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Vargas JG, Izquierdo NJ, Oliver A, Muns S, Garcia-Rodriguez O, Villegas V, Emanuelli A. Genetic analysis of patients with nonsyndromic and syndromic retinitis pigmentosa in Puerto Rico: a genetic legacy. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 43:454-461. [PMID: 35318874 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by complete progressive vision loss; it has a prevalence of approximately one in 2500-7000. Patients with RP may have isolated findings, or the disorder can occur as part of a constellation of other abnormalities that, together, are known as syndromic RP. The aim of this study was to describe the results of a genetic analysis of a cohort of Puerto Ricans with a clinical diagnosis of RP. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a cohort of 224 Puerto Rican patients who carried a clinical diagnosis of RP. During a local (Puerto Rico) RP convention, the patients were offered genetic analysis. Volunteering patients signed consent forms for the study. Saliva samples were obtained and analyzed. Patients were evaluated by at least one of the authors. Patients with pathogenic mutation(s), according to the panel, were classified as positive and sorted based on the results. RESULTS Of 224 patients, 161 (71.9%) had pathogenic gene variants associated with IRDs. 54.5% (122/224) of cases were conclusive. More than half (72/122) of these cases are explained by mutations in the BBS1, PDE6B, CNGB1, and USH2A genes. Genetic analysis showed that the highest rate of pathogenic variants in our cohort was found in the BBS1 gene. CONCLUSIONS This was the first genetic analysis in Puerto Rico of patients with RP. The most common mutation associated with RP was found in the BBS1 gene. The frequency of other pathogenic variants related to RP in Puerto Rico were different to those reported in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gustavo Vargas
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Natalio J Izquierdo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan Puerto Rico
| | - Armando Oliver
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sofia Muns
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Omar Garcia-Rodriguez
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Víctor Villegas
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Andrés Emanuelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Ruiz-Alonso S, Villate-Beitia I, Gallego I, Lafuente-Merchan M, Puras G, Saenz-del-Burgo L, Pedraz JL. Current Insights Into 3D Bioprinting: An Advanced Approach for Eye Tissue Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030308. [PMID: 33653003 PMCID: PMC7996883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a game changer technology that holds great promise for a wide variety of biomedical applications, including ophthalmology. Through this emerging technique, specific eye tissues can be custom-fabricated in a flexible and automated way, incorporating different cell types and biomaterials in precise anatomical 3D geometries. However, and despite the great progress and possibilities generated in recent years, there are still challenges to overcome that jeopardize its clinical application in regular practice. The main goal of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of the current status and implementation of 3D bioprinting technology in the ophthalmology field in order to manufacture relevant tissues such as cornea, retina and conjunctiva. Special attention is paid to the description of the most commonly employed bioprinting methods, and the most relevant eye tissue engineering studies performed by 3D bioprinting technology at preclinical level. In addition, other relevant issues related to use of 3D bioprinting for ocular drug delivery, as well as both ethical and regulatory aspects, are analyzed. Through this review, we aim to raise awareness among the research community and report recent advances and future directions in order to apply this advanced therapy in the eye tissue regeneration field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ruiz-Alonso
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Markel Lafuente-Merchan
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Saenz-del-Burgo
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.S.-d.-B.); (J.L.P.); Tel.: +(34)-945014542 (L.S.-d.-B.); +(34)-945013091 (J.L.P.)
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (S.R.-A.); (I.V.-B.); (I.G.); (M.L.-M.); (G.P.)
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.S.-d.-B.); (J.L.P.); Tel.: +(34)-945014542 (L.S.-d.-B.); +(34)-945013091 (J.L.P.)
