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Logan CJ, Staton CC, Oliver JT, Bouffard J, Kazmirchuk TDD, Magi M, Brett CL. Thermotolerance in S. cerevisiae as a model to study extracellular vesicle biology. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12431. [PMID: 38711329 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a proven model organism for elucidating conserved eukaryotic biology, but to date its extracellular vesicle (EV) biology is understudied. Here, we show yeast transmit information through the extracellular medium that increases survival when confronted with heat stress and demonstrate the EV-enriched samples mediate this thermotolerance transfer. These samples contain vesicle-like particles that are exosome-sized and disrupting exosome biogenesis by targeting endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery inhibits thermotolerance transfer. We find that Bro1, the yeast ortholog of the human exosome biomarker ALIX, is present in EV samples, and use Bro1 tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to track EV release and uptake by endocytosis. Proteomics analysis reveals that heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family proteins are enriched in EV samples that provide thermotolerance. We confirm the presence of the HSP70 ortholog stress-seventy subunit A2 (Ssa2) in EV samples and find that mutant yeast cells lacking SSA2 produce EVs but they fail to transfer thermotolerance. We conclude that Ssa2 within exosomes shared between yeast cells contributes to thermotolerance. Through this work, we advance Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an emerging model organism for elucidating molecular details of eukaryotic EV biology and establish a role for exosomes in heat stress and proteostasis that seems to be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis John Logan
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claire C Staton
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jeff Bouffard
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Melissa Magi
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Dallastella M, de Oliveira WK, Rodrigues ML, Goldenberg S, Alves LR. The characterization of RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism-related proteins in fungal extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1247329. [PMID: 37780856 PMCID: PMC10539620 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1247329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are essential for regulating RNA metabolism, stability, and translation within cells. Recent studies have shown that RBPs are not restricted to intracellular functions and can be found in extracellular vesicles (EVs) in different mammalian cells. EVs released by fungi contain a variety of proteins involved in RNA metabolism. These include RNA helicases, which play essential roles in RNA synthesis, folding, and degradation. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, responsible for acetylating tRNA molecules, are also enriched in EVs, suggesting a possible link between these enzymes and tRNA fragments detected in EVs. Proteins with canonical RNA-binding domains interact with proteins and RNA, such as the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM), Zinc finger, and hnRNP K-homology (KH) domains. Polyadenylate-binding protein (PABP) plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression by binding the poly(A) tail of messenger RNA (mRNA) and facilitating its translation, stability, and localization, making it a key factor in post-transcriptional control of gene expression. The presence of proteins related to the RNA life cycle in EVs from different fungal species suggests a conserved mechanism of EV cargo packing. Various models have been proposed for selecting RNA molecules for release into EVs. Still, the actual loading processes are unknown, and further molecular characterization of these proteins may provide insight into the mechanism of RNA sorting into EVs. This work reviews the current knowledge of RBPs and proteins related to RNA metabolism in EVs derived from distinct fungi species, and presents an analysis of proteomic datasets through GO term and orthology analysis, Our investigation identified orthologous proteins in fungal EVs on different fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Dallastella
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Willian Klassen de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Applied Sciences and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ PR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
- Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Goldenberg
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lysangela R. Alves
- Gene Expression Regulation Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Brazil
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity CHU de Quebec Research Center, University Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Escobar-Niño A, Harzen A, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Fernández-Acero FJ. The Adaptation of Botrytis cinerea Extracellular Vesicles Proteome to Surrounding Conditions: Revealing New Tools for Its Infection Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:872. [PMID: 37754980 PMCID: PMC10532283 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles released by different organisms. EVs carry several sets of macromolecules implicated in cell communication. EVs have become a relevant topic in the study of pathogenic fungi due to their relationship with fungal-host interactions. One of the essential research areas in this field is the characterization protein profile of EVs since plant fungal pathogens rely heavily on secreted proteins to invade their hosts. However, EVs of Botrytis cinerea are little known, which is one of the most devastating phytopathogenic fungi. The present study has two main objectives: the characterization of B. cinerea EVs proteome changes under two pathogenic conditions and the description of their potential role during the infective process. All the experimental procedure was conducted in B. cinerea growing in a minimal salt medium supplemented with glucose as a constitutive stage and deproteinized tomato cell walls (TCW) as a virulence inductor. The isolation of EVs was performed by differential centrifugation, filtration, ultrafiltration, and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. EVs fractions were visualised by TEM using negative staining. Proteomic analysis of EVs cargo was addressed by LC-MS/MS. The methodology used allowed the correct isolation of B. cinerea EVs and the identification of a high number of EV proteins, including potential EV markers. The isolated EVs displayed differences in morphology under both assayed conditions. GO analysis of EV proteins showed enrichment in cell wall metabolism and proteolysis under TCW. KEGG analysis also showed the difference in EVs function under both conditions, highlighting the presence of potential virulence/pathogenic factors implicated in cell wall metabolism, among others. This work describes the first evidence of EVs protein cargo adaptation in B. cinerea, which seems to play an essential role in its infection process, sharing crucial functions with the conventional secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Escobar-Niño
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Anne Harzen
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Sara C. Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany; (A.H.); (S.C.S.); (H.N.)
