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Patel D, Sethi N, Patel P, Shah S, Patel K. Exploring the potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in the targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs: A comprehensive review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114267. [PMID: 38514020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of cancer, progress in the management of cancer is the need of the hour. Most cancer patients develop chemotherapeutic drug resistance, and many remain insidious due to overexpression of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MDR1), also known as Permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) or ABCB1 transporter (ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1). P-gp, a transmembrane protein that protects vital organs from outside chemicals, expels medications from malignant cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), kidneys, liver, pancreas, and cancer cells overexpress P-gp on their apical surfaces, making treatment inefficient and resistant. Compounds that compete with anticancer medicines for transportation or directly inhibit P-gp may overcome biological barriers. Developing nanotechnology-based formulations may help overcome P-gp-mediated efflux and improve bioavailability and cell chemotherapeutic agent accumulation. Nanocarriers transport pharmaceuticals via receptor-mediated endocytosis, unlike passive diffusion, which bypasses ABCB1. Anticancer drugs and P-gp inhibitors in nanocarriers may synergistically increase drug accumulation and chemotherapeutic agent toxicity. The projection of desirable binding and effect may be procured initially by molecular docking of the inhibitor with P-gp, enabling the reduction of preliminary trials in formulation development. Here, P-gp-mediated efflux and several possible outcomes to overcome the problems associated with currently prevalent cancer treatments are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhvani Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Nutan Sethi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Paresh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Shreeraj Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Kaushika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad 382 210, India.
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The ixabepilone and vandetanib combination shows synergistic activity in docetaxel-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:998-1010. [PMID: 35908023 PMCID: PMC9584993 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background The lack of drug targets is an obstacle to the treatment of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). At present, non-specific cytotoxic drugs are first-line agents, but the development of resistance is a major problem with these agents. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a potential target in some TNBCs, because its tyrosine kinase activity drives tumorigenesis. Thus, small molecule inhibitors of the EGFR in combination with cytotoxic agents could be important for the treatment of TNBCs. Methods The present study evaluated the efficacies of clinically approved EGFR inhibitors in combination with the cytotoxic agent ixabepilone in parental and docetaxel-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells (231C and TXT cells, respectively). Cell viability was assessed using MTT reduction assays, cell death pathways were evaluated using annexin V/7-aminoactinomycin D staining and flow cytometry and Western immunoblotting was used to assess the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in cells. Results Ixabepilone and the EGFR inhibitors gefitinib and vandetanib inhibited 231C and TXT cell proliferation, but the alternate EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and lapatinib were poorly active. Using combination analysis, ixabepilone/vandetanib was synergistic in both cell types, whereas the ixabepilone/gefitinib combination exhibited antagonism. By flow cytometry, ixabepilone/vandetanib enhanced 231C and TXT cell death over that produced by the single agents and also enhanced caspase-3 cleavage and the pro/anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein ratios over ixabepilone alone. Conclusions These findings suggest that the ixabepilone/vandetanib combination may have promise for the treatment of patients with drug-resistant TNBC. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-022-00396-7.
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Rahman MK, Al-Zubaidi Y, Bourget K, Chen Y, Tam S, Zhou F, Murray M. Preclinical Evaluation of Ixabepilone in Combination with VEGF Receptor and PARP Inhibitors in Taxane-Sensitive and Taxane-Resistant MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2180-2190. [PMID: 35700798 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of cytotoxic agents promotes drug-resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The identification of new drug combinations with efficacy against drug-resistant TNBC cells in vitro is valuable in developing new clinical strategies to produce further cancer remissions. We undertook combination analysis of the cytotoxic agent ixabepilone with small molecule inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in taxane-sensitive (231C) and taxane-resistant (TXT) MDA-MB-231-derived cells. As single agents, the VEGFR inhibitors cediranib and bosutinib decreased both 231C and TXT cell viability, but four other VEGFR inhibitors and two PARP inhibitors were less effective. Combinations of ixabepilone with either cediranib or bosutinib synergistically decreased 231C cell viability. However, only the ixabepilone/cediranib combination was synergistic in TXT cells, with predicted 15.3-fold and 1.65-fold clinical dose reductions for ixabepilone and cediranib, respectively. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting were used to further evaluate the loss of cell viability. Thus, TXT cell killing by ixabepilone/cediranib was enhanced over ixabepilone alone, and expression of proapoptotic cleaved caspase-3 and the Bak/Bcl-2 protein ratio were increased. These findings suggest that the synergistic activity of the ixabepilone/cediranib combination in taxane-sensitive and taxane-resistant cells may warrant clinical evaluation in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khalilur Rahman
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences; Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yassir Al-Zubaidi
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kirsi Bourget
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences; Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yongjuan Chen
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences
| | - Stanton Tam
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences; Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Pavlíková L, Šereš M, Breier A, Sulová Z. The Roles of microRNAs in Cancer Multidrug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041090. [PMID: 35205839 PMCID: PMC8870231 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The resistance of neoplastic cells to multiple drugs is a serious problem in cancer chemotherapy. The molecular causes of multidrug resistance in cancer are largely known, but less is known about the mechanisms by which cells deliver phenotypic changes that resist the attack of anticancer drugs. The findings of RNA interference based on microRNAs represented a breakthrough in biology and pointed to the possibility of sensitive and targeted regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Such regulation is also involved in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer. The aim of the current paper is to summarize the available knowledge on the role of microRNAs in resistance to multiple cancer drugs. Abstract Cancer chemotherapy may induce a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The development of MDR is based on various molecular causes, of which the following are very common: induction of ABC transporter expression; induction/activation of drug-metabolizing enzymes; alteration of the expression/function of apoptosis-related proteins; changes in cell cycle checkpoints; elevated DNA repair mechanisms. Although these mechanisms of MDR are well described, information on their molecular interaction in overall multidrug resistance is still lacking. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression and subsequent RNA interference are candidates that could be important players in the interplay of MDR mechanisms. The regulation of post-transcriptional processes in the proteosynthetic pathway is considered to be a major function of miRNAs. Due to their complementarity, they are able to bind to target mRNAs, which prevents the mRNAs from interacting effectively with the ribosome, and subsequent degradation of the mRNAs can occur. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the possible role of miRNAs in the molecular mechanisms that lead to MDR. The possibility of considering miRNAs as either specific effectors or interesting targets for cancer therapy is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pavlíková
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Mário Šereš
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zdena Sulová
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Bioscience, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (A.B.); (Z.S.)
