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Kiss-Szemán AJ, Harmat V, Menyhárd DK. Achieving Functionality Through Modular Build-up: Structure and Size Selection of Serine Oligopeptidases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:1089-1101. [PMID: 31553292 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190925103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes of the prolyl oligopeptidase family (S9 family) recognize their substrates not only by the specificity motif to be cleaved but also by size - they hydrolyze oligopeptides smaller than 30 amino acids. They belong to the serine-protease family, but differ from classical serine-proteases in size (80 kDa), structure (two domains) and regulation system (size selection of substrates). This group of enzymes is an important target for drug design as they are linked to amnesia, schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes, trypanosomiasis, periodontitis and cell growth. By comparing the structure of various members of the family we show that the most important features contributing to selectivity and efficiency are: (i) whether the interactions weaving the two domains together play a role in stabilizing the catalytic triad and thus their absence may provide for its deactivation: these oligopeptidases can screen their substrates by opening up, and (ii) whether the interaction-prone β-edge of the hydrolase domain is accessible and thus can guide a multimerization process that creates shielded entrance or intricate inner channels for the size-based selection of substrates. These cornerstones can be used to estimate the multimeric state and selection strategy of yet undetermined structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Kiss-Szemán
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Harmat
- Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra K Menyhárd
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
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Anu PV, Madanan MG, Nair AJ, Nair GA, Nair GPM, Sudhakaran PR, Satheeshkumar PK. Heterologous Expression, Purification and Characterization of an Oligopeptidase A from the Pathogen Leptospira interrogans. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:302-309. [PMID: 29502205 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptidases are enzymes involved in the degradation of short peptides (generally less than 30 amino acids in size) which help pathogens evade the host defence mechanisms. Leptospira is a zoonotic pathogen and causes leptospirosis in mammals. Proteome analysis of Leptospira revealed the presence of oligopeptidase A (OpdA) among other membrane proteins. To study the role of oligopeptidase in leptospirosis, the OpdA of L. interrogans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli with a histidine tag (His-tag). The protein showed maximum expression at 37 °C with 0.5 mM of IPTG after 2 h of induction. Recombinant OpdA protein was purified to homogeneity using Ni-affinity chromatography. The purified OpdA showed more than 80% inhibition with a serine protease inhibitor but the activity was reduced to 30% with the cysteine protease inhibitor. The peptidase activity was increased significantly in the presence of Zn2+ at a neutral pH. Inhibitor assay indicate the presence of more than one active sites for peptidase activity as reported with the OpdA of E. coli and Salmonella. Over-expression of OpdA in E. coli BL21 (DE3) did not cause any negative effects on normal cell growth and viability. The role of OpdA as virulence factor in Leptospira and its potential as a therapeutic and diagnostic target in leptospirosis is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasannan V Anu
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ananthakrishnan J Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Gangaprasad A Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Govinda Pillai M Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. .,Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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Gadelha A, Yonamine CM, Ota VK, Oliveira V, Sato JR, Belangero SI, Bressan RA, Hayashi MAF. ACE I/D genotype-related increase in ACE plasma activity is a better predictor for schizophrenia diagnosis than the genotype alone. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:109-14. [PMID: 25701466 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Although the several contradictory data, ACE has been associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) pathophysiology. Here the ACE activity of SCZ patients and healthy controls (HCs), and its possible correlations with the ACE polymorphism genotype and symptomatic dimensions, was investigated. METHODOLOGY ACE activity of 86 SCZ patients and 100 HCs paired by age, gender and educational level was measured, using the FRET peptide substrate and the specific inhibitor lisinopril. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes were assessed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. RESULTS Significantly higher ACE activity was observed in SCZ patients compared to HCs (t=-5.09; p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.701. Mean ACE activity levels were higher for the D-allele carriers (F=5.570; p=0.005), but no significant difference was found among SCZ patients and HCs for genotypes frequencies (Chi-squared=2.08; df=2; p=0.35). Interestingly, we found that the difference between the measured ACE activity for each SCZ patient and the expected average mean value for each respective genotype group (for control subjects) was a better predictor of SCZ than the ACE dichotomized values (high/low) or ACE I/D. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that higher levels of ACE activity are associated with SCZ with stronger impact when the genetic background of each individual is considered. This may explain the heterogeneity of the results on ACE previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Gadelha
