Chloramphenicol collagen sponges for local drug delivery in dentistry

State-of-the-art advances in nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite polymeric materials: A comprehensive review

The modern eco-friendly materials used in research and innovation today consist of nanocomposites and bio-nanocomposite polymers. Their unique composite properties make them suitable for various industrial, medicinal, and energy applications. Bio-nanocomposite polymers are made of biopolymer matrices that have nanofillers dispersed throughout them. There are several types of fillers that can be added to polymers to enhance their quality, such as cellulose-based fillers, clay nanomaterials, carbon black, talc, carbon quantum dots, and many others. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites are considered a superior alternative to traditional materials as they reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote the use of renewable resources. This review covers the current state-of-the-art in nanocomposite and bio-nanocomposite materials, focusing on ways to improve their features and the various applications they can be used for. The review article also investigates the utilization of diverse nanocomposites as a viable approach for developing bio-nanocomposites. It delves into the underlying principles that govern the synthesis of these materials and explores their prospective applications in the biomedical field, food packaging, sensing (Immunosensors), and energy storage devices. Lastly, the review discusses the future outlook and current challenges of these materials, with a focus on sustainability.

Recent developments in natural biopolymer based drug delivery systems

Targeted delivery of drug molecules to diseased sites is a great challenge in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Fabrication of drug delivery systems (DDS) to target and/or diagnose sick cells is an effective means to achieve good therapeutic results along with a minimal toxicological impact on healthy cells. Biopolymers are becoming an important class of materials owing to their biodegradability, good compatibility, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and long blood circulation time and high drug loading ratio for both macros as well as micro-sized drug molecules. This review summarizes the recent trends in biopolymer-based DDS, forecasting their broad future clinical applications. Cellulose chitosan, starch, silk fibroins, collagen, albumin, gelatin, alginate, agar, proteins and peptides have shown potential applications in DDS. A range of synthetic techniques have been reported to design the DDS and are discussed in the current study which is being successfully employed in ocular, dental, transdermal and intranasal delivery systems. Different formulations of DDS are also overviewed in this review article along with synthesis techniques employed for designing the DDS. The possibility of these biopolymer applications points to a new route for creating unique DDS with enhanced therapeutic qualities for scaling up creative formulations up to the clinical level.

Lidocaine- and chloramphenicol-loaded nanoparticles embedded in a chitosan/hyaluronic acid/glycerol matrix: Drug-eluting biomembranes with potential for guided tissue regeneration

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a dentistry technique based on the use of polymeric biomembranes as physical barriers for selective cell exclusion, directing the growth of gingival tissue, bone tissue, and periodontal ligaments in a region previously affected by periodontitis. Postoperative pain and microbial infection constitute, however, two major challenges to be tackled right after implantation. To address these challenges, we prepared and characterized eight chitosan/hyaluronic acid/glycerol (CS/HA/GL) bioresorbable membranes embedded with lidocaine- and chloramphenicol-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles (LDNP and CHNP, respectively), combining the local anesthetic effects of lidocaine with the antibacterial effects of chloramphenicol. The formulations were prepared with varying amounts of CS, HA, GL, LDNP, and CHNP. As a plasticizing agent, GL could modulate the samples mechanical properties such as thickness, morphology, tensile strength, elongation at break, as well as swelling and degradation in simulated saliva. Two samples exhibited greater resistance to biodegradation and were selected for further studies. Their drug release profiles indicated that LDNP and CHNP first detach from the membrane matrix, and a zeroth order drug release kinetics from the detached NPs dominates the overall process thereafter, with lidocaine being released 3 times faster than chloramphenicol, in a controlled and sustained rate over time. Drug encapsulation efficiency was such that optimal samples exhibited bactericidal activity (inhibition halos) against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative A. actinomycetemcomitans strains similar to that observed for free chloramphenicol. Finally, one of these samples showed no intrinsic toxicity against healthy mammalian model cells (99% viability for the unloaded membrane; 80% viability for the fully LDNP- and CHNP-loaded membrane), and may now be further optimized as a drug-eluting biomembrane with potential for GTR.

Facile and single-step entrapment of chloramphenicol in ZIF-8 and evaluation of its performance in killing infectious bacteria with high loading content and controlled release of the drug

CLN@ZIF-8 was prepared by trapping chloramphenicol during ZIF-8 synthesis with high DLC and DLE. It showed H2O2-sensitive controlled release with higher drug release under the simulated infectious conditions and short-time antibacterial activity.

Natural Polymers for the Maintenance of Oral Health: Review of Recent Advances and Perspectives

The success of modern dental treatment is strongly dependent on the materials used both temporarily and permanently. Among all dental materials, polymers are a very important class with a wide spectrum of applications. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the recent advances in the field of natural polymers used to maintain or restore oral health. It focuses on the properties of the most common proteins and polysaccharides of natural origin in terms of meeting the specific biological requirements in the increasingly demanding field of modern dentistry. The use of naturally derived polymers in different dental specialties for preventive and therapeutic purposes has been discussed. The major fields of application cover caries and the management of periodontal diseases, the fabrication of membranes and scaffolds for the regeneration of dental structures, the manufacturing of oral appliances and dentures as well as providing systems for oral drug delivery. This paper also includes a comparative characteristic of natural and synthetic dental polymers. Finally, the current review highlights new perspectives, possible future advancements, as well as challenges that may be encountered by researchers in the field of dental applications of polymers of natural origin.