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Targeting Drug Chemo-Resistance in Cancer Using Natural Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101353. [PMID: 34680470 PMCID: PMC8533186 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
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Qiu L, Ma Z, Li X, Deng Y, Duan G, Zhao LE, Xu X, Xiao L, Liu H, Zhu Z, Chen H. DJ-1 is involved in the multidrug resistance of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells through PTEN/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1202-1214. [PMID: 33079995 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy worldwide. The occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is the major obstacle for effective gastric cancer chemotherapy. In this study, the in-depth molecular mechanism of the DJ-1-induced MDR in SGC7901 gastric cancer cells was investigated. The results showed that DJ-1 expression level was higher in MDR variant SGC7901/VCR cells than that in its parental SGC7901 cells. Moreover, DJ-1 overexpression conferred the MDR phenotype to SGC7901 cells, while DJ-1 knockdown in SGC7901/VCR cells induced re-sensitization to adriamycin, vincristine, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. These results suggested that DJ-1 mediated the development of MDR in SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Importantly, further data revealed that the activation of PI3k/Akt and Nrf2 signaling pathway were required for the DJ-1-induced MDR phenotype in SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Meanwhile, we found that PI3k/Akt pathway was activated probably through DJ-1 directly binding to and negatively regulating PTEN, consequently resulting in Nrf2 phosphorylation and activation, and thereby inducing Nrf2-dependent P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Bcl-2 expressions in the DJ-1-mediated MDR of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Overall, these results revealed that activating PTEN/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway and subsequently upregulating P-gp and Bcl-2 expression could be a critical mechanism by which DJ-1 mediates the development of MDR in SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. The new findings may be helpful for understanding the mechanisms of MDR in gastric cancer cells, prompting its further investigation as a molecular target to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaoran Li
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yizhang Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Guangling Duan
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - L e Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xingwang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haoyue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Heping Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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Hesami S, Sayar M, Sayyar F, Eshaghkhani Y, Pirhoushiaran M, Khadem Erfan MB, Abdollahzadeh R, Azarnezhad A. Expression and Clinicopathological Significances of lncRNAs: Could ARA and ZEB2NAT be the Potential Breast Cancer-Related Biomarkers? Arch Med Res 2020; 51:851-859. [PMID: 32921528 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pieces of evidence have shown that a significant proportion of cancer-prone factors are not attributed to alterations in protein-coding sequences. Adriamycin resistance-related (ARA) and natural antisense of ZEB2 (ZEB2NAT) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been indicated with oncogenic properties by regulating various signaling pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may have diagnostic and prognostic potential as a novel group of biomarkers. AIM The current study aimed to evaluate the expression status of ARA and ZEB2NAT lncRNAs and their clinicopathological significance in a population with breast cancer (BC). METHODS Total RNA was extracted from 60 tumor samples and their normal adjacent tissues (NATs). The lncRNA expressions were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and statistical analyses were performed by SPSS version 25. RESULTS Our data showed a significant upregulation of ARA and ZEB2NAT lncRNAs in tumor tissues compared to NATs (p <0.001; p = 0.021, respectively). ARA and ZEB2NAT expression were observed to be significantly associated with tumor grade, nuclear grade, tumor stages, and lymph node metastasis (p <0.05). Additionally, ARA expression was significantly correlated with breastfeeding status (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION our data revealed that ARA and ZEB2NAT lncRNAs were overexpressed in BC. Furthermore, the selected lncRNAs were found to might be the potential biomarkers for BC diagnosis and prognosis. However, the findings of the current research are required to be replicated in other studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hesami
- Medical Genetics Ward, Imam khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Sayar
- Nursing And Midwifery School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Sayyar
- Nursing And Midwifery School, Birjand University Of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Eshaghkhani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pirhoushiaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Khadem Erfan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Drug-metabolizing enzymes: role in drug resistance in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1667-1680. [PMID: 32170639 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although continuous researches are going on for the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents, resistance to these anticancer agents has made it really difficult to reach the fruitful results. There are many causes for this resistance that are being studied by the researchers across the world, but still, success is far because there are several factors that are going along unattended or have been studied less. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are one of these factors, on which less study has been conducted. DMEs include Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are major Phase I enzymes while glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenases are the major enzymes belonging to the Phase II enzymes. These enzymes play an important role in detoxification of the xenobiotics as well as the metabolism of drugs, depending upon the tissue in which they are expressed. When present in tumorous tissues, they cause resistance by metabolizing the drugs and rendering them inactive. In this review, the role of these various enzymes in anticancer drug metabolism and the possibilities for overcoming the resistance have been discussed.
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Wang Q, Zheng J, Zou JX, Xu J, Han F, Xiang S, Liu P, Chen HW, Wang J. S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy)-dependent methyltransferase inhibitor DZNep overcomes breast cancer tamoxifen resistance via induction of NSD2 degradation and suppression of NSD2-driven redox homeostasis. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 317:108965. [PMID: 32001260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine therapies (e.g. tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors) targeting estrogen action are effective in decreasing mortality of breast cancer. However, their efficacy is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Our previous study demonstrated that overexpression of a histone methyltransferase NSD2 drives tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells and that NSD2 is a potential biomarker of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. Here, we found that DZNep, an indirect inhibitor of histone methyltransferases, potently induces the degradation of NSD2 protein and inhibits the expression of NSD2 target genes (HK2, G6PD, GLUT1 and TIGAR) involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). DZNep treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells and xenograft tumors also strongly inhibits tumor growth and the cancer cell survival through decreasing cell production of NADPH and glutathione (GSH) and invoking elevated ROS to cause apoptosis. These findings suggest that DZNep-like agents can be developed to target NSD2 histone methyltransferase for effective treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - June X Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, China
| | - Fanghai Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, PR China
| | - Songtao Xiang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, PR China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Junjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
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Modulation of Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming and Oxidative Stress to Overcome Chemoresistance in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010135. [PMID: 31947673 PMCID: PMC7023176 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, carried out by cancer cells to rapidly adapt to stress such as hypoxia and limited nutrient conditions, is an emerging concepts in tumor biology, and is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. In contrast with conventional views, based on the classical Warburg effect, these metabolic alterations require fully functional mitochondria and finely-tuned regulations of their activity. In turn, the reciprocal regulation of the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells and the microenvironment critically influence disease progression and response to therapy. This is also realized through the function of specific stress-adaptive proteins, which are able to relieve oxidative stress, inhibit apoptosis, and facilitate the switch between metabolic pathways. Among these, the molecular chaperone tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1), the most abundant heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family member in mitochondria, is particularly relevant because of its role as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor, depending on the metabolic features of the specific tumor. This review highlights the interplay between metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression, and the role of mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress in this setting, examining the possibility of targeting pathways of energy metabolism as a therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance, with particular emphasis on natural compounds and inhibitors of mitochondrial HSP90s.
