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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Bloch S, Hager-Mair FF, Bacher J, Tomek MB, Janesch B, Andrukhov O, Schäffer C. Investigating the role of a Tannerella forsythia HtrA protease in host protein degradation and inflammatory response. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1425937. [PMID: 39035711 PMCID: PMC11257890 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1425937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Degradation of host proteins by bacterial proteases leads to the subversion of the host response and disruption of oral epithelial integrity, which is considered an essential factor in the progression of periodontitis. High-temperature requirement A (HtrA) protease, which is critical for bacterial survival and environmental adaptation, is found in several oral bacteria, including the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia. This study investigated the proteolytic activity of HtrA from T. forsythia and its ability to modulate the host response. Methods HtrA of T. forsythia was identified bioinformatically and produced as a recombinant protein. T. forsythia mutants with depleted and restored HtrA production were constructed. The effect of T. forsythia wild-type, mutants and recombinant HtrA on the degradation of casein and E-cadherin was tested in vitro. Additionally, the responses of human gingival fibroblasts and U937 macrophages to the different HtrA-stimuli were investigated and compared to those triggered by the HtrA-deficient mutant. Results T. forsythia wild-type producing HtrA as well as the recombinant enzyme exhibited proteolytic activity towards casein and E-cadherin. No cytotoxic effect of either the wild-type, T. forsythia mutants or rHtrA on the viability of host cells was found. In hGFB and U937 macrophages, both T. forsythia species induced an inflammatory response of similar magnitude, as indicated by gene and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. Recombinant HtrA had no significant effect on the inflammatory response in hGFBs, whereas in U937 macrophages, it induced a transient inflammatory response at the early stage of infection. Conclusion HtrA of T. forsythia exhibit proteolytic activity towards the host adhesion molecule E-cadherin and has the potential to influence the host response. Its role in the progression of periodontitis needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bloch
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Bacher
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus B. Tomek
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Competence Center for Periodontal Research, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Lo HH, Chang HC, Wu YJ, Liao CT, Hsiao YM. Functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of degQ of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300441. [PMID: 38470163 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
High-temperature-requirement protein A (HtrA) family proteins play important roles in controlling protein quality and are recognized as virulence factors in numerous animal and human bacterial pathogens. The role of HtrA family proteins in plant pathogens remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the HtrA family protein, DegQ, in the crucifer black rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (Xcc). DegQ is essential for bacterial attachment and full virulence of Xcc. Moreover, the degQ mutant strain showed increased sensitivity to heat treatment and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Expressing the intact degQ gene in trans in the degQ mutant could reverse the observed phenotypic changes. In addition, we demonstrated that the DegQ protein exhibited chaperone-like activity. Transcriptional analysis displayed that degQ expression was induced under heat treatment. Our results contribute to understanding the function and expression of DegQ of Xcc for the first time and provide a novel perspective about HtrA family proteins in plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Hsia Lo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ching Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tsai Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Öktem A, Núñez-Nepomuceno D, Ferrero-Bordera B, Walgraeve J, Seefried M, Gesell Salazar M, Steil L, Michalik S, Maaß S, Becher D, Mäder U, Völker U, van Dijl JM. Enhancing bacterial fitness and recombinant enzyme yield by engineering the quality control protease HtrA of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0177823. [PMID: 37819116 PMCID: PMC10715036 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01778-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the expanding market of recombinant proteins, microbial cell factories such as Bacillus subtilis are key players. Microbial cell factories experience secretion stress during high-level production of secreted proteins, which can negatively impact product yield and cell viability. The CssRS two-component system and CssRS-regulated quality control proteases HtrA and HtrB play critical roles in the secretion stress response. HtrA has a presumptive dual function in protein quality control by exerting both chaperone-like and protease activities. However, its potential role as a chaperone has not been explored in B. subtilis. Here, we describe for the first time the beneficial effects of proteolytically inactive HtrA on α-amylase yields and overall bacterial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Öktem
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Núñez-Nepomuceno
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Borja Ferrero-Bordera
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mäder
