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Aribal P, Alver EN, Kaltalioglu K, Balabanli B, Ebegil M, Coskun-Cevher S. The relationship between experimental 2,4-Dinitrophenol administration and neurological oxidative stress: in terms of dose, time and gender differences. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1161-1168. [PMID: 36562917 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although 2,4-DNP is claimed to promote fast weight reduction, it is also related with an intolerable high risk of serious side effects to various tissues. On the other hand, it is known to have neuroprotective effects. These different effects of 2,4-DNP may be due to the administration conditions. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed for the first time to clarify the oxidative changes that occur in the brain during the use of 2,4-DNP, depending on the dose, time and gender. For this purpose, 60 Wistar rats (30 male, 30 female) were divided into ten groups: control groups, short-term/long-term groups and low dose/high dose groups. Except for the control groups, 2,4-DNP was administered to the other groups by oral gavage. End of the experiment, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx) and ascorbic acid (AA) levels were measured in the brain tissues of sacrificed animals. 2,4-DNP administration showed attenuation impact on oxidative stress depending on both dose, time and gender. It can be said that it is more beneficial in terms of neuroprotection, especially in the short-term and male groups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, depending on the dose, time, and gender, 2,4-DNP may be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Aribal
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Naz Alver
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Kaltalioglu
- Vocational School of Espiye, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | | | - Meral Ebegil
- Department of Statistics, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Coskun-Cevher
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tingle SJ, Thompson ER, Bates L, Ibrahim IK, Govaere O, Shuttleworth V, Wang L, Figueiredo R, Palmer J, Bury Y, Anstee QM, Wilson C. Pharmacological testing of therapeutics using normothermic machine perfusion: A pilot study of 2,4-dinitrophenol delivery to steatotic human livers. Artif Organs 2022; 46:2201-2214. [PMID: 35546070 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) provides a platform for drug-delivery. However, pharmacological considerations for therapeutics delivered during NMP are scarcely reported. We aimed to demonstrate the ability of NMP as a platform for pharmacological testing, using a drug which increases metabolism (2,4-dinitrophenol; DNP) as an example therapeutic. METHODS We performed 25 h of NMP on human livers which had been declined for transplant due to steatosis (n = 7). Three livers received a DNP bolus, three were controls, and one received a DNP infusion. RESULTS Toxicity studies revealed DNP delivery was safe, without hepatotoxic effects. The liver surface temperature was increased in the DNP group (p = 0.046), but no livers suffered hyperthermia-the mechanism of DNP toxicity in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed DNP elimination with first-order kinetics and 7.7 h half-life (95% CI = 5.1-15.9 hrs). The clearance of DNP in bile was negligible. As expected, DNP significantly increased oxygen consumption (p = 0.023); this increase was closely correlated with perfusate DNP concentration (r2 = 0.975; p = 0.002) and the effect was lost as DNP was eliminated by the liver. A DNP infusion rate, calculated using our pharmacokinetic data, successfully maintained perfusate DNP concentration. DISCUSSION Detailed pharmacological testing can be performed during NMP. Our therapeutic (DNP) is rapidly eliminated by the ex vivo liver, meaning the drug effect of increased metabolism is only transient. This demonstrates the importance of assessing pharmacokinetics when delivering therapeutics during NMP, especially for prolonged perfusion of organs with established roles in drug elimination. Rigorous pharmacological testing is needed to unlock the potential of NMP as a clinical drug-delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Tingle
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Blood and Transplant Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily R Thompson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Blood and Transplant Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucy Bates
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Blood and Transplant Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ibrahim K Ibrahim
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Victoria Shuttleworth
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Blood and Transplant Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rodrigo Figueiredo
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jeremy Palmer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yvonne Bury