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Shan Y, Yan S, Hong X, Zha J, Qin J. Effect of imidacloprid on the behavior, antioxidant system, multixenobiotic resistance, and histopathology of Asian freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 218:105333. [PMID: 31783301 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, to investigate the effect of imidacloprid on benthic bivalves, adult Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to 0, 20, 200, and 2000 μg/L imidacloprid for 30 d. Imidacloprid significantly inhibited the siphoning and burrowing behaviour (p < 0.05) of the clams. Significant histopathological changes were associated with degeneration of the cilium, the contraction and adhesion of the lymphocyte, and the swelling of epithelium cells in gills, and there was notable degeneration in the digestive tubules, haemolytic infiltration in the connective tissue and epithelial cell necrosis in the digestive glands in the 2000 μg/L treatment group. The activity of AChE in the digestive glands was significantly inhibited at all treatment levels, whereas this inhibition was observed in gills only in the 2000 μg/L treatment (p < 0.05). Additionally, indicators of the antioxidant system (e.g., SOD, CAT, and GST activity) and MDA content were significantly increased in the gills and digestive glands with all treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Hsp genes (hsp 22, hsp 40, hsp 60, hsp 70, hsp 90) and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) system-related genes (abcb1, abcc1) were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results suggest that imidacloprid changes the oxidative stress, cellular detoxification, and MXR system of C. fluminea. Our findings provide new insights into the effects of neonicotinoids on benthic bivalves such as C. fluminea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jianhui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Cook I, Asenjo AB, Sosa H, Leyh TS. The Human UGT2B7 Nanodisc. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:198-204. [PMID: 31892527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 20 uridine diphosphate glycosyl-transferases (UGTs) encoded in the human genome form an essential homeostatic network of overlapping catalytic functions that surveil and regulate the activity and clearance of scores of small molecule metabolites. Biochemical and biophysical UGT studies have been hampered by the inability to purify these membrane-bound proteins. Here, using cell-free expression and nanodisc technology, we assemble and purify to homogeneity the first UGT nanodisc-the human UGT2B7•nanodisc. The complex is readily isolated in milligram quantities. It is stable and its initial-rate parameters are identical within error to those associated with UGT2B7 in microsomal preparations (i.e., Supersomes). The high purity of the nanodisc preparation simplifies UGT assays, which allows complexities traditionally associated with microsomal assays (latency and the albumin effect) to be circumvented. Each nanodisc is shown to harbor a single UGT2B7 monomer. The methods described herein should be widely applicable to UGTs, and these findings are expected to set the stage for experimentalists to more freely explore the structure, function, and biology of this important area of phase II metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Lack of access to pure, catalytically competent human uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl-transferases (UGTs) has long been an impediment to biochemical and biophysical studies of this disease-relevant enzyme family. Here, we demonstrate this barrier can be removed using nanodisc technology-a human UGT2B7•nanodisc is assembled, purified to homogeneity, and shown to have activity comparable to microsomal UGT2B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cook
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (I.C., T.S.L.) and Physiology and Biophysics (A.B.A., H.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Anna B Asenjo
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (I.C., T.S.L.) and Physiology and Biophysics (A.B.A., H.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (I.C., T.S.L.) and Physiology and Biophysics (A.B.A., H.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Thomas S Leyh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology (I.C., T.S.L.) and Physiology and Biophysics (A.B.A., H.S.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
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13
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Metabolic Remodelling: An Accomplice for New Therapeutic Strategies to Fight Lung Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120603. [PMID: 31795465 PMCID: PMC6943435 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic remodelling is a hallmark of cancer, however little has been unravelled in its role in chemoresistance, which is a major hurdle to cancer control. Lung cancer is a leading cause of death by cancer, mainly due to the diagnosis at an advanced stage and to the development of resistance to therapy. Targeted therapeutic agents combined with comprehensive drugs are commonly used to treat lung cancer. However, resistance mechanisms are difficult to avoid. In this review, we will address some of those therapeutic regimens, resistance mechanisms that are eventually developed by lung cancer cells, metabolic alterations that have already been described in lung cancer and putative new therapeutic strategies, and the integration of conventional drugs and genetic and metabolic-targeted therapies. The oxidative stress is pivotal in this whole network. A better understanding of cancer cell metabolism and molecular adaptations underlying resistance mechanisms will provide clues to design new therapeutic strategies, including the combination of chemotherapeutic and targeted agents, considering metabolic intervenients. As cancer cells undergo a constant metabolic adaptive drift, therapeutic regimens must constantly adapt.
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14
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Aydemir D, Hashemkhani M, Acar HY, Ulusu NN. In vitro interaction of glutathione S-transferase-pi enzyme with glutathione-coated silver sulfide quantum dots: A novel method for biodetection of glutathione S-transferase enzyme. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:2094-2102. [PMID: 31452310 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QD) are being evaluated as inorganic nanoparticles for both in vitro and in vivo optical imaging. They are also used as sensors or vehicles for targeted drug delivery combined with optical imaging. In this study, we demonstrated that glutathione-coated Ag2 S QDs (GSH-Ag2 S QDs) act as a substrate analogue of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes for the first time in the literature. The GSTs belong to a major group of detoxification enzymes involved in the detoxification metabolism responsible for the protection of cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS) or electrophiles. GST isozymes are impaired in the various diseases such as neurological diseases and cancer. We evaluated the interaction of GST-pi enzyme with GSH-Ag2 S QDs, which have never been studied in the literature before, using both fluorometric and spectrophotometric methods. Our data showed that GSH-Ag2 S QDs gave reaction with GST enzyme as a substrate analogue. In conclusion, our data may help to guide researchers for further development of sensing systems for GST activity which is impaired in various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Materials Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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DJ-1 overexpression confers the multidrug resistance phenotype to SGC7901 cells by upregulating P-gp and Bcl-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:73-80. [PMID: 31477270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant tumors with high incidence and mortality worldwide, and the multidrug resistance (MDR) often results in chemotherapy failure in GC. DJ-1 has been well indicated to be associated with drug resistance in multiple cancers. However, the role of DJ-1 in the MDR of gastric cancer cells and its possible mechanism remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the current study was investigated whether DJ-1 expression is differential in parental gastric cancer cell SGC7901 and vincristine (VCR)-induced gastric cancer MDR cell SGC7901/VCR, and whether DJ-1 plays a significant role in development of MDR in gastric cancer. The results showed that DJ-1 expression in SGC7901/VCR cells was significantly higher than its sensitive parental SGC7901 cells. Furthermore, DJ-1 overexpressed gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/LV-DJ-1 led to the increase of cell survival rate, the IC50 of chemotherapeutic drugs and number of cell clones as well as decrease of cell cycle G0/G1 phase ratio compared with its parental cells under the treatment of VCR, adriamycin (ADR), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (DDP). However, the DJ-1 knockdown stable cell line SGC7901/VCR/shDJ-1 reversed the above mentioned series of MDR. Moreover, it was found that upregulation of DJ-1 protein expression promoted the pumping rate of GC cells to ADR and reduced the apoptotic index of GC cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs by upregulating P-gp and Bcl-2. Similarly, knocking down DJ-1, P-gp or Bcl-2 displayed a converse effect. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that DJ-1 overexpression confers the MDR phenotype to SGC7901 cells and this process is related to DJ-1 promoting active efflux of drugs and enhancing the anti-apoptotic ability of MDR GC cells by upregulating P-gp and Bcl-2.
