applications and emerging technologies. In the absence of actual "chemical" functionalities in these materials, tailoring these physical properties requires control on all levels of the structural hierarchy, from the atomic structure (carbon connectivity, defects, impurities), to the supramolecular level (domain orientations), nanoscopic length scale (domain sizes, porosity), microscopic structure (morphology), and macroscopic aspects (shape, surface chemistry). When preparing carbon materials, all these features can be tailored through the use of hard, soft, or molecular templates. Based on such templating approaches or through their combination, tremendous progress towards hierarchically structured carbon materials has recently been accomplished. Novel carbon nanomaterials such as brick-walled carbon tubes, carbon nanotube forests, coral-like carbon monoliths, or functional carbon nanosheets have become available, some of which exhibit unusual combinations of electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. This review aims to discuss how the different templating approaches allow the control of structure formation on various length scales, how hierarchical structure formation can be realized, and which challenges remain, such as the detailed control over the carbon connectivity or the surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Schrettl
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL - STI - IMX - LMOM MXG 134, Station 12, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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36
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Pigulski B, Arendt A, Tomilin DN, Sobenina LN, Trofimov BA, Szafert S. Transition-Metal Free Mechanochemical Approach to Polyyne Substituted Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9188-9198. [PMID: 27561913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, the synthesis of long chain hexatriynyl- and octatetraynyl-substituted pyrroles in one step from 1-halopolyyne precursors is reported. The products were obtained via a mechanochemical approach by simple grinding of 1-haloalkynes with N-substituted pyrroles and potassium carbonate which played a role of heterogeneous catalyst and this solvent- and transition metal-free approach is unprecedent in the synthesis of new, organic, long chain polyynes. Additionally, an extensive X-ray single crystal study of pyrrole end-capped polyynes is presented. Such compounds are possible substrates for different oligoheterocycles and have a significant application potential such as for instance molecular wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław , 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Arendt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław , 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Denis N Tomilin
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lyubov N Sobenina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences , 1 Favorsky, 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław , 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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37
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Bettini LG, Della Foglia F, Piseri P, Milani P. Interfacial properties of a carbyne-rich nanostructured carbon thin film in ionic liquid. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:115403. [PMID: 26878188 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured carbon sp(2) (ns-C) thin films with up to 30% of sp-coordinated atoms (carbynes) were produced in a high vacuum by the low kinetic energy deposition of carbon clusters produced in the gas phase and accelerated by a supersonic expansion. Immediately after deposition the ns-C films were immersed in situ in an ionic liquid electrolyte. The interfacial properties of ns-C films in the ionic liquid electrolyte were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The so-prepared carbyne-rich electrodes showed superior electric double layer (EDL) capacitance and electric conductivity compared to ns-C electrodes containing only sp(2) carbon, showing the substantial influence of carbynes on the electrochemical properties of nanostructured carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giacomo Bettini
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133-Milano, Italy
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38
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Sale AC, Murray AH, Prenzel D, Hampel F, De Luca L, Tykwinski RR. Diels-Alder Cycloaddition of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and 1,3,5-Hexatriynes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Casari CS, Tommasini M, Tykwinski RR, Milani A. Carbon-atom wires: 1-D systems with tunable properties. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4414-35. [PMID: 26847474 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06175j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a discussion of the current state of research on linear carbon structures and related materials based on sp-hybridization of carbon atoms (polyynes and cumulenes). We show that such systems have widely tunable properties and thus represent an intriguing and mostly unexplored field for both fundamental and applied sciences. We discuss the rich interplay between the structural, vibrational, and electronic properties focusing on recent advances and the future perspectives of carbon-atom wires and novel hybrid sp-sp(2)-carbon architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Casari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - M Tommasini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - R R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'G. Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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40
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Movsisyan LD, Franz M, Hampel F, Thompson AL, Tykwinski RR, Anderson HL. Polyyne Rotaxanes: Stabilization by Encapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1366-76. [PMID: 26752712 PMCID: PMC4772075 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Active metal template Glaser coupling
has been used to synthesize
a series of rotaxanes consisting of a polyyne, with up to 24 contiguous sp-hybridized carbon atoms, threaded through a variety of
macrocycles. Cadiot–Chodkiewicz cross-coupling affords higher
yields of rotaxanes than homocoupling. This methodology has been used
to prepare [3]rotaxanes with two polyyne chains locked through the
same macrocycle. The crystal structure of one of these [3]rotaxanes
shows that there is extremely close contact between the central carbon
atoms of the threaded hexayne chains (C···C distance
3.29 Å vs 3.4 Å for the sum of van der Waals radii) and
that the bond-length-alternation is perturbed in the vicinity of this
contact. However, despite the close interaction between the hexayne
chains, the [3]rotaxane is remarkably stable under ambient conditions,
probably because the two polyynes adopt a crossed geometry. In the
solid state, the angle between the two polyyne chains is 74°,
and this crossed geometry appears to be dictated by the bulk of the
“supertrityl” end groups. Several rotaxanes have been
synthesized to explore gem-dibromoethene moieties as “masked”
polyynes. However, the reductive Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell
rearrangement to form the desired polyyne rotaxanes has not yet been
achieved. X-ray crystallographic analysis on six [2]rotaxanes and
two [3]rotaxanes provides insight into the noncovalent interactions
in these systems. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveals
that the longer polyyne rotaxanes (C16, C18, and C24) decompose at
higher temperatures than the corresponding unthreaded polyyne axles.