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Colin Wilson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Liver Graft Hypothermic Static and Oxygenated Perfusion (HOPE) Strategies: A Mitochondrial Crossroads. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105742. [PMID: 35628554 PMCID: PMC9143961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marginal liver grafts, such as steatotic livers and those from cardiac death donors, are highly vulnerable to ischemia–reperfusion injury that occurs in the complex route of the graft from “harvest to revascularization”. Recently, several preservation methods have been developed to preserve liver grafts based on hypothermic static preservation and hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) strategies, either combined or alone. However, their effects on mitochondrial functions and their relevance have not yet been fully investigated, especially if different preservation solutions/effluents are used. Ischemic liver graft damage is caused by oxygen deprivation conditions during cold storage that provoke alterations in mitochondrial integrity and function and energy metabolism breakdown. This review deals with the relevance of mitochondrial machinery in cold static preservation and how the mitochondrial respiration function through the accumulation of succinate at the end of cold ischemia is modulated by different preservation solutions such as IGL-2, HTK, and UW (gold-standard reference). IGL-2 increases mitochondrial integrity and function (ALDH2) when compared to UW and HTK. This mitochondrial protection by IGL-2 also extends to protective HOPE strategies when used as an effluent instead of Belzer MP. The transient oxygenation in HOPE sustains the mitochondrial machinery at basal levels and prevents, in part, the accumulation of energy metabolites such as succinate in contrast to those that occur in cold static preservation conditions. Additionally, several additives for combating oxygen deprivation and graft energy metabolism breakdown during hypothermic static preservation such as oxygen carriers, ozone, AMPK inducers, and mitochondrial UCP2 inhibitors, and whether they are or not to be combined with HOPE, are presented and discussed. Finally, we affirm that IGL-2 solution is suitable for protecting graft mitochondrial machinery and simplifying the complex logistics in clinical transplantation where traditional (static preservation) and innovative (HOPE) strategies may be combined. New mitochondrial markers are presented and discussed. The final goal is to take advantage of marginal livers to increase the pool of suitable organs and thereby shorten patient waiting lists at transplantation clinics.
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Petrenko A, Carnevale M, Somov A, Osorio J, Rodríguez J, Guibert E, Fuller B, Froghi F. Organ Preservation into the 2020s: The Era of Dynamic Intervention. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:151-172. [PMID: 31244584 PMCID: PMC6558325 DOI: 10.1159/000499610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ preservation has been of major importance ever since transplantation developed into a global clinical activity. The relatively simple procedures were developed on a basic comprehension of low-temperature biology as related to organs outside the body. In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in knowledge of the sequelae of effects in preserved organs, and how dynamic intervention by perfusion can be used to mitigate injury and improve the quality of the donated organs. The present review focuses on (1) new information about the cell and molecular events impacting on ischemia/reperfusion injury during organ preservation, (2) strategies which use varied compositions and additives in organ preservation solutions to deal with these, (3) clear definitions of the developing protocols for dynamic organ perfusion preservation, (4) information on how the choice of perfusion solutions can impact on desired attributes of dynamic organ perfusion, and (5) summary and future horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Petrenko
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Matias Carnevale
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexander Somov
- Department of Cryobiochemistry, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Juliana Osorio
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Joaquin Rodríguez
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Guibert
- Centro Binacional (Argentina-Italia) de Investigaciones en Criobiología Clínica y Aplicada (CAIC), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barry Fuller
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farid Froghi
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Samaiya PK, Narayan G, Kumar A, Krishnamurthy S. 2,4 Dinitrophenol Attenuates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Improves Neurobehavioral Outcomes Postanoxia in Neonatal Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:121-136. [PMID: 29582254 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Following anoxia, a rapid and marked mitochondrial-linked cell death occurs in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats which leads to insult advancement within a couple of days and causes lifelong neurobehavioral abnormalities. The present study investigated the role of 2,4 dinitrophenol (2,4 DNP) in three doses, i.e.,1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg on anoxia-induced time-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and associated neurobehavioral outcome using a well-established global model of anoxia. Briefly, rat pups of 30-h age (P2) were subjected to two episodes of anoxia (10 min each) at 24 h of the time interval in an enclosed chamber supplied with 100% N2 and immersed in a water bath (35-37 °C) to avoid hypothermia. Results demonstrated that the uncoupler 2,4 DNP, in the dose 2.5 and 5 mg/kg injected i.p. within 5 min after second anoxic episode significantly (P < 0.05) preserved mitochondrial function on day 7 preferentially by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore. Further, 2,4 DNP preserved mitochondrial function by improving different states of mitochondrial respiration (s2, s3, s4, s5), respiratory control ratio (RCR), antioxidant enzyme system like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and mitochondrial complex enzymes (I, II, IV, V) after anoxia. Furthermore, a marked decrease in the levels of expression of cytochrome C (cyt C) and pro-apoptotic (Bcl-2 family) and apoptotic (caspase-9/3) proteins was observed on day 7 indicating that the treatment with 2,4 DNP prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and further insult progression (day 1 to day 7). Moreover, 2,4 DNP decreased the apoptotic cell death on day 7 and overall improved the neurobehavioral outcomes like reflex latency and hanging latency which suggests its role in treating neonatal anoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet K Samaiya