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You X, Jiang W, Lu W, Zhang H, Yu T, Tian J, Wen S, Garcia-Manero G, Huang P, Hu Y. Metabolic reprogramming and redox adaptation in sorafenib-resistant leukemia cells: detected by untargeted metabolomics and stable isotope tracing analysis. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:17. [PMID: 30947742 PMCID: PMC6449955 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal tandem duplications (ITD) within the juxtamembrane domain of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) represent a poor prognostic indicator in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therapeutic benefits of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as sorafenib, are limited due to the emergence of drug resistance. While investigations have been conducted to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance to this FLT3 inhibitor, a profile of cell functioning at the metabolite level and crosstalk between metabolic pathways has yet to be created. This study aimed to elucidate the alteration of metabolomic profile of leukemia cells resistant to the FLT3 inhibitor. METHODS We established two sorafenib-resistant cell lines carrying FLT3/ITD mutations, namely the murine BaF3/ITD-R and the human MV4-11-R cell lines. We performed a global untargeted metabolomics and stable isotope-labeling mass spectrometry analysis to identify the metabolic alterations relevant to the therapeutic resistance. RESULTS The resistant cells displayed fundamentally rewired metabolic profiles, characterized by a higher demand for glucose, accompanied by a reduction in glucose flux into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); and by an increase in oxidative stress, accompanied by an enhanced glutathione synthesis. We demonstrated that the highest scoring network of altered metabolites in resistant cells was related to nucleotide degradation. A stable isotope tracing experiment was performed and the results indicated a decrease in the quantity of glucose entering the PPP in resistant cells. Further experiment suggested that the inhibition of major enzymes in the PPP consist of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) in the oxidative arm and transketolase (TKT) in the non-oxidative arm. In addition, we observed that chronic treatment with sorafenib resulted in an increased oxidative stress in FLT3/ITD-positive leukemia cells, which was accompanied by decreased cell proliferation and an enhanced antioxidant response. CONCLUSIONS Our data regarding comparative metabolomics characterized a distinct metabolic and redox adaptation that may contribute to sorafenib resistance in FLT3/ITD-mutated leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin You
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,The First Department of Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Weiye Jiang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Tian
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Yumin Hu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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Huang H, Wu Y, Fu W, Wang X, Zhou L, Xu X, Huang F, Wu Y. Downregulation of Keap1 contributes to poor prognosis and Axitinib resistance of renal cell carcinoma via upregulation of Nrf2 expression. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2044-2054. [PMID: 30896860 PMCID: PMC6443340 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling has a protective effect on normal cells. A number of previous studies demonstrated that Keap1/Nrf2 signaling is associated with drug resistance in numerous tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of Keap1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and its effect on sensitivity to chemotherapy. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of Keap1 in 45 cases of RCC tumors and adjacent normal tissues. A total of five randomly selected patients with RCC, five RCC cell lines and normal renal tubular cells were examined to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of Keap1. The 5-year survival rate was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The cell viability was assessed by a Cell Counting kit-8 assay. The cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry. The expressions of associated proteins were determined by western blot analysis. It was identified that in RCC tissues and RCC cell lines, the expression of Keap1 was downregulated, which was considered to be associated with poor prognosis. In total, 1 µM Axitinib significantly decreased cell viability, promoted ROS release and induced cell apoptosis in ACHN cells. Silencing Keap1 was able to reverse the inhibitory effect of Axitinib and enhance the protein expressions of Nrf2, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 and heme oxygenase 1. However, silencing Nrf2 increased the cell sensitivity to Axitinib. Under Axitinib condition, overexpressing Nrf2 was able to increase cell viability; however, overexpressing Keap1 resulted in an opposite effect. Keap1 serves as a tumor suppressor; its low expression was associated with poor prognosis and a decreased sensitivity of RCC cells to Axitinib. A possible mechanism underlying Axitinib resistance may involve Nrf2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Yunhong Wu
- Medical Records Information Management Division, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Weijin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Liquan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Fu Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, P.R. China
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El-Readi MZ, Eid S, Abdelghany AA, Al-Amoudi HS, Efferth T, Wink M. Resveratrol mediated cancer cell apoptosis, and modulation of multidrug resistance proteins and metabolic enzymes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:269-281. [PMID: 30668439 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of intracellular drug accumulation by specific membrane transporters, i.e., MDR1, BCRP, and MRP, and the degree of detoxification by intracellular metabolic enzymes, i.e., CYP3A4 and GST, provide control for cancer chemotherapy through diminishing the propensity of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis which in turn modulates the unresolved and complex phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) for the cancer cells. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study dwells into the interaction details involving ABC-transporters, CYP3A4, GST and cytotoxic effects of resveratrol on different cell lines. METHODS Resveratrol was evaluated for its ability modulating the expression and efflux functions of P-gp /MDR1, MRP1, and BCRP in the multidrug-resistant human colon carcinoma cell line, Caco-2, and CEM/ADR5000 cells through flow cytometry and RTPCR technique. RESULTS The resveratrol influenced P-gp and MRP1 efflux functions whereby it increased rhodamine 123 with calcein accumulation in concentration-dependent manner (1 - 500 µM) in the Caco-2 cell lines and inhibited the effluxes of both the substrates also as concentration-dependent phenomenon (10 - 100 µM) in the p-gp overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cells through FACS (full form). The treatment of drug-resistant Caco-2, and CEM/ADR5000 cells with doxorubicin (DOX) along with 20 µM of resveratrol in the mixture. It increased the cell sensitivity DOX towards the DOX and enhanced the cytotoxicity. The resveratrol inhibited both CYP3A4 and GST enzymatic activity in a concentration-dependent way and induced apoptosis in the resistance cell lines because of increased levels of caspase-3, -8,-6/9 and incremental phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure as detected by flow cytometry. The treatment of Caco-2 cells with resveratrol showed significantly lower p-gp, MRP1, BCRP, CYP3A4, GST, and hPXR mRNA levels in a 48 h observation. CONCLUSION The result confirmed resveratrol mediated inhibition of ABC-transporters' overall efflux functions, and its expression, and apoptosis as well as metabolic enzymes GST and CYP3A4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - SafaaYehia Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ali Abdelghany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hiba Saeed Al-Amoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cao Y, Li Z, Mao L, Cao H, Kong J, Yu B, Yu C, Liao W. The use of proteomic technologies to study molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance in cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:423-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Prejanò M, Marino T, Russo N. On the Inhibition Mechanism of Glutathione Transferase P1 by Piperlongumine. Insight From Theory. Front Chem 2018; 6:606. [PMID: 30619815 PMCID: PMC6296316 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL) is an anticancer compound whose activity is related to the inhibition of human glutathione transferase of pi class (GSTP1) overexpressed in cancerous tumors and implicated in the metabolism of electrophilic compounds. In the present work, the inhibition mechanism of hydrolyzed piperlongumine (hPL) has been investigated employing QM and QM/MM levels of theory. The potential energy surfaces (PESs) underline the contributions of Tyr residue close to G site in the catalytic pocket of the enzyme. The proposed mechanism occurs through a one-step process represented by the nucleophilic addition of the glutathione thiol to electrophilic species giving rise to the simultaneous C-S and H-C bonds formation. Both the used methods give barrier heights (19.8 and 21.5 kcal mol−1 at QM/MM and QM, respectively) close to that experimentally measured for the C-S bond formations (23.8 kcal mol−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Zhang J, Jiao K, Liu J, Xia Y. Metformin reverses the resistance mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma cells that knocks down the Nrf2 gene. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6071-6080. [PMID: 30333878 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway has an important role in the drug resistance of adenocarcinoma, and may act via different mechanisms, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, it has remained elusive whether metformin affects Nrf2 and regulates Nrf2/ARE in adenocarcinoma. In the present study, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cell transfection, western blot analysis, a Cell Counting kit-8 assay and apoptosis detection were used to investigate the above in the A549 cell line and cisplatin-resistant A549 cells (A549/DDP). The results indicated that Nrf2, glutathione S-transferase α 1 (GSTA1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) were dose-dependently reduced by metformin, and that the effect in A549 cells was greater than that in A549/DDP cells. Treatment with metformin decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of A549 cells to a greater extent than that of A549/DDP cells, and the effect was dose-dependent. After transfection of A549/DDP cells with Nrf2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), GSTA1 and ABCC1 were markedly decreased, compared with the shRNA-control group of A549/DDP, and low dose-metformin reduced the proliferation and increased apoptosis of A549/DDP cells. Metformin inhibited the Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways in A549 cells and activated the p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Furthermore, in the presence of metformin, inhibitors of the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathway at different concentrations did not affect the levels of Nrf2, but inhibitors of the Akt and ERK1/2 pathway at different doses reduced the expression of Nrf2. In addition, inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK did not affect the effect of metformin on Nrf2, while inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2 dose-dependently enhanced the inhibitory effects of metformin in A549 cells. In conclusion, metformin inhibits the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in A549 cells to reduce the expression of Nrf2, GSTA1 and ABCC1. Metformin also reverses the resistance of A549/DDP cells to platinum drugs, inhibits the proliferation and promotes apoptosis of drug-resistant cells. These results may provide a theoretical basis and therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacui Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Keping Jiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrine Medicine, People's Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Sadeghi MR, Jeddi F, Soozangar N, Somi MH, Shirmohamadi M, Khaze V, Samadi N. Nrf2/P–glycoprotein axis is associated with clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:458-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Stable cellular models of nuclear receptor PXR for high-throughput evaluation of small molecules. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:222-234. [PMID: 29933105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane & Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR) is one of the 48 members of the ligand-modulated transcription factors belonging to nuclear receptor superfamily. Though PXR is now well-established as a 'xenosensor', regulating the central detoxification and drug metabolizing machinery, it has also emerged as a key player in several metabolic disorders. This makes PXR attractive to both, researchers and pharmaceutical industry since clinical success of small drug molecules can be pre-evaluated on PXR platform. At the early stages of drug discovery, cell-based assays are used for high-throughput screening of small molecules. The future success or failure of a drug can be predicted by this approach saving expensive resources and time. In view of this, we have developed human liver cell line-based, dual-level screening and validation protocol on PXR platform having application to assess small molecules. We have generated two different stably transfected cell lines, (i) a stable promoter-reporter cell line (HepXREM) expressing PXR and a commonly used CYP3A4 promoter-reporter i.e. XREM-luciferase; and (ii) two stable cell lines integrated with proximal PXR-promoter-reporter (Hepx-1096/+43 and Hepx-497/+43). Employing HepXREM, Hepx-1096/+43 and Hepx-497/+43 stable cell lines > 25 anti-cancer herbal drug ingredients were screened for examining their modulatory effects on a) PXR transcriptional activity and, b) PXR-promoter activity. In conclusion, the present report provides a convenient and economical, dual-level screening system to facilitate the identification of superior therapeutic small molecules.