The stability enhancement increases as the polyyne becomes longer,
reaching 60 °C in the C24 rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon D Movsisyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Franz
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, and Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) , Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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41
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Remya K, Suresh CH. Non-covalent intermolecular carbon-carbon interactions in polyynes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:27035-44. [PMID: 26412713 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyynes, the smaller analogues of one dimensional infinite chain carbon allotrope carbyne, have been studied for the type and strength of the intermolecular interactions in their dimer and tetramer complexes using density functional theory. The nature of end group functionalities and the chain length of the polyynes are varied to assess their role in modulating the non-covalent interaction energy. As seen in molecular electrostatic potential analysis, all the polyyne complexes showed a multitude of non-covalent CC interactions, resulting from complementary electrostatic interactions between relatively electron rich formal triple bond region of one monomer and the electron deficient formal single bond region of the other monomer. This type of paired (C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)(C-C) bonding interaction, also characterized using quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules, increases with increase in the monomer chain length leading to substantial increase in interaction energy (Eint); -1.07 kcal mol(-1) for the acetylene dimer to -45.83 kcal mol(-1) for the 50yne dimer. The magnitude of Eint increases with substitutions at end positions of the polyyne and this effect persists even up to 50 triple bonds, the largest chain length analyzed in this paper. The role of CC interactions in stabilizing the polyyne dimers is also shown by sliding one monomer in a dimer over the other, which resulted in multiple minima with a reduced number of CC interactions and lower values of Eint. Furthermore, strong cooperativity in the CC bond strength in tetramers is observed as the interaction energy per monomer (Em) of the polyyne is 2.5-2.8 times higher compared to that of the dimer in a test set of four tetramers. The huge gain in energy observed in large polyyene dimers and tetramers predicts the formation of polyyne bundles which may find use in the design of new functional molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunakaran Remya
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India.
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42
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Pigulski B, Gulia N, Szafert S. Synthesis of Long, Palladium End-Capped Polyynes through the Use of Asymmetric 1-Iodopolyynes. Chemistry 2015; 21:17769-78. [PMID: 26490174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a unique series of long, asymmetric 1-iodopolyynes (1-Cn I and 2-Cn I) with the sp-hybridized carbon chain up to a decapentayne is reported. These compounds were then used as substrates in reactions with Pd(PPh3 )4 leading to another series of palladium end-capped polyynes, which were unstable in solution. Organometallic octatetraynes 1-C8 [Pd]I, 2-C8 [Pd]I, and decapentayne 1-C10 [Pd]I are palladium end-capped polyyne compounds with the longest carbon chains reported so far. All the complexes as well as their organic precursors were fully characterized by NMR, HRMS(ESI), IR, TGA-DTA, and UV/Vis techniques, and the X-ray crystal structures of two silyl-protected precursors and one palladium complex are presented. The synthetic approach for palladium species is envisioned as a general route for the synthesis of labile organometallic polyynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław (Poland) http://www.zb1.chem.uni.wroc.pl
| | - Nurbey Gulia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław (Poland) http://www.zb1.chem.uni.wroc.pl
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław (Poland) http://www.zb1.chem.uni.wroc.pl.