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gopeshwar Narayan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Unraveling Synaptic GCaMP Signals: Differential Excitability and Clearance Mechanisms Underlying Distinct Ca 2+ Dynamics in Tonic and Phasic Excitatory, and Aminergic Modulatory Motor Terminals in Drosophila. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0362-17. [PMID: 29464198 PMCID: PMC5818553 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0362-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GCaMP is an optogenetic Ca2+ sensor widely used for monitoring neuronal activities but the precise physiological implications of GCaMP signals remain to be further delineated among functionally distinct synapses. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a powerful genetic system for studying synaptic function and plasticity, consists of tonic and phasic glutamatergic and modulatory aminergic motor terminals of distinct properties. We report a first simultaneous imaging and electric recording study to directly contrast the frequency characteristics of GCaMP signals of the three synapses for physiological implications. Different GCaMP variants were applied in genetic and pharmacological perturbation experiments to examine the Ca2+ influx and clearance processes underlying the GCaMP signal. Distinct mutational and drug effects on GCaMP signals indicate differential roles of Na+ and K+ channels, encoded by genes including paralytic (para), Shaker (Sh), Shab, and ether-a-go-go (eag), in excitability control of different motor terminals. Moreover, the Ca2+ handling properties reflected by the characteristic frequency dependence of the synaptic GCaMP signals were determined to a large extent by differential capacity of mitochondria-powered Ca2+ clearance mechanisms. Simultaneous focal recordings of synaptic activities further revealed that GCaMPs were ineffective in tracking the rapid dynamics of Ca2+ influx that triggers transmitter release, especially during low-frequency activities, but more adequately reflected cytosolic residual Ca2+ accumulation, a major factor governing activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. These results highlight the vast range of GCaMP response patterns in functionally distinct synaptic types and provide relevant information for establishing basic guidelines for the physiological interpretations of presynaptic GCaMP signals from in situ imaging studies.
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Kondo Y, Ishitsuka Y, Kadowaki D, Fukumoto Y, Miyamoto Y, Irikura M, Hirata S, Sato K, Maruyama T, Hamasaki N, Irie T. Phosphoenolpyruvate, a glycolytic intermediate, as a cytoprotectant and antioxidant in ex-vivo cold-preserved mouse liver: a potential application for organ preservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:390-401. [PMID: 23356848 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effect of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a glycolytic intermediate, on organ damage during cold preservation of liver. METHODS An ex-vivo mouse liver cold-preservation model and an in-vitro liver injury model induced by hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells were leveraged. KEY FINDINGS PEP attenuated the elevation of aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase leakage during organ preservation, histological changes and changes in oxidative stress parameters (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and glutathione content) induced by 72 h of cold preservation of the liver. The effects were comparable with the University of Wisconsin solution, a gold standard organ preservation agent. The decrease in ATP content in liver during the cold preservation was attenuated by PEP treatment. PEP prevented the cellular injury and increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells. In addition, PEP scavenged hydroxyl radicals, but had no effect on superoxide anion as evaluated by an electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique. CONCLUSIONS PEP significantly attenuated the injury, oxidative stress and ATP depletion in liver during cold preservation. The antioxidative potential of PEP was confirmed by in-vitro examination. We suggest that PEP acts as a glycolytic intermediate and antioxidant, and is particularly useful as an organ preservation agent in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Cherkashina DV, Sosimchik IA, Semenchenko OA, Volina VV, Petrenko AY. Mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivative SkQ1 decreases ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver hypothermic storage for transplantation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:1022-1029. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911090069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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121. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 improves state of rat liver after hypothermic storage and following reperfusion. Cryobiology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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