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Wang P, Li X, Zhu W, Zhong Z, Moran A, Wang W, Zhang K. 3D bioprinting of hydrogels for retina cell culturing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 11. [PMID: 31903439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2018.e00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recapitulating native retina environment is crucial in isolation and culturing of retina photoreceptors (PRs). To date, maturation of PRs remains incomprehensible in vitro. Here we present a strategy of integrating the physical and chemical signals through 3D-bioprinting of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels and co-differentiation of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) into PRs with the support of retinal-pigment epithelium (RPEs). To mimic the native environment during retinal development, we chemically altered the functionalization of HA hydrogels to match the compressive modulus of HA hydrogels with native retina. RPEs were incorporated in the culturing system to support the differentiation due to their regeneration capabilities. We found that HA with a specific functionalization can yield hydrogels with compressive modulus similar to native retina. This hydrogel is also suitable for 3D bioprinting of retina structure. The results from cell study indicated that derivation of PRs from RPCs was improved in the presence of RPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengrui Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amy Moran
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wenqiu Wang
- Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kang Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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Sun S, Li Z, Glencer P, Cai B, Zhang X, Yang J, Li X. Bringing the age-related macular degeneration high-risk allele age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 into focus with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:135. [PMID: 28583181 PMCID: PMC5460466 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in older adults in developed countries. It is a multifactorial disease triggered by both environmental and genetic factors. High-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) and age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) are two genes that are strongly associated with AMD. Because ARMS2 is an evolutionarily recent primate-specific gene and because the ARMS2/HTRA1 genes are positioned at a locus on chromosome 10q26 in a region with strong linkage disequilibrium, it is difficult to distinguish the functions of the individual genes. Therefore, it is necessary to bring these genes into focus. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) provides direct access to a patient's genetics and allows for the possibility of identifying the initiating events of RPE-associated degenerative diseases. In this paper, a review of recent epidemiological studies of AMD is offered. An argument for a definite correlation between the ARMS2 gene and AMD is presented. A summary of the use of ARMS2 genotyping for medical treatment is provided. Several ARMS2-related genetic models based on such stem cells as iPSCs are introduced. The possibility of applying gene-editing techniques and stem-cell techniques to better explore the mechanisms of the ARMS2 high-risk allele, which will lead to important guidance for treatment, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - ZhiQing Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Patrick Glencer
- Nova Southeastern College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
| | - BinCui Cai
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - XiaoMin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Jin Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - XiaoRong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384 China
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Ramsden CM, Nommiste B, R Lane A, Carr AJF, Powner MB, J K Smart M, Chen LL, Muthiah MN, Webster AR, Moore AT, Cheetham ME, da Cruz L, Coffey PJ. Rescue of the MERTK phagocytic defect in a human iPSC disease model using translational read-through inducing drugs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:51. [PMID: 28246391 PMCID: PMC5427915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies are an important cause of blindness, for which currently there are no effective treatments. In order to study this heterogeneous group of diseases, adequate disease models are required in order to better understand pathology and to test potential therapies. Induced pluripotent stem cells offer a new way to recapitulate patient specific diseases in vitro, providing an almost limitless amount of material to study. We used fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells to generate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from an individual suffering from retinitis pigmentosa associated with biallelic variants in MERTK. MERTK has an essential role in phagocytosis, one of the major functions of the RPE. The MERTK deficiency in this individual results from a nonsense variant and so the MERTK-RPE cells were subsequently treated with two translational readthrough inducing drugs (G418 & PTC124) to investigate potential restoration of expression of the affected gene and production of a full-length protein. The data show that PTC124 was able to reinstate phagocytosis of labeled photoreceptor outer segments at a reduced, but significant level. These findings represent a confirmation of the usefulness of iPSC derived disease specific models in investigating the pathogenesis and screening potential treatments for these rare blinding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Ramsden
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Britta Nommiste
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amelia R Lane
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Amanda-Jayne F Carr
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Michael B Powner
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences, City University London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Matthew J K Smart
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Li Li Chen
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Manickam N Muthiah
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Andrew R Webster
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Anthony T Moore
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,UCSF School of Medicine, Koret Vision Center, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael E Cheetham
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Peter J Coffey
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics (ORBIT), Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK. .,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK. .,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, NRI, UC Santa Barbara, USA.