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43
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Pan B, Xiao J, Li J, Liu P, Wang C, Yang G. Carbyne with finite length: The one-dimensional sp carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500857. [PMID: 26601318 PMCID: PMC4646832 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbyne is the one-dimensional allotrope of carbon composed of sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Definitive evidence for carbyne has remained elusive despite its synthesis and preparation in the laboratory. Given the remarkable technological breakthroughs offered by other allotropes of carbon, including diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, interest in carbyne and its unusual potential properties remains intense. We report the first synthesis of carbyne with finite length, which is clearly composed of alternating single bonds and triple bonds, using a novel process involving laser ablation in liquid. Spectroscopic analyses confirm that the product is the structure of sp hybridization with alternating carbon-carbon single bonds and triple bonds and capped by hydrogen. We observe purple-blue fluorescence emissions from the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of carbyne. Condensed-phase carbyne crystals have a hexagonal lattice and resemble the white crystalline powder produced by drying a carbyne solution. We also establish that the combination of gold and alcohol is crucial to carbyne formation because carbon-hydrogen bonds can be cleaved with the help of gold catalysts under the favorable thermodynamic environment provided by laser ablation in liquid and because the unique configuration of two carbon atoms in an alcohol molecule matches the elementary entity of carbyne. This laboratory synthesis of carbyne will enable the exploration of its properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China
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44
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Drew SL, Lawrence AL, Sherburn MS. Unified total synthesis of the natural products endiandric acid A, kingianic acid E, and kingianins A, D, and F. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3886-3890. [PMID: 29218159 PMCID: PMC5707472 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A measure of the strength of a synthetic strategy is its versatility: specifically, whether it allows structurally distinct targets to be prepared. Herein we disclose a unified approach for the total synthesis of natural products of three distinct structural types, all of which occur naturally as racemic mixtures. The point of divergence involves the terminal alkylation of a conjugated tetrayne, and culminates in a significantly shortened synthesis of endiandric acid A (8 steps), the first total synthesis of kingianic acid E (8 steps), and a second-generation synthesis of kingianins A, D, and F (11 steps). Evidence for redox catalysis in the biosynthesis of kingianic acid E is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Drew
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - A L Lawrence
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - M S Sherburn
- Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia .
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Franz M, Januszewski JA, Wendinger D, Neiss C, Movsisyan LD, Hampel F, Anderson HL, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Cumulen-Rotaxane: Stabilisierung und Charakterisierung von [9]Cumulenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Franz M, Januszewski JA, Wendinger D, Neiss C, Movsisyan LD, Hampel F, Anderson HL, Görling A, Tykwinski RR. Cumulene Rotaxanes: Stabilization and Study of [9]Cumulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6645-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bruce MI, Cole ML, Ellis BG, Gaudio M, Nicholson BK, Parker CR, Skelton BW, White AH. The series of carbon-chain complexes {Ru(dppe)Cp∗}2{μ-(C C) } (x= 4–8, 11): Synthesis, structures, properties and some reactions. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lapin ZJ, Beams R, Cançado LG, Novotny L. Near-field Raman spectroscopy of nanocarbon materials. Faraday Discuss 2015; 184:193-206. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbon materials, including sp2 hybridized two-dimensional graphene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, and sp1 hybridized one-dimensional carbyne, are being considered for the next generation of integrated optoelectronic devices. The strong electron–phonon coupling present in these nanocarbon materials makes Raman spectroscopy an ideal tool to study and characterize the material and device properties. Near-field Raman spectroscopy combines non-destructive chemical, electrical, and structural specificity with nanoscale spatial resolution, making it an ideal tool for studying nanocarbon systems. Here we use near-field Raman spectroscopy to study strain, defects, and doping in different nanocarbon systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Beams
- Material Measurement Laboratory
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Gaithersburg
- USA
| | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
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Movsisyan L, Peeks MD, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Thompson AL, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Photophysics of threaded sp-carbon chains: the polyyne is a sink for singlet and triplet excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17996-8008. [PMID: 25474628 PMCID: PMC4353026 DOI: 10.1021/ja510663z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have used single-crystal X-ray diffraction and time-resolved UV-NIR-IR absorption spectroscopy to gain insights into the structures and excited-state dynamics of a rotaxane consisting of a hexayne chain threaded through a phenanthroline macrocycle and a family of related compounds, including the rhenium(I) chlorocarbonyl complex of this rotaxane. The hexayne unit in the rhenium-rotaxane is severely nonlinear; it is bent into an arc with an angle of 155.6(1)° between the terminal C1 and C12 atoms and the centroid of the central C-C bond, with the most acute distortion at the point where the polyyne chain pushes against the Re(CO)3Cl unit. There are strong through-space excited-state interactions between the components of the rotaxanes. In the metal-free rotaxane, there is rapid singlet excitation energy transfer (EET) from the macrocycle to the hexayne (τ = 3.0 ps), whereas in the rhenium-rotaxane there is triplet EET, from the macrocycle complex (3)MLCT state to the hexayne (τ = 1.5 ns). This study revealed detailed information on the short-lived higher excited state of the hexayne (lifetime ∼1 ps) and on structural reorganization and cooling of hot polyyne chains, following internal conversion (over ∼5 ps). Comparison of the observed IR bands of the excited states of the hexayne with results from time-dependent density functional calculations (TD DFT) shows that these excited states have high cumulenic character (low bond length alternation) around the central region of the chain. These findings shed light on the complex interactions between the components of this supramolecular rotaxane and are important for the development of materials for the emerging molecular and nanoscale electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon
D. Movsisyan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Peeks
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Parker
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Harwell
Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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