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Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang M, Wang D, Wu J, Yao Z, Wu Q, Fang W. Huatanjiangqi Capsule Upregulating NRF2 and MRP1 Expression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Rats. Pharm Chem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li K, Ouyang L, He M, Luo M, Cai W, Tu Y, Pi R, Liu A. IDH1 R132H mutation regulates glioma chemosensitivity through Nrf2 pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28865-28879. [PMID: 28427200 PMCID: PMC5438698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous studies have reported that glioma patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1) R132H mutation are sensitive to temozolomide treatment. However, the mechanism of IDH1 mutations on the chemosensitivity of glioma remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role and the potential mechanism of Nrf2 in IDH1 R132H-mediated drug resistance. Methods Wild type IDH1 (R132H-WT) and mutant IDH1 (R132H) plasmids were constructed. Stable U87 cells and U251 cells overexpressing IDH1 were generated. Phenotypic differences between IDH1-WT and IDH1 R132H overexpressing cells were evaluated using MTT, cell colony formation assay, scratch test assay and flow cytometry. Expression of IDH1 and its associated targets, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), multidrug resistant protein 1 (MRP1) and p53 were analyzed. Results The IDH1 R132H overexpressing cells were more sensitive to temozolomide than WT and the control, and Nrf2 was significantly decreased in IDH1 R132H overexpressing cells. We found that knocking down Nrf2 could decrease resistance to temozolomide. The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in IDH1 R132H overexpressing cells was lower than the WT and the control groups after temozolomide treatment. When compared with WT cells, NQO1 expression was reduced in IDH1 R132H cells, especially after temozolomide treatment. P53 was involved in the resistance mechanism of temozolomide mediated by Nrf2 and NQO1. Conclusions Nrf2 played an important role in IDH1 R132H-mediated drug resistance. The present study provides new insight for glioma chemotherapy with temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511500, PR China
| | - Leping Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Mingliang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Wangqing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Anmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
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Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, Federici L. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29362397 PMCID: PMC5833873 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferase classical GSH conjugation activity plays a critical role in cellular detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds as well as against oxidative stress. However, this feature is also exploited by cancer cells to acquire drug resistance and improve their survival. As a result, various members of the family were found overexpressed in a number of different cancers. Moreover several GST polymorphisms, ranging from null phenotypes to point mutations, were detected in members of the family and found to correlate with the onset of neuro-degenerative diseases. In the last decades, a great deal of research aimed at clarifying the role played by GSTs in drug resistance, at developing inhibitors to counteract this activity but also at exploiting GSTs for prodrugs specific activation in cancer cells. Here we summarize some of the most important achievements reached in this lively area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,CESI-MET, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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Malhotra A, Jain M, Prakash H, Vasquez KM, Jain A. The regulatory roles of long non-coding RNAs in the development of chemoresistance in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110671-110684. [PMID: 29299178 PMCID: PMC5746413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the major hurdles in the treatment of breast cancer, which limits the effect of both targeted and conventional therapies in clinical settings. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underpinning resistance is paramount for developing strategies to circumvent resistance in breast cancer patients. Several published reports have indicated that lncRNAs play a dynamic role in the regulation of both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance through a variety of mechanisms that endow cells with a drug-resistant phenotype. Although a number of lncRNAs have been implicated in chemoresistance of breast cancer, their mechanistic roles have not been systematically reviewed. Thus, here we present a detailed review on the latest research findings and discoveries on the mechanisms of acquisition of chemoresistance in breast cancer related to lncRNAs, and how lncRNAs take part in various cancer signalling pathways involved in breast cancer cells. Knowledge obtained from this review could assist in the development of new strategies to avoid or reverse drug resistance in breast cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Malhotra
- Center for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Center for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, TX, USA
| | - Aklank Jain
- Center for Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Jeddi F, Soozangar N, Sadeghi MR, Somi MH, Shirmohamadi M, Eftekhar-Sadat AT, Samadi N. Nrf2 overexpression is associated with P-glycoprotein upregulation in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:286-292. [PMID: 29091877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents remains very poor in gastric cancer (GC) patients due to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a pivotal transcriptional factor that regulates phase II detoxifying enzymes, antioxidants and efflux transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of Nrf2 and P-gp and their correlations with clinicopathological criteria in GC patients.Nrf2 and MDR1/P-gp expressions in both mRNA and protein levels were examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) respectively, in endoscopic biopsy samples from60 GC patients compared with those expressions in non-GC individuals. Our results from IHC examinations revealed that Nrf2 expression in GC patients (46.7%) is markedly higher than that in non-GC individuals (11.7%) (p<0.001, Mann-Whitney test) which was confirmed by real-time PCR in mRNA levels. Induction of P-gp as a drug efflux pump, was associated with Nrf2 overexpression in these samples (r=0.55, p<0.001). There was also a strong correlation between Nrf2 overexpression and tumor size, histological grade, lymph node and distant metastasis while P-gp upregulation was shown to be associated only with the histological grade and tumor size (Chi-square, all p<0.05). Our results suggest that therapeutic inhibition of Nrf2 expression can improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents for GC patients by down regulation of P-gp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jeddi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Narges Soozangar
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Shirmohamadi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Pandey P, Singh AK, Singh M, Tewari M, Shukla HS, Gambhir IS. The see-saw of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Jeddi F, Soozangar N, Sadeghi MR, Somi MH, Samadi N. Contradictory roles of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in cancer prevention/promotion and chemoresistance. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 54:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lopes-Rodrigues V, Di Luca A, Mleczko J, Meleady P, Henry M, Pesic M, Cabrera D, van Liempd S, Lima RT, O'Connor R, Falcon-Perez JM, Vasconcelos MH. Identification of the metabolic alterations associated with the multidrug resistant phenotype in cancer and their intercellular transfer mediated by extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44541. [PMID: 28303926 PMCID: PMC5356019 DOI: 10.1038/srep44541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious obstacle to efficient cancer treatment. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a significant role in MDR. Recent studies proved that targeting cellular metabolism could sensitize MDR cells. In addition, metabolic alterations could affect the extracellular vesicles (EVs) cargo and release. This study aimed to: i) identify metabolic alterations in P-gp overexpressing cells that could be involved in the development of MDR and, ii) identify a potential role for the EVs in the acquisition of the MDR. Two different pairs of MDR and their drug-sensitive counterpart cancer cell lines were used. Our results showed that MDR (P-gp overexpressing) cells have a different metabolic profile from their drug-sensitive counterparts, demonstrating decreases in the pentose phosphate pathway and oxidative phosphorylation rate; increases in glutathione metabolism and glycolysis; and alterations in the methionine/S-adenosylmethionine pathway. Remarkably, EVs from MDR cells were capable of stimulating a metabolic switch in the drug-sensitive cancer cells, towards a MDR phenotype. In conclusion, obtained results contribute to the growing knowledge about metabolic alterations in MDR cells and the role of EVs in the intercellular transfer of MDR. The specific metabolic alterations identified in this study may be further developed as targets for overcoming MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lopes-Rodrigues
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS-UP - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alessio Di Luca
- NICB - National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Justyna Mleczko
- Exosomes Laboratory &Metabolomics platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | - Paula Meleady
- NICB - National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- NICB - National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Milica Pesic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Exosomes Laboratory &Metabolomics platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain
| | | | - Raquel T Lima
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology - FMUP - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert O'Connor