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Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Cells 2016; 5:cells5040044. [PMID: 27941641 PMCID: PMC5187528 DOI: 10.3390/cells5040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology has rapidly evolved in the last few decades. In the area of regenerative medicine, clinical applications using stem cells hold the potential to be a powerful tool in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, in particular, disorders of the eye. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are promising technologies that can potentially provide an unlimited source of cells for cell replacement therapy in the treatment of retinal degenerative disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Stargardt disease, and other disorders. ESCs and iPSCs have been used to generate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and their functional behavior has been tested in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Additionally, iPSC-derived RPE cells provide an autologous source of cells for therapeutic use, as well as allow for novel approaches in disease modeling and drug development platforms. Clinical trials are currently testing the safety and efficacy of these cells in patients with AMD. In this review, the current status of iPSC disease modeling of AMD is discussed, as well as the challenges and potential of this technology as a viable option for cell replacement therapy in retinal degeneration.
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Sengillo JD, Justus S, Tsai YT, Cabral T, Tsang SH. Gene and cell-based therapies for inherited retinal disorders: An update. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:349-366. [PMID: 27862925 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degenerations present a unique challenge as disease progression is irreversible and the retina has little regenerative potential. No current treatments for inherited retinal disease have the ability to reverse blindness, and current dietary supplement recommendations only delay disease progression with varied results. However, the retina is anatomically accessible and capable of being monitored at high resolution in vivo. This, in addition to the immune-privileged status of the eye, has put ocular disease at the forefront of advances in gene- and cell-based therapies. This review provides an update on gene therapies and randomized control trials for inherited retinal disease, including Leber congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, X-linked retinoschisis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and achromatopsia. New gene-modifying and cell-based strategies are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Dalvin LA, Pulido JS, Marmorstein AD. Vitelliform dystrophies: Prevalence in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States. Ophthalmic Genet 2016; 38:143-147. [PMID: 27120116 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2016.1175645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitelliform dystrophies are a group of macular degenerative diseases characterized by round yellow lesions in the macula. While often idiopathic, vitelliform dystrophies include inherited maculopathies such as Best disease and some cases of pattern dystrophy. The prevalence of vitelliform dystrophies in the United States has not been reported. This study examined the prevalence of vitelliform dystrophies in Olmsted County, Minnesota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Rochester Epidemiology Project database was used to identify all cases of vitelliform or pattern dystrophy in Olmsted County from 1 January 2000-31 December 2014. RESULTS Overall, 27 patients had true vitelliform lesions, indicating a prevalence of 1 in 5500. Of these, two had genetically confirmed Best disease, and an additional five to seven carried a diagnosis of Best disease, which chart reviews confirmed as probable cases; 18-20 patients had adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy. The prevalence of Best disease was 1 in 16,500 to 1 in 21,000. Adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy was found in 1 in 7400 to 1 in 8200. CONCLUSIONS Vitelliform dystrophies affect 1 in 5500 individuals in Olmsted County. While the values in this study provide good estimates for the prevalence of Best disease versus adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy, the results are limited by dependence on diagnoses made by other ophthalmologists and underutilization of genetic testing. Thus, these diseases should be thought of as at least as prevalent as reported here. As therapies for Best disease and other macular degenerative diseases are quickly becoming a reality, genetic testing should be employed as the gold standard for diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Dalvin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Jose S Pulido
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA.,b Department of Molecular Medicine , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
| | - Alan D Marmorstein
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , USA
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Outer Retinal Disease. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2850873. [PMID: 26880948 PMCID: PMC4736410 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2850873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, which is composed of multiple layers of differing cell types, has been considered the first choice for gene therapy, disease modeling, and stem cell-derived retinal cell transplant therapy. Because of its special characteristics, the retina, located in the posterior part of the eye, can be well observed directly after gene therapy or transplantation. The blood-retinal barrier is part of a specialized ocular microenvironment that is immune privileged. This protects transplanted cells and tissue. Having two eyes makes perfect natural control possible after a single eye receives gene or stem cell therapy. For this reason, research about exploring retinal diseases' underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic approach using stem cell technique has been developing rapidly. This review is to present an up-to-date summary of the iPSC's sources, variations, differentiation methods, and the wide-ranging application of iPSCs-RPCS or iPSCs-RPE on retinal disease modeling, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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