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Fernández-Acero
- Microbiology Laboratory, Institute for Viticulture and Agri-Food Research (IVAGRO), Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
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Lai Y, Jiang B, Hou F, Huang X, Ling B, Lu H, Zhong T, Huang J. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in fungi: a double-edged sword. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1216895. [PMID: 37533824 PMCID: PMC10390730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms found in nature, which can invade the human body and cause tissue damage, inflammatory reactions, organ dysfunctions, and diseases. These diseases can severely damage the patient's body systems and functions, leading to a range of clinical symptoms that can be life-threatening. As the incidence of invasive fungal infections has progressively increased in the recent years, a wealth of evidence has confirmed the "double-edged sword" role of fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communication and pathogen-host interactions. Fungal EVs act as mediators of cellular communication, affecting fungal-host cell interactions, delivering virulence factors, and promoting infection. Fungal EVs can also have an induced protective effect, affecting fungal growth and stimulating adaptive immune responses. By integrating recent studies, we discuss the role of EVs in fungi, providing strong theoretical support for the early prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections. Finally, we highlight the feasibility of using fungal EVs as drug carriers and in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bowei Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangpeng Hou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinhong Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baodian Ling
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Higuchi A, Morishita M, Nagata R, Maruoka K, Katsumi H, Yamamoto A. Functional Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Novel Vaccine Material for Immune Cell Maturation. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:525-534. [PMID: 36057319 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encapsulate various bioactive molecules, and much effort has been directed towards developing a novel EV-based therapy. Although recent studies reported the secretion of EVs from probiotics baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), their properties and functions remain obscure. The aim of this study was to clarify the usefulness of EVs from S. cerevisiae (S-EVs) as a novel vaccine material by defining their physicochemical properties and biological functions. The collected S-EVs contained β-D-glucan and showed particle sizes and zeta potentials approximately 128.8 nm and -7.39 mV, respectively. S-EVs were positive for heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70). These S-EVs considerably enhanced the production of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 from RAW264.7 cells (mouse macrophage-like cells) and DC2.4 cells (mouse dendritic cells). The expression of maturation markers CD40, CD80 and CD86 on the surface of these immune cells incubated with S-EVs was remarkably upregulated. Immune cells endocytosed S-EVs, and toll like receptor 2 on immune cells was involved in immune activation by S-EVs. These results indicate that extracellular vesicles derived from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are an attractive source as a novel vaccine material for immune cells maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Masaki Morishita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Ryoga Nagata
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kento Maruoka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Jung EH, Park YD, Dragotakes Q, Ramirez LS, Smith DQ, Reis FCG, Dziedzic A, Rodrigues ML, Baker RP, Williamson PR, Jedlicka A, Casadevall A, Coelho C. Cryptococcus neoformans releases proteins during intracellular residence that affect the outcome of the fungal-macrophage interaction. MICROLIFE 2022; 3:uqac015. [PMID: 36247839 PMCID: PMC9552768 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can replicate and disseminate in mammalian macrophages. In this study, we analyzed fungal proteins identified in murine macrophage-like cells after infection with C. neoformans. To accomplish this, we developed a protocol to identify proteins released from cryptococcal cells inside macrophage-like cells; we identified 127 proteins of fungal origin in infected macrophage-like cells. Among the proteins identified was urease, a known virulence factor, and others such as transaldolase and phospholipase D, which have catalytic activities that could contribute to virulence. This method provides a straightforward methodology to study host-pathogen interactions. We chose to study further Yeast Oligomycin Resistance (Yor1), a relatively uncharacterized protein belonging to the large family of ATP binding cassette transporter (ABC transporters). These transporters belong to a large and ancient protein family found in all extant phyla. While ABC transporters have an enormous diversity of functions across varied species, in pathogenic fungi they are better studied as drug efflux pumps. Analysis of C. neoformans yor1Δ strains revealed defects in nonlytic exocytosis, capsule size, and dimensions of extracellular vesicles, when compared to wild-type strains. We detected no difference in growth rates and cell body size. Our results indicate that C. neoformans releases a large suite of proteins during macrophage infection, some of which can modulate fungal virulence and are likely to affect the fungal-macrophage interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Yoon-Dong Park
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Quigly Dragotakes
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lia S Ramirez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Daniel Q Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Flavia C G Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba - PR, 81310-020, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Av. Brasil 4036. Room 814, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, Curitiba - PR, 81310-020, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rosanna P Baker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N, Wolfe Street, Room E5132, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States. E-mail:
| | - Carolina Coelho
- Corresponding author: Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, College of Health and Medicine, Geoffrey Pope Building, Room 325, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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7
