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Heide F, Stetefeld J. A Structural Analysis of Proteinaceous Nanotube Cavities and Their Applications in Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4080. [PMID: 36432365 PMCID: PMC9698212 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanotubes offer unique properties to the materials science field that allow them to fulfill various functions in drug delivery, biosensors and energy storage. Protein nanotubes are chemically diverse, modular, biodegradable and nontoxic. Furthermore, although the initial design or repurposing of such nanotubes is highly complex, the field has matured to understand underlying chemical and physical properties to a point where applications are successfully being developed. An important feature of a nanotube is its ability to bind ligands via its internal cavities. As ligands of interest vary in size, shape and chemical properties, cavities have to be able to accommodate very specific features. As such, understanding cavities on a structural level is essential for their effective application. The objective of this review is to present the chemical and physical diversity of protein nanotube cavities and highlight their potential applications in materials science, specifically in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heide
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-(204)-332-0853 (F.H.); +1-(204)-474-9731 (J.S.)
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-(204)-332-0853 (F.H.); +1-(204)-474-9731 (J.S.)
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Heide F, McDougall M, Harder-Viddal C, Roshko R, Davidson D, Wu J, Aprosoff C, Moya-Torres A, Lin F, Stetefeld J. Boron rich nanotube drug carrier system is suited for boron neutron capture therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15520. [PMID: 34330984 PMCID: PMC8324832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a two-step therapeutic process that utilizes Boron-10 in combination with low energy neutrons to effectively eliminate targeted cells. This therapy is primarily used for difficult to treat head and neck carcinomas; recent advances have expanded this method to cover a broader range of carcinomas. However, it still remains an unconventional therapy where one of the barriers for widespread adoption is the adequate delivery of Boron-10 to target cells. In an effort to address this issue, we examined a unique nanoparticle drug delivery system based on a highly stable and modular proteinaceous nanotube. Initially, we confirmed and structurally analyzed ortho-carborane binding into the cavities of the nanotube. The high ratio of Boron to proteinaceous mass and excellent thermal stability suggest the nanotube system as a suitable candidate for drug delivery into cancer cells. The full physicochemical characterization of the nanotube then allowed for further mechanistic molecular dynamic studies of the ortho-carborane uptake and calculations of corresponding energy profiles. Visualization of the binding event highlighted the protein dynamics and the importance of the interhelical channel formation to allow movement of the boron cluster into the nanotube. Additionally, cell assays showed that the nanotube can penetrate outer membranes of cancer cells followed by localization around the cells' nuclei. This work uses an integrative approach combining experimental data from structural, molecular dynamics simulations and biological experiments to thoroughly present an alternative drug delivery device for BNCT which offers additional benefits over current delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Matthew McDougall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Candice Harder-Viddal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, MB, R3P 2N2, Canada
| | - Roy Roshko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Camila Aprosoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Aniel Moya-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Harder-Viddal C, Heide F, Roshko RM, Stetefeld J. Molecular dynamics simulations of ortho-carborane nano-diamond storage within the nonpolar channel cavities of a right-handed coiled-coil tetrabrachion nanotube. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3531-3541. [PMID: 34194676 PMCID: PMC8220585 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on a complex in which clusters of boron in the form of molecules of the nanodiamond ortho-carborane ( C 2 B 10 H 12 ) have been inserted into the four large nonpolar cavities of a nanotube of the right-handed coiled-coil ( R H C C ) t e t r a b r a c h i o n . The techniques of multi-configurational thermodynamic integration, steered molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling have been combined to investigate the energetics of storage of ortho-carborane in the cavities and to map out the free energy landscape of the RHCC - t e t r a b r a c h i o n - o r t h o - c a r b o r a n e complex along the central channel and along directions transverse to the central channel. The purpose of the study was to explore potential pathways for the diffusion of ortho-carborane between the cavities and the solvent and to assess the stability of the complex as a possible drug delivery system for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The investigation reveals a complex free energy landscape with a multitude of peaks and valleys, all of which can be related to specific architectural elements of the RHCC - n a n o t u b e , and the activation barriers for ortho-carborane capture and release support the requirements for rapid cargo uptake coupled with tight binding to the cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Harder-Viddal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Canadian Mennonite University, 500 Shaftesbury Blvd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - F Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R M Roshko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, 30A Sifton Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - J Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Center for Oil and Gas Research and Development (COGRAD), Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Canada
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Bolton SG, Pluth MD. Modified cyclodextrins solubilize elemental sulfur in water and enable biological sulfane sulfur delivery. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11777-11784. [PMID: 34123204 PMCID: PMC8162768 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04137h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An important form of biological sulfur is sulfane sulfur, or S0, which is found in polysulfide and persulfide compounds as well as in elemental sulfur. Sulfane sulfur, often in the form of S8, functions as a key energy source in the metabolic processes of thermophilic Archaean organisms found in sulfur-rich environments and can be metabolized both aerobically and anaerobically by different archaeons. Despite this importance, S8 has a low solubility in water (∼19 nM), raising questions of how it can be made chemically accessible in complex environments. Motivated by prior crystallographic data showing S8 binding to hydrophobic motifs in filamentous glycoproteins from the sulfur reducing Staphylothermus marinus anaerobe, we demonstrate that simple macrocyclic hydrophobic motifs, such as 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (2HPβ), are sufficient to solubilize S8 at concentrations up to 2.0 ± 0.2 mM in aqueous solution. We demonstrate that the solubilized S8 can be reduced with the common reductant tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and reacts with thiols to generate H2S. The thiol-mediated conversion of 2HPβ/S8 to H2S ranges from 80% to quantitative efficiency for Cys and glutathione (GSH). Moreover, we demonstrate that 2HPβ can catalyze the Cys-mediated reduction of S8 to H2S in water. Adding to the biological relevance of the developed systems, we demonstrate that treatment of Raw 264.7 macrophage cells with the 2HPβ/S8 complex prior to LPS stimulation decreases NO2 - levels, which is consistent with known activities of bioavailable H2S and sulfane sulfur. Taken together, these investigations provide a new strategy for delivering H2S and sulfane sulfur in complex systems and more importantly provide new insights into the chemical accessibility and storage of S0 and S8 in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Bolton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
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