- NICB - National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory &Metabolomics platform, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Yuan TZ, Zhang HH, Lin XL, Yu JX, Yang QX, Liang Y, Deng J, Huang LJ, Zhang XP. microRNA-125b reverses the multidrug resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via targeting of Bcl-2. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2223-2228. [PMID: 28260044 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major clinical obstacle in the successful treatment of patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Results from previous studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNA) may be involved in promoting MDR in multiple cancer types. However, the role of miR‑125b in modulating the MDR of NPC is elusive. In the present study, miR‑125b expression in cisplatin (DDP) ‑resistant CNE2 cells (CNE2/DDP) was compared with parental counterparts, using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A >3‑fold reduction in miR‑125b expression levels was observed in CNE2/DDP cells compared with parental CNE2 cells. Ectopic expression of miR‑125b by transfecting CNE2/DDP cells with miR-125b mimics, increased DDP‑induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and chemosensitivity. By contrast, suppression of miR-125b by transfecting CNE2 cells with miR‑125b inhibitors, reduced DDP‑induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and facilitated cisplatin resistance. The results suggest that miR‑125b may regulate the sensitivity of NPC cells to DDP by modulating the expression levels of antiapoptotic factor B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2. Collectively, the results of the present study highlight miR‑125b as a potential therapeutic target for reversing MDR in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ze Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Center of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xiu Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yin Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Lai-Ji Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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Megna BW, Carney PR, Depke MG, Nukaya M, McNally J, Larsen L, Rosengren RJ, Kennedy GD. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as an antitumor target of synthetic curcuminoids in colorectal cancer. J Surg Res 2017; 213:16-24. [PMID: 28601309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin has proven to be a potent antitumor agent in both preclinical and clinical models of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has also been identified as a ligand of the transcription factor known as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Our laboratory has identified the AHR as a mechanism which contributes to both tumorigenesis in a mouse model of inflammatory CRC as well an apoptotic target in vitro. Curcumin's role as an AHR ligand may modulate its effects to induce colon cancer cell death, and this role may be enhanced via structural modification of the curcumin backbone. We sought to determine if the two piperidone analogs of curcumin, RL66 and RL118, exhibit more robust antitumor actions than their parent compound in the context of colorectal cancer in vitro. Moreover, to ascertain the ability of curcumin, RL66 and RL118 to activate the AHR and evaluate if this activation has any effect on CRC cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS DLD1, HCT116, LS513, and RKO colon cell lines were propagated in vitro. Natural curcumin was obtained commercially, whereas RL66 and RL118 were synthesized and characterized de novo. Multiwell fluorescent/luminescent signal detection was used to simultaneously ascertain cell viability, cell cytonecrosis, and relative amounts of apoptotic activity. AHR activity was measured with a dual luciferase reporter gene system. Stable expression of small interfering RNA interference was established in the HCT116 cell lines to create AHR "knock down" cell lines. RESULTS Both RL66 and RL118 proved to be more potent antitumor agents than their parent compound curcumin in all cell lines tested. The majority of this cell death was due to induction of apoptosis, which occurred earlier and to a greater degree following RL66 and RL118 treatment as opposed to curcumin. Also, RL66 and RL118 were found to be activators of AHR, and a portion of their ability to cause cell death was dependent on this induction. Curcumin was found unable to activate the AHR, and levels of AHR messenger RNA did not change their effects on cell death. CONCLUSIONS Piperidone analogs of curcumin exhibited enhanced antitumor effects in vitro as opposed to their parent compound. Even more, this enhanced cell death profile may be partially attributed to the ability of these compounds to activate the AHR. Further study of synthetic curcumin analogs as chemopreventives and chemoadjuncts in CRC is warranted. Also, more generally, the AHR may represent a potential putative target for novel anticancer agents for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant W Megna
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Patrick R Carney
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mitchell G Depke
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Manabu Nukaya
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James McNally
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Drozd E, Krzysztoń-Russjan J, Marczewska J, Drozd J, Bubko I, Bielak M, Lubelska K, Wiktorska K, Chilmonczyk Z, Anuszewska E, Gruber-Bzura B. Up-regulation of glutathione-related genes, enzyme activities and transport proteins in human cervical cancer cells treated with doxorubicin. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Li Q, Zhou L, Xie N, Nice EC, Zhang H, Huang C, Lei Y. Cancer drug resistance: redox resetting renders a way. Oncotarget 2016; 7:42740-42761. [PMID: 27057637 PMCID: PMC5173169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of redox homeostasis is a crucial factor in the development of drug resistance, which is a major problem facing current cancer treatment. Compared with normal cells, tumor cells generally exhibit higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can promote tumor progression and development. Upon drug treatment, some tumor cells can undergo a process of 'Redox Resetting' to acquire a new redox balance with higher levels of ROS accumulation and stronger antioxidant systems. Evidence has accumulated showing that the 'Redox Resetting' enables cancer cells to become resistant to anticancer drugs by multiple mechanisms, including increased rates of drug efflux, altered drug metabolism and drug targets, activated prosurvival pathways and inefficient induction of cell death. In this article, we provide insight into the role of 'Redox Resetting' on the emergence of drug resistance that may contribute to pharmacological modulation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Abstract
The final therapeutic effect of a drug candidate, which is directed to a specific molecular target strongly depends on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The disruption of at least one element of ADME may result in serious drug resistance. In this work we described the role of one element of this resistance: phase II metabolism with UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGT function is the transformation of their substrates into more polar metabolites, which are better substrates for the ABC transporters, MDR1, MRP and BCRP, than the native drug. UGT-mediated drug resistance can be associated with (i) inherent overexpression of the enzyme, named intrinsic drug resistance or (ii) induced expression of the enzyme, named acquired drug resistance observed when enzyme expression is induced by the drug or other factors, as food-derived compounds. Very often this induction occurs via ligand binding receptors including AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) PXR (pregnane X receptor), or other transcription factors. The effect of UGT dependent resistance is strengthened by coordinate action and also a coordinate regulation of the expression of UGTs and ABC transporters. This coupling of UGT and multidrug resistance proteins has been intensively studied, particularly in the case of antitumor treatment, when this resistance is "improved" by differences in UGT expression between tumor and healthy tissue. Multidrug resistance coordinated with glucuronidation has also been described here for drugs used in the management of epilepsy, psychiatric diseases, HIV infections, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Proposals to reverse UGT-mediated drug resistance should consider the endogenous functions of UGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Mazerska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Mróz
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Joyce H, McCann A, Clynes M, Larkin A. Influence of multidrug resistance and drug transport proteins on chemotherapy drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:795-809. [PMID: 25836015 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1028356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy involving the use of anticancer drugs remains an important strategy in the overall management of patients with metastatic cancer. Acquisition of multidrug resistance remains a major impediment to successful chemotherapy. Drug transporters in cell membranes and intracellular drug metabolizing enzymes contribute to the resistance phenotype and determine the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs in the body. AREAS COVERED ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate the transport of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics including cytotoxic drugs out of cells. Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate the influx of cytotoxic drugs into cells. This review focuses on the substrate interaction of these transporters, on their biology and what role they play together with drug metabolizing enzymes in eliminating therapeutic drugs from cells. EXPERT OPINION The majority of anticancer drugs are substrates for the ABC transporter and SLC transporter families. Together, these proteins have the ability to control the influx and the efflux of structurally unrelated chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby modulating the intracellular drug concentration. These interactions have important clinical implications for chemotherapy because ultimately they determine therapeutic efficacy, disease progression/relapse and the success or failure of patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Joyce
- Dublin City University, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology (NICB) , Glasnevin, Dublin 9 , Ireland +353 1 7005700 ; +353 1 7005484 ;
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Weich N, Nuñez MC, Galimberti G, Elena G, Acevedo S, Larripa I, Fundia AF. Polymorphic variants of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes in childhood acute leukemias: A preliminary study in Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:511-6. [PMID: 25799091 DOI: 10.1179/1607845415y.0000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Despite recent major advances in leukemia research, the etiopathogenesis of childhood leukemias remains far elusive. Individual predisposing factors, including polymorphisms in detoxification enzymes, have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis and heterogeneity of the disease. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) that alter enzyme activity could be an additional factor that increases the risk of acute leukemia, but data are lacking in Argentina. We assessed the association of GST polymorphisms and the susceptibility to childhood leukemia in Argentina by conducting an exploratory case-control study and correlated patients' genotype to clinical and biological features. METHODS Deletion polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and the single nucleotide polymorphism in GSTP1 c.313A>G (rs1695; p.105Ile>Val) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 36 patients and 133 healthy individuals. RESULTS GSTM1-null genotype was associated with a lower risk of developing acute leukemia (P = 0.013; OR: 0.31; CI: 0.12-0.80), while GSTP1-GG variants displayed an increased risk (P = 0.01; OR: 3.9; CI: 1.85-8.2). However, no differences were found for GSTT1 gene. Conclusion These preliminary results, to be validated in a larger population from Argentina, suggest that the development of pediatric leukemia may be differentially influenced by polymorphic variants in GST genes.