Drug delivery of amoxicillin molecule as a suggested treatment for covid-19 implementing functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 with aminopropyl groups

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that was isolated and identified for the first time in Wuhan, China in 2019. Nowadays, it is a worldwide danger and the WHO named it a pandemic. In this investigation, a functionalization post-synthesis method was used to assess the ability of an adapted SBA-15 surface as a sorbent to load the drug from an aqueous medium. Different characterization approaches were used to determine the characterization of the substance before and after functionalization such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption porosimetry (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) BET surface area analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch adsorption testing was carried out in a single adsorption device to find the impact of multiple variables on the drug amoxicillin charge output. The following parameters were studied: 0–72 hr. contact time, 20–120 mg/l initial concentration, and 20–250 mg of NH₂-SBA-15 dose. The outcomes from such experiments revealed the strong influence and behavior of the amino-functional group to increase the drug's load. Drug delivery outcomes studies found that amoxicillin loading was directly related to NH₂-SBA-15 contact time and dose, but indirectly related to primary concentration. It was observed that 80% of amoxicillin was loaded while the best release test results were 1 hour and 51%.

Noninvasive characterization (EPR, μCT, NMR) of 3D PLA electrospun fiber sponges for controlled drug delivery

Highly porous 3D-scaffolds, made from cut, electrospun PLA fibers, are relatively new and promising systems for controlled drug-delivery applications. Because knowledge concerning fundamental processes of drug delivery from those scaffolds is limited, we noninvasively characterized drug-loading and drug-release mechanisms of these polymer-fiber sponges (PFS). We screened simplified PFS-implantation scenarios with EPR and μCT to quantify and 3D-visualize the absorption of model-biofluids and an oil, a possible drug-loading liquid. Saturation of PFS (6 × 8 mm, h x d) is governed by the high hydrophobicity of the material and air-entrapment. It required up to 45 weeks for phosphate-buffered saline and 11 weeks for a more physiological, surface-active protein-solution, indicating the slow fluid-uptake of PFS as an effective mechanism to substantially prolong the release of a drug incorporated within the scaffold. Medium-chain triglycerides, as a good wetting liquid, saturated PFS within seconds, suggesting PFS potential to serve as carrier-vessels for immobilizing hydrophobic drug-solutions to define a liquid's 3D-interface. Oil-retention under mechanical stress was therefore investigated. ¹H NMR permitted insights into PFS-oil interaction, confirming surface-relaxation and restricted diffusion; both did not influence drug release from oil-loaded PFS. Results facilitate better understanding of PFS and their potential use in drug delivery.

Synthesis and characterization of a modified surface of SBA-15 mesoporous silica for a chloramphenicol drug delivery system

In this work, the potential of the modified SBA-15 surface was examined as a sorbent to load the drug from an aqueous solution; this was done using a post-synthesis function procedure. Several means were used to identify the material characterization before and after functionalization, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). To obtain the effect of different variables on the efficacy of chloramphenicol drug load, batch adsorption experiments have been performed in a single adsorption system. These variables were the dosage of NH₂-SBA-15 (10–120) mg, contact time (0–72 h) and initial concentration (10–120 mg/L). The results of these experiments showed the significant and active effect of the functional amino group in increasing the drug's load capacity. The results of these experiments showed that the functional amino group had a significant and active effect in increasing the drug's capacity. Also, the loading capacity is inversely proportional to the initial concentration, but directly proportional to the NH₂-SBA-15 dose and contact time. The best results at 1 hour for the release were 41%. It was found that the load efficiency of chloramphenicol was 51%.

Characterization of Collagen Derived From Tropical Freshwater Carp Fish Scale Wastes and Its Amino Acid Sequence

Collagen from fish scale waste is currently being studied as a promising biological material to replace collagen from animals because of advantages such as safe, fat-free, not suffering from communicable diseases, and easy absorption in human body solutions. Finding the suitable process of extracting fish scale collagen is necessary because extracting collagen from fish scales by chemical methods often requires a long time. Therefore, in this paper, some bases and acids at different concentrations were chosen to find the most suitable condition for extracting fish scale collagen from the wastage of different scale fishes belonging to the familiar Cyprinus genus. The characterizations of the extracted collagen including structure, morphology, element composition, relative molecular weight, amino acid composition, denaturation temperature, crystal structure, and thermal stability were investigated. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the extracted collagen was also determined and compared with the National Center for Biotechnology Information protein database.

Oxytetracycline versus Doxycycline Collagen Sponges Designed as Potential Carrier Supports in Biomedical Applications

Many research studies are directed toward developing safe and efficient collagen-based biomaterials as carriers for drug delivery systems. This article presents a comparative study of the properties of new collagen sponges prepared and characterized by different methods intended for biomedical applications. The structural integrity is one of the main properties for a biomaterial in order for it to be easily removed from the treated area. Thus, the effect of combining a natural polymer such as collagen with an antimicrobial drug such as oxytetracycline or doxycycline and glutaraldehyde as the chemical cross-linking agent influences the cross-linking degree of the material, which is in direct relation to its resistance to collagenase digestion, the drug kinetic release profile, and in vitro biocompatibility. The enzymatic degradation results identified oxytetracycline as the best inhibitor of collagenase when the collagen sponge was cross-linked with 0.5% glutaraldehyde. The drug release kinetics revealed an extended release of the antibiotic for oxytetracycline-loaded collagen sponges compared with doxycycline-loaded collagen sponges. Considering the behavior of differently prepared sponges, the collagen sponge with oxytetracycline and 0.5% glutaraldehyde could represent a viable polymeric support for the prevention/treatment of infections at the application site, favoring tissue regeneration.

Recycled collagen films as biomaterials for controlled drug delivery

Recyclable collagen is a potential candidate to be used as development prototypes in biomaterial scientific research.