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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Thoduvayil S, Dhandapani G, Brahma R, Devasahayam Arokia Balaya R, Mangalaparthi KK, Patel K, Kumar M, Tennyson J, Satheeshkumar PK, Kulkarni MJ, Pinto SM, Prasad TSK, Madanan MG. Triton X-114 Fractionated Subcellular Proteome of Leptospira interrogans Shows Selective Enrichment of Pathogenic and Outer Membrane Proteins in the Detergent Fraction. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000170. [PMID: 32846045 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Triton X-114-based solubilization and temperature-dependent phase separation of proteins is used for subcellular fractionation where, aqueous, detergent, and pellet fractions represents cytoplasmic, outer membrane (OM), and inner membrane proteins, respectively. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of Triton X-114 fractions of proteomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans identified 2957 unique proteins distributed across the fractions. The results are compared with bioinformatics predictions on their subcellular localization and pathogenic nature. Analysis of the distribution of proteins across the Triton X-114 fractions with the predicted characteristics is performed based on "number" of unique type of proteins, and "quantity" which represents the amount of unique protein. The highest number of predicted outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and pathogenic proteins are found in aqueous and pellet fractions, whereas detergent fraction representing the OM has the highest quantity of OMPs and pathogenic proteins though lower in number than the aqueous and pellet fractions. This leaves the possibility of an upsurge in pathogenic proteins and OMPs on the OM under pathogenic conditions suggesting their potential use to combat leptospirosis. Further, the Triton X-114 subcellular fractions are more correlated to enrichment of pathogenic proteins predicted by MP3 software than predicted localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikha Thoduvayil
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Regional Medical Research Centre Port Blair, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, India.,Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Gunasekaran Dhandapani
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Regional Medical Research Centre Port Blair, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 70400, Israel
| | - Rahul Brahma
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Regional Medical Research Centre Port Blair, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, India
| | - Rex Devasahayam Arokia Balaya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Jebasingh Tennyson
- School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, India
| | - P K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mahesh J Kulkarni
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, 575018, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, 575018, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bengaluru, 560066, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Madathiparambil G Madanan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Regional Medical Research Centre Port Blair, Dollygunj, Port Blair, 744103, India
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Anu PV, Madanan MG, Nair AJ, Nair GA, Nair GPM, Sudhakaran PR, Satheeshkumar PK. Heterologous Expression, Purification and Characterization of an Oligopeptidase A from the Pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:302-309. [PMID: 29502205 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases are enzymes involved in the degradation of short peptides (generally less than 30 amino acids in size) which help pathogens evade the host defence mechanisms. Leptospira is a zoonotic pathogen and causes leptospirosis in mammals. Proteome analysis of Leptospira revealed the presence of oligopeptidase A (OpdA) among other membrane proteins. To study the role of oligopeptidase in leptospirosis, the OpdA of L. interrogans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with a histidine tag (His-tag). The protein showed maximum expression at 37 °C with 0.5 mM of IPTG after 2 h of induction. Recombinant OpdA protein was purified to homogeneity using Ni-affinity chromatography. The purified OpdA showed more than 80% inhibition with a serine protease inhibitor but the activity was reduced to 30% with the cysteine protease inhibitor. The peptidase activity was increased significantly in the presence of Zn2+ at a neutral pH. Inhibitor assay indicate the presence of more than one active sites for peptidase activity as reported with the OpdA of E. coli and Salmonella. Over-expression of OpdA in E. coli BL21 (DE3) did not cause any negative effects on normal cell growth and viability. The role of OpdA as virulence factor in Leptospira and its potential as a therapeutic and diagnostic target in leptospirosis is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasannan V Anu
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ananthakrishnan J Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Gangaprasad A Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Govinda Pillai M Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. .,Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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Satheeshkumar PK, Anu PV, Junaida MI, Madanan MG, Jebasingh T, Nair AJ, Nair GA, Nair GPM, Sudhakaran PR. Expression of Leptospira membrane proteins Signal Peptidase (SP) and Leptospira Endostatin like A (Len A) in BL-21(DE3) is toxic to the host cells. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:393-398. [PMID: 30733752 PMCID: PMC6353657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of Integral Membrane Proteins (IMPs) is reported to be toxic to the host system in many studies. Even though there are reports on various concerns like transformation efficiency, growth properties, protein toxicity, inefficient expression and protein degradation in IMP overexpression, no studies so far addressed these issues in a comprehensive way. In the present study, two transmembrane proteins of the pathogen Leptospira interrogans, namely Signal peptidase (SP), and Leptospira Endostatin like A (Len-A) were taken along with a cytosolic protein Hydrolase (HYD) to assess the differences in transformation efficiency, protein toxicity, and protein stability when over expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Bioinformatics analysis to predict the transmembrane localization indicated that both SP and Len are targeted to the membrane. The three proteins were expressed in full length in the E. coli expression strain, BL 21 (DE3). Significant changes were observed for the strains transformed with IMP genes under the parameters analysed such as, the transformation efficiency, survival of colonies on IPTG-plate, culture growth kinetics and protein expression compared to the strain harbouring the cytosolic protein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Prasannan V Anu
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Mohmed I Junaida
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Ananthakrishnan J Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Gangaprasad A Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Govinda Pillai M Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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