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa K Ota
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Ricardo Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Castro LM, Cavalcanti DM, Araujo CB, Rioli V, Icimoto MY, Gozzo FC, Juliano M, Juliano L, Oliveira V, Ferro ES. Peptidomic analysis of the neurolysin-knockout mouse brain. J Proteomics 2014; 111:238-48. [PMID: 24727097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A large number of intracellular peptides are constantly produced following protein degradation by the proteasome. A few of these peptides function in cell signaling and regulate protein-protein interactions. Neurolysin (Nln) is a structurally defined and biochemically well-characterized endooligopeptidase, and its subcellular distribution and biological activity in the vertebrate brain have been previously investigated. However, the contribution of Nln to peptide metabolism in vivo is poorly understood. In this study, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to investigate the brain peptidome of Nln-knockout mice. An additional in vitro digestion assay with recombinant Nln was also performed to confirm the identification of the substrates and/or products of Nln. Altogether, the data presented suggest that Nln is a key enzyme in the in vivo degradation of only a few peptides derived from proenkephalin, such as Met-enkephalin and octapeptide. Nln was found to have only a minor contribution to the intracellular peptide metabolism in the entire mouse brain. However, further studies appear necessary to investigate the contribution of Nln to the peptide metabolism in specific areas of the murine brain. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurolysin was first identified in the synaptic membranes of the rat brain in the middle 80's by Frederic Checler and colleagues. Neurolysin was well characterized biochemically, and its brain distribution has been confirmed by immunohistochemical methods. The neurolysin contribution to the central and peripheral neurotensin-mediated functions in vivo has been delineated through inhibitor-based pharmacological approaches, but its genuine contribution to the physiological inactivation of neuropeptides remains to be firmly established. As a result, the main significance of this work is the first characterization of the brain peptidome of the neurolysin-knockout mouse. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics, mass spectrometry and peptidomics, Cancun 2013. Guest Editors: César López-Camarillo, Victoria Pando-Robles and Bronwyn Jane Barkla.
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Cavalcanti DMLP, Castro LM, Rosa Neto JC, Seelaender M, Neves RX, Oliveira V, Forti FL, Iwai LK, Gozzo FC, Todiras M, Schadock I, Barros CC, Bader M, Ferro ES. Neurolysin knockout mice generation and initial phenotype characterization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15426-40. [PMID: 24719317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligopeptidase neurolysin (EC 3.4.24.16; Nln) was first identified in rat brain synaptic membranes and shown to ubiquitously participate in the catabolism of bioactive peptides such as neurotensin and bradykinin. Recently, it was suggested that Nln reduction could improve insulin sensitivity. Here, we have shown that Nln KO mice have increased glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and gluconeogenesis. KO mice have increased liver mRNA for several genes related to gluconeogenesis. Isotopic label semiquantitative peptidomic analysis suggests an increase in specific intracellular peptides in gastrocnemius and epididymal adipose tissue, which likely is involved with the increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the KO mice. These results suggest the exciting new possibility that Nln is a key enzyme for energy metabolism and could be a novel therapeutic target to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro M Castro
- Pharmacology, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil, the Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vitor Oliveira
- the Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Forti
- the Department of Biochemistry, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Leo K Iwai
- the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio C Gozzo
- the Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Mihail Todiras
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Ines Schadock
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Carlos C Barros
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and the Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125, Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Emer S Ferro
- Pharmacology, Support Center for Research in Proteolysis and Cell Signaling, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil,
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