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xu J, Lu Y, Pan X, Zhan D, Wang Q, Zhang N. Antibacterial performance of a porous Cu-bearing titanium alloy by laser additive manufacturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1226745. [PMID: 37600307 PMCID: PMC10435858 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1226745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is the most common species that causes peri-implantitis. It forms an irreversible dense biofilm and causes inflammation. A novel 3D-printed porous TC4-6Cu alloy was fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology for the dental implant, which is anticipated to inhibit biofilm formation. We attempted to investigate the antibacterial ability and antibacterial mechanism of the 3D-printed porous TC4-6Cu alloy against P. gingivalis. This work used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser confocal microscopy (CLSM) to detect the antimicrobial ability of the alloy against sessile P. gingivalis. The results indicated that the 3D-printed porous TC4-6Cu alloy could cause bacterial fragmentation and deformation. Plate antimicrobial counting experiments showed that the antibacterial rates of the alloy against adherent bacteria and planktonic bacteria after 24 h were 98.05% and 73.92%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Cu2+ were tested to appraise the antibacterial property of the alloy against planktonic P. gingivalis. The relationship between the antibacterial mechanism of the alloy with oxidative stress was evaluated through ROS fluorescence intensity and protein leakage concentration. The results revealed that the alloy significantly eliminated adherent bacteria and inhibited biofilm formation. Moreover, 3D-printed porous TC4-6Cu alloy demonstrated significant bactericidal ability by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could result in protein leakage from the bacterial cell membrane. This research may open a new perspective on the development and biomedical applications for dental implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanjin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiyun Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Desong Zhan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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Sundar S, Piramanayagam S, Natarajan J. A comprehensive review on human disease-causing bacterial proteases and their impeding agents. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:276. [PMID: 37414902 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that catalyze the amide bond dissociation in polypeptide and protein peptide units. They are categorized into seven families and are responsible for a wide spectrum of human ailments, such as various types of cancers, skin infections, urinary tract infections etc. Specifically, the bacterial proteases cause a huge impact in the disease progression. Extracellular bacterial proteases break down the host defense proteins, while intracellular proteases are essential for pathogens virulence. Due to its involvement in disease pathogenesis and virulence, bacterial proteases are considered to be potential drug targets. Several studies have reported potential bacterial protease inhibitors in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease causing pathogens. In this study, we have comprehensively reviewed about the various human disease-causing cysteine, metallo, and serine bacterial proteases as well as their potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bio-responsive composite liposomes against Campylobacter jejuni in vitro and its application in chicken preservation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Feng C, Liu X, Hu N, Tang Y, Feng M, Zhou Z. Aeromonas hydrophila Ssp1: A secretory serine protease that disrupts tight junction integrity and is essential for host infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:530-541. [PMID: 35798244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen with a broad host range, including fish and humans. In this study, we examined the function of a secretory serine protease (named Ssp1) identified in pathogenic A. hydrophila CCL1. Ssp1 possesses a trypsin-like serine protease domain and contains two conserved PDZ domains. Recombinant Ssp1 protein (rSsp1) treatment increased intestinal permeability by downregulating and redistributing tight junction protein Occludin in intestinal Caco-2 cells in vitro. Western blot demonstrated that rSsp1 treatment in Caco-2 cells resulted in marked increases in the expressions of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC). For virulence analysis, an isogenic CCL1 mutant ΔSsp1 was created. ΔSsp1 bears an in-frame deletion of the Ssp1 gene. A live infection study in crucian carps showed that, compared to CCL1, ΔSsp1 infection exhibited increased Occludin expression, reduced intestinal permeability and tissue dissemination capacity, and attenuated overall virulence in vivo. However, ΔSsp1 showed no differences in the biofilm formation, swimming motility, and resistance to environmental stress. These lost virulence capacities of ΔSsp1 were restored by complementation with the Ssp1 gene. Global transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that compared to CCL1 infection, ΔSsp1 promoted the expressions of antimicrobial molecules (MUC2, LEAP-2, Hepcidin-1, and IL-22). Finally, CCL1 infection caused significant dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including increased Vibrio and Deefgea compared to ΔSsp1 infected fish. Taken together, these results indicate that Ssp1 is essential for the virulence of A. hydrophila and is required for the perturbation of intestinal tight junction barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Nutrition, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Niewen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mengzhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zejun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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