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Castelli RF, Pereira A, Honorato L, Valdez A, de Oliveira HC, Bazioli JM, Garcia AWA, Klimeck TDF, Reis FCG, Staats CC, Nimrichter L, Fill TP, Rodrigues ML. Extracellular Vesicle Formation in Cryptococcus deuterogattii Impacts Fungal Virulence and Requires the NOP16 Gene. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0023222. [PMID: 35862719 PMCID: PMC9387281 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00232-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules are components of fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs), but their biological roles are only superficially known. NOP16 is a eukaryotic gene that is required for the activity of benzimidazoles against Cryptococcus deuterogattii. In this study, during the phenotypic characterization of C. deuterogattii mutants lacking NOP16 expression, we observed that this gene was required for EV production. Analysis of the small molecule composition of EVs produced by wild-type cells and two independent nop16Δ mutants revealed that the deletion of NOP16 resulted not only in a reduced number of EVs but also an altered small molecule composition. In a Galleria mellonella model of infection, the nop16Δ mutants were hypovirulent. The hypovirulent phenotype was reverted when EVs produced by wild-type cells, but not mutant EVs, were coinjected with the nop16Δ cells in G. mellonella. These results reveal a role for NOP16 in EV biogenesis and cargo, and also indicate that the composition of EVs is determinant for cryptococcal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael F. Castelli
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alana Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Valdez
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline M. Bazioli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ane W. A. Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia C. G. Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charley C. Staats
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taícia P. Fill
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Saravanakumar K, Santosh SS, Ahamed MA, Sathiyaseelan A, Sultan G, Irfan N, Ali DM, Wang MH. Bioinformatics strategies for studying the molecular mechanisms of fungal extracellular vesicles with a focus on infection and immune responses. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6632620. [PMID: 35794708 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released during pathogenesis and are found to be an opportunistic infection in most cases. EVs are immunocompetent with their host and have paved the way for new biomedical approaches to drug delivery and the treatment of complex diseases including cancer. With computing and processing advancements, the rise of bioinformatics tools for the evaluation of various parameters involved in fungal EVs has blossomed. In this review, we have complied and explored the bioinformatics tools to analyze the host-pathogen interaction, toxicity, omics and pathogenesis with an array of specific tools that have depicted the ability of EVs as vector/carrier for therapeutic agents and as a potential theme for immunotherapy. We have also discussed the generation and pathways involved in the production, transport, pathogenic action and immunological interactions of EVs in the host system. The incorporation of network pharmacology approaches has been discussed regarding fungal pathogens and their significance in drug discovery. To represent the overview, we have presented and demonstrated an in silico study model to portray the human Cryptococcal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Bio-Health convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - MohamedAli Afaan Ahamed
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600048, India
| | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Department of Bio-Health convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghazala Sultan
- Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Navabshan Irfan
- Crescent School of Pharmacy, B.S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - Davoodbasha Mubarak Ali
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600048, India
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Bio-Health convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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9
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Martínez-López R, Hernáez ML, Redondo E, Calvo G, Radau S, Pardo M, Gil C, Monteoliva L. Candida albicans Hyphal Extracellular Vesicles Are Different from Yeast Ones, Carrying an Active Proteasome Complex and Showing a Different Role in Host Immune Response. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0069822. [PMID: 35604172 PMCID: PMC9241596 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00698-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the principal causative agent of lethal fungal infections, predominantly in immunocompromised hosts. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described as crucial in the interaction of microorganisms with their host. Since the yeast-to-hypha transition is an important virulence trait with great impact in invasive candidiasis (IC), we have addressed the characterization of EVs secreted by hyphal cells (HEVs) from C. albicans, comparing them to yeast EVs (YEVs). YEVs comprised a larger population of bigger EVs with mainly cell wall proteins, while HEVs were smaller, in general, and had a much higher protein diversity. YEVs were able to rescue the sensitivity of a cell wall mutant against calcofluor white, presumably due to the larger amount of cell wall proteins they contained. On the other hand, HEVs also contained many cytoplasmic proteins related to protein metabolism and intracellular protein transport and the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway related to exosome biogenesis, pointing to an intracellular origin of HEVs. Interestingly, an active 20S proteasome complex was secreted exclusively in HEVs. Moreover, HEVs contained a greater number of virulence-related proteins. As for their immunogenic role, both types of EV presented immune reactivity with human sera from patients suffering invasive candidiasis; however, under our conditions, only HEVs showed a cytotoxic effect on human macrophages and could elicit the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by these macrophages. IMPORTANCE This first analysis of HEVs of C. albicans has shown clear differences between them and the YEVs of C. albicans, showing their relevance and possible use in the discovery of new diagnostic markers and treatment targets against C. albicans infections. The data obtained point to different mechanisms of biogenesis of YEVs and HEVs, as well as different involvements in cell biology and host interaction. YEVs played a more relevant role in cell wall maintenance, while HEVs were more closely related to virulence, as they had greater effects on human immune cells. Importantly, an active 20S proteosome complex was described as a fungal-EV cargo. A deeper study of its role and those of many other proteins exclusively detected in HEVs and involved in different relevant biological processes of this fungus could open up interesting new areas of research in the battle against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martínez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Redondo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonja Radau
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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