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Habib E, Linher-Melville K, Lin HX, Singh G. Expression of xCT and activity of system xc(-) are regulated by NRF2 in human breast cancer cells in response to oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2015; 5:33-42. [PMID: 25827424 PMCID: PMC4392061 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt to high levels of oxidative stress in order to survive and proliferate by activating key transcription factors. One such master regulator, the redox sensitive transcription factor NF E2 Related Factor 2 (NRF2), controls the expression of cellular defense genes including those encoding intracellular redox-balancing proteins involved in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Under basal conditions, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) targets NRF2 for ubiquitination. In response to oxidative stress, NRF2 dissociates from KEAP1, entering the nucleus and binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter of its target genes. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may deplete GSH levels within cancer cells. System xc(-), an antiporter that exports glutamate while importing cystine to be converted into cysteine for GSH synthesis, is upregulated in cancer cells in response to oxidative stress. Here, we provided evidence that the expression of xCT, the light chain subunit of system xc(-), is regulated by NRF2 in representative human breast cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased nuclear translocation of NRF2, also increasing levels of xCT mRNA and protein and extracellular glutamate release. Overexpression of NRF2 up-regulated the activity of the xCT promoter, which contains a proximal ARE. In contrast, overexpression of KEAP1 repressed promoter activity and decreased xCT protein levels, while siRNA knockdown of KEAP1 up-regulated xCT protein levels and transporter activity. These results demonstrate the importance of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway in balancing oxidative stress in breast cancer cells through system xc(-). We have previously shown that xCT is upregulated in various cancer cell lines under oxidative stress. In the current investigation, we focused on MCF-7 cells as a model for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Habib
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Han-Xin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.
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Nourazarian AR, Kangari P, Salmaninejad A. Roles of oxidative stress in the development and progression of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:4745-51. [PMID: 24998536 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the redox status of the body. In such a state, increase of free radicals in the body can lead to tissue damage. One of the most important species of free radicals is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by various metabolic pathways, including aerobic metabolism in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of various types of cancers. ROS affects different signaling pathways, including growth factors and mitogenic pathways, and controls many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, and thus stimulates the uncontrolled growth of cells which encourages the development of tumors and begins the process of carcinogenesis. Increased oxidative stress caused by reactive species can reduce the body's antioxidant defense against angiogenesis and metastasis in cancer cells. These processes are main factors in the development of cancer. Bimolecular reactions cause free radicals in which create such compounds as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyguanosine. These substances can be used as indicators of cancer. In this review, free radicals as oxidizing agents, antioxidants as the immune system, and the role of oxidative stress in cancer, particularly breast cancer, have been investigated in the hope that better identification of the factors involved in the occurrence and spread of cancer will improve the identification of treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Nourazarian
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail :
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Leinonen HM, Kansanen E, Pölönen P, Heinäniemi M, Levonen AL. Role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 122:281-320. [PMID: 24974185 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420117-0.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is one of the major signaling cascades involved in cell defense and survival against endogenous and exogenous stress. While Nrf2 and its target genes provide protection against various age-related diseases including tumorigenesis, constitutively active Nrf2 in cancer cells increases the expression of cytoprotective genes and, consequently, enhances proliferation via metabolic reprogramming and inhibition of apoptosis. Herein, we review the current understanding of the regulation of Nrf2 in normal cells as well as its dual role in cancer. Furthermore, the mechanisms of Nrf2 dysregulation in cancer, consequences of unchecked Nrf2 activity, and therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Leinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland.
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Lu L, Meech R, McKinnon RA. Induction of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Gene Expression by Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs in Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:660-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Ghosh S, Sikdar S, Mukherjee A, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Evaluation of chemopreventive potentials of ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens against A375 skin melanoma cells in vitro and induced skin cancer in mice in vivo. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2015; 13:34-44. [PMID: 25609370 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemopreventive approach with natural products, particularly plants and plant-derived ones, is receiving increasing attention for their effective role against cancer without any palpable side effects. In this study, efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens (RG) on skin melanoma cells (A375) in vitro and on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer in vivo has been tested in Swiss albino mice. METHODS Studies on cell viability, apoptosis and autophagy induction were conducted in vitro. To check apoptosis, assays like alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay and immunoblot were performed. Fluorescence microscopic and immunoblot assays were performed to confirm autophagy induction. The effects of RG were determined by evaluating body weight, tumor incidence, tumor volume and tumor burden in mice. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status was assessed. The role of some relevant signaling proteins was also analyzed. RESULTS RG caused death of A375 cells through induction of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis and Beclin-1-associated autophagy. Moreover, RG administration (75 mg/kg body weight) which showed no acute or chronic toxicity, showed significant reduction in the skin tumor burden of DMBA-painted mice. RG also demonstrated potent anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant functions during the course of skin cancer induction by DMBA. CONCLUSION Chemopreventive potential of RG was demonstrated from overall results of this study, indicating its possible use in therapeutic formulation of an effective drug to treat skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Ghosh
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Sikdar
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Avinaba Mukherjee
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India; E-mail: ;
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Qiu J, Wang X, Meng X, Zheng Y, Li G, Ma J, Ye G, Li Y, Li J. Attenuated NER expressions of XPF and XPC associated with smoking are involved in the recurrence of bladder cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115224. [PMID: 25535740 PMCID: PMC4275238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The varied NER genes and smoking are two important risk factors of bladder cancer, but the mechanism of the NER protein and smoking in cancer progression, however, remains unclear. In this report, we compared the expressions of NER genes in 79 bladder cancer tissues with or without any recurrence by real-time PCR and then analyzed the varied NER genes by immunochemistry in 219 bladder cancer tissue samples. Based on the clinical data, we analyzed the clinical value of varied NER genes and smoking in 219 bladder cancers by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression. We found the expressions of the NER gene XPF and XPC were significantly lower in bladder cancer tissues with a recurrence compared with those without a recurrence at mRNA level. Also, the patients with the XPF and XPC defect had a statistically significant lower median recurrence-free survival time than those without the XPF and XPC defect, and smoking can make this difference more remarkable. Our results suggest that XPF and XPC expression may be a potential predictive factor for bladder cancer, and smoking can not only influence the recurrence of bladder cancer as a single factor but also aggravate the results of the XPF defect and XPC defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Qiu
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Meng
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiyao Ma
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail:
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Polimeni M, Gazzano E. Is redox signaling a feasible target for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy? Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:286. [PMID: 25566078 PMCID: PMC4274902 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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Yuan L, Lv B, Zha J, Wang Z. Transcriptional expression analysis of ABC efflux transporters and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the Chinese rare minnow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:984-995. [PMID: 24727149 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the cDNA fragments of five ABC transporter genes (ABCB1, ABCB11, ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCG2) in the rare minnow were cloned, and their tissue-specific expression patterns were evaluated across eight rare minnow tissues (liver, gill, intestine, kidney, spleen, brain, skin, and muscle). Furthermore, the transcriptional effects on these ABC transporter genes and five xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme genes (CYP1A, GSTm, GSTp1, GCLC, and UGT1a) were determined in the rare minnow liver after 12 days of pyrene exposure. Basal expression analysis showed that the tissues with high expression of the ABC transporters included the liver, kidney, and intestine. Moreover, the most highly expressed of the ABC genes were ABCB1 and ABCC2 in all eight of the tissues tested. The ABCB11 gene was almost exclusively expressed in the liver of the rare minnow, whereas ABCC1 and ABCG2 showed weak expression in all eight tissues compared to ABCB1 and ABCC2. Our results provide the first thorough examination of the expression patterns of toxicologically relevant ABC transporters in the rare minnow and serve as a necessary basis for further studies of these ABC transporters in fish. Furthermore, synergistic up-regulation of CYP1A, GSTp1, GCLC, UGT1a, and ABCC2 was observed in the rare minnow liver following pyrene exposure, while GSTm, ABCB1, ABCB11, ABCC1, and ABCG2 were not significantly affected (p < 0.05). The synergistic up-regulation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and ABC transporters by pyrene suggests a possible involvement and cooperation of these genes in the detoxification process in rare minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Biping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Ertan-Bolelli T, Musdal Y, Bolelli K, Yilmaz S, Aksoy Y, Yildiz I, Aki-Yalcin E, Yalcin I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Substituted-5-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)benzoxazoles as Human GST P1-1 Inhibitors, and Description of the Binding Site Features. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:984-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rather MA, Bhat BA, Qurishi MA. Multicomponent phytotherapeutic approach gaining momentum: Is the "one drug to fit all" model breaking down? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 21:1-14. [PMID: 24035674 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural product based drugs constitute a substantial proportion of the pharmaceutical market particularly in the therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology. The primary focus of any drug development program so far has been to design selective ligands (drugs) that act on single selective disease targets to obtain highly efficacious and safe drugs with minimal side effects. Although this approach has been successful for many diseases, yet there is a significant decline in the number of new drug candidates being introduced into clinical practice over the past few decades. This serious innovation deficit that the pharmaceutical industries are facing is due primarily to the post-marketing failures of blockbuster drugs. Many analysts believe that the current capital-intensive model-"the one drug to fit all" approach will be unsustainable in future and that a new "less investment, more drugs" model is necessary for further scientific growth. It is now well established that many diseases are multi-factorial in nature and that cellular pathways operate more like webs than highways. There are often multiple ways or alternate routes that may be switched on in response to the inhibition of a specific target. This gives rise to the resistant cells or resistant organisms under the specific pressure of a targeted agent, resulting in drug resistance and clinical failure of the drug. Drugs designed to act against individual molecular targets cannot usually combat multifactorial diseases like cancer, or diseases that affect multiple tissues or cell types such as diabetes and immunoinflammatory diseases. Combination drugs that affect multiple targets simultaneously are better at controlling complex disease systems and are less prone to drug resistance. This multicomponent therapy forms the basis of phytotherapy or phytomedicine where the holistic therapeutic effect arises as a result of complex positive (synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interactions between different components of a cocktail. In this approach, multicomponent therapy is considered to be advantageous for multifactorial diseases, instead of a "magic bullet" the metaphor of a "herbal shotgun" might better explain the state of affairs. The different interactions between various components might involve the protection of an active substance from decomposition by enzymes, modification of transport across membranes of cells or organelles, evasion of multidrug resistance mechanisms among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Rather
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, India.
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Bruna J, Miró J, Velasco R. Epilepsy in glioblastoma patients: basic mechanisms and current problems in treatment. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:333-44. [PMID: 23656344 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma-related epilepsy requires paying careful attention to a combination of factors with an integrated approach. Major interrelated issues must be considered in the seizure care of glioblastoma patients. Seizure control frequently requires the administration of antiepileptic drugs simultaneously with other treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with complete seizure relief often being difficult to achieve. The pharmacological interactions between antiepileptic drugs and antineoplastic agents can modify the activity of both treatments, compromising their efficacy and increasing the probability of developing adverse events related to both therapies. This review summarizes the new pathophysiological pathways involved in the epileptogenesis of glioblastoma-related seizures and the interactions between antiepileptic drugs and oncological treatment, paying special attention to its impact on survival and the current evidence of the antiepileptic treatment efficacy, including the potential usefulness of new third-generation compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bruna
- Unit of Neuro-Oncology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-ICO Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang M, Huang O, Xie Z, Wu S, Zhang X, Shen A, Liu H, Chen X, Wu J, Lou Y, Mao Y, Sun K, Hu S, Geng M, Shen K. A novel long non-coding RNA-ARA: adriamycin resistance-associated. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:254-83. [PMID: 24184505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as an integral functional component of human genome and have been investigated as critical regulators in molecular biology of cancer. A recent study reported that lncRNA-UCA1 induced drug resistance in adriamycin chemotherapy. However, the contributions of lncRNAs to adriamycin resistance in cancers remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide lncRNA microarray analysis in adriamycin resistant MCF-7/ADR and parental MCF-7 cells, and revealed differential expression of lncRNAs in distinct category and chromosome distribution patterns. A specific differentially expressed lncRNA (Adriamycin Resistance Associated, termed ARA) was validated in MCF-7/ADR and HepG2/ADR cells. ARA is derived from an intron of PAK3 gene, predicted to contain several stable hairpins in secondary structure and has conservative sequences in primates. ARA expression is significantly associated with adriamycin sensitivity in a panel of breast and liver cancer cell lines and is markedly up-regulated in parental sensitive MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines after receiving adriamycin treatment. The functions of ARA were assessed by silencing this lncRNA in vitro, and we found that ARA knockdown reduced the proliferation, induced cell death, G2/M arrest and migration defects. Furthermore, microarray transcriptomic analysis was carried out to comprehensively depict the ARA-regulated genes. We showed that ARA can modulate multiple signalling pathways, including MAPK signalling pathway, metabolism pathways, cell cycle and cell adhesion-related biological pathways, and regulate cellular processes, including transcriptional processes and protein binding function. Overall, our results indicate novel insights of adriamycin resistance in lncRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ou Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zuoquan Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuchao Wu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Aijun Shen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Lou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Centre, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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