1
|
Hajareh Haghighi F, Binaymotlagh R, Fratoddi I, Chronopoulou L, Palocci C. Peptide-Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:953. [PMID: 38131939 PMCID: PMC10742474 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, but conventional anticancer drugs have side effects, mainly due to their non-specific distribution in the body in both cancerous and healthy cells. To address this relevant issue and improve the efficiency of anticancer drugs, increasing attention is being devoted to hydrogel drug-delivery systems for different kinds of cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility and stability, low side effects, and ease of modifications. To improve the therapeutic efficiency and provide multi-functionality, different types of nanoparticles (NPs) can be incorporated within the hydrogels to form smart hydrogel nanocomposites, benefiting the advantages of both counterparts and suitable for advanced anticancer applications. Despite many papers on non-peptide hydrogel nanocomposites, there is limited knowledge about peptide-based nanocomposites, specifically in anti-cancer drug delivery. The aim of this short but comprehensive review is, therefore, to focus attention on the synergies resulting from the combination of NPs with peptide-based hydrogels. This review, which includes a survey of recent advances in this kind of material, does not aim to be an exhaustive review of hydrogel technology, but it instead highlights recent noteworthy publications and discusses novel perspectives to provide valuable insights into the promising synergic combination of peptide hydrogels and NPs for the design of novel anticancer drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Hajareh Haghighi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.H.H.); (R.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Roya Binaymotlagh
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.H.H.); (R.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilaria Fratoddi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.H.H.); (R.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Laura Chronopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.H.H.); (R.B.); (I.F.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.H.H.); (R.B.); (I.F.)
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin Z, Huang K, Guo H, Jia M, Sun Q, Chen X, Wu J, Yao Q, Zhang P, Vakal S, Zou Z, Gao H, Ci L, Chen J, Guo W. Targeting ZDHHC9 potentiates anti-programmed death-ligand 1 immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer by modifying the tumor microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114567. [PMID: 36963362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy targeting the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has achieved considerable success in treating a wide range of cancers. However, most patients with pancreatic cancer remain resistant to ICB. Moreover, there is a lack of optimal biomarkers for the prediction of response to this therapy. Palmitoylation is mediated by a family of 23 S-acyltransferases, termed zinc finger Asp-His-His-Cys-type palmitoyltransferases (ZDHHC), which precisely control various cancer-related protein functions and represent promising drug targets for cancer therapy. Here, we revealed that tumor cell-intrinsic ZDHHC9 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and associated with impaired anti-tumor immunity. In syngeneic pancreatic tumor models, the knockdown of ZDHHC9 expression suppressed tumor progression and prolonged survival time of mice by modifying the immunosuppressive ('cold') to proinflammatory ('hot') tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, ZDHHC9 deficiency sensitized anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy mainly in a CD8+ T cell dependent manner. Lastly, we employed the ZDHHC9-siRNA nanoparticle system to efficiently silence ZDHHC9 in pancreatic tumors. Collectively, our findings indicate that ZDHHC9 overexpression in pancreatic tumors is a mechanism involved in the inhibition of host anti-tumor immunity and highlight the importance of inactivating ZDHHC9 as an effective immunotherapeutic strategy and booster for anti-PD-L1 therapy against pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Lin
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Keke Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hui Guo
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Manli Jia
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qiuqin Sun
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qingqing Yao
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Nano-Bio Applications, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T., Institute of E.N.T. and Longgang E.N.T. hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Sergii Vakal
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Southwest Finland, 20100, Finland
| | - Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510631, China
| | - Haiyao Gao
- Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Lei Ci
- Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jiangfan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan C, Li Q, Sun Q, Yang L, Liu X, Zhao Y, Shi M, Li X, Luo K. Promising Nanomedicines of Shikonin for Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1195-1218. [PMID: 36926681 PMCID: PMC10013574 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s401570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumor, the leading cause of death worldwide, poses a serious threat to human health. For decades, natural product has been proven to be an essential source for novel anticancer drug discovery. Shikonin (SHK), a natural molecule separated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, shows great potential in anticancer therapy. However, its further clinical application is significantly restricted by poor bioavailability, adverse effects, and non-selective toxicity. With the development of nanotechnology, nano drug delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to improve bioavailability and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. To overcome the shortcoming of SHK, various nano drug delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanoemulsions, were developed to achieve efficient delivery for enhanced antitumor effects. Herein, this review summarizes the anticancer pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics of SHK. Additionally, the latest progress of SHK nanomedicines in cancer therapy is outlined, focusing on long circulation, tumor targeting ability, tumor microenvironment responsive drug release, and nanosystem-mediated combination therapy. Finally, the challenges and prospects of SHK nanomedicines in the future clinical application are spotlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaipei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Zhang T, Gao J. Biocompatible Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Gene Therapy: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193323. [PMID: 36234452 PMCID: PMC9565336 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has made remarkable achievements in tumor treatment. In a successfully cancer gene therapy, a smart gene delivery system is necessary for both protecting the therapeutic genes in circulation and enabling high gene expression in tumor sites. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have demonstrated their bright promise for highly efficient gene delivery target to tumor tissues, partly due to their good biocompatibility, magnetic responsiveness, and extensive functional surface modification. In this review, the latest progress in targeting cancer gene therapy is introduced, and the unique properties of IONPs contributing to the efficient delivery of therapeutic genes are summarized with detailed examples. Furthermore, the diagnosis potentials and synergistic tumor treatment capacity of IONPs are highlighted. In addition, aiming at potential risks during the gene delivery process, several strategies to improve the efficiency or reduce the potential risks of using IONPs for cancer gene therapy are introduced and addressed. The strategies and applications summarized in this review provide a general understanding for the potential applications of IONPs in cancer gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (T.Z.); (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Current Status of SSRP1 in Cancer: Tribulation and Road Ahead. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:3528786. [PMID: 35463672 PMCID: PMC9020922 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3528786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Methods We search PubMed and Web of Sciences with keywords “SSRP1” and “Cancer.” Only English literature was included, and conference papers and abstract were all excluded. Results Transcription factors are classified into three groups based on their DNA binding motifs: simple helix-loop-helix (bHLH), classical zinc fingers (ZF-TFs), and homeodomains. The tumor-suppressive miR-497 (microRNA-497) acted as an undesirable regulator of SSRP1 upregulation, which led to tumor growth. The siRNA (small interfering RNA) knockdown of SSRP1 hindered cell proliferation along with incursion and glioma cell migration. Through the AKT (also known as protein kinase B) signaling pathway, SSRP1 silencing affected cancer apoptosis and cell proliferation. Conclusion The MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway's phosphorylation was suppressed when SSRP1 was depleted. The effect of curaxins on p53 and NF-B (nuclear factor-κB), and their toxicity to cancer cells, is attributable to the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex's chromatin trapping.
Collapse
|
6
|
Apartsin E, Venyaminova A, Majoral JP, Caminade AM. Dendriplex-Impregnated Hydrogels With Programmed Release Rate. Front Chem 2022; 9:780608. [PMID: 35071182 PMCID: PMC8766751 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.780608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are biocompatible matrices for local delivery of nucleic acids; however, functional dopants are required to provide efficient delivery into cells. In particular, dendrimers, known as robust nucleic acid carriers, can be used as dopants. Herein, we report the first example of impregnating neutral hydrogels with siRNA-dendrimer complexes. The surface chemistry of dendrimers allows adjusting the release rate of siRNA-containing complexes. This methodology can bring new materials for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Apartsin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alya Venyaminova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bidar N, Darroudi M, Ebrahimzadeh A, Safdari M, de la Guardia M, Baradaran B, Goodarzi V, Oroojalian F, Mokhtarzadeh A. Simultaneous nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs and chemotherapeutic agents in cancer therapy and diagnosis: Recent advances. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174639. [PMID: 34919890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, investigations have revealed that RNA interference (RNAi) has a remarkable potential to decrease cancer burden by downregulating genes. Among various RNAi molecules, small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been more attractive for this goal and is able to silence a target pathological path and promote the degradation of a certain mRNA, resulting in either gain or loss of function of proteins. Moreover, therapeutic siRNAs have exhibited low side effects compared to other therapeutic molecular candidates. Nevertheless, siRNA delivery has its own limitations including quick degradation in circulation, ineffective internalization and low passive uptake by cells, possible toxicity against off-target sites, and inducing unfavorable immune responses. Therefore, delivery tools must be able to specifically direct siRNAs to their target locations without inflicting detrimental effects on other sites. To conquer the mentioned problems, nanocarrier-mediated delivery of siRNAs, using inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), polymers, and lipids, has been developed as a biocompatible delivery approach. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in the siRNA delivery methods that employ nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers, as well as the inorganic-based co-delivery systems used to deliver siRNAs and anticancer agents to target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Negar Bidar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ailin Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bellotti E, Cascone MG, Barbani N, Rossin D, Rastaldo R, Giachino C, Cristallini C. Targeting Cancer Cells Overexpressing Folate Receptors with New Terpolymer-Based Nanocapsules: Toward a Novel Targeted DNA Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091275. [PMID: 34572461 PMCID: PMC8471118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics represent the standard treatment for a wide range of cancers. However, these agents also affect healthy cells, thus leading to severe off-target effects. Given the non-selectivity of the commonly used drugs, any increase in the selective tumor tissue uptake would represent a significant improvement in cancer therapy. Recently, the use of gene therapy to completely remove the lesion and avoid the toxicity of chemotherapeutics has become a tendency in oncotherapy. Ideally, the genetic material must be safely transferred from the site of administration to the target cells, without involving healthy tissues. This can be achieved by encapsulating genes into non-viral carriers and modifying their surface with ligands with high selectivity and affinity for a relevant receptor on the target cells. Hence, in this work we evaluate the use of terpolymer-based nanocapsules for the targeted delivery of DNA toward cancer cells. The surface of the nanocapsules is decorated with folic acid to actively target the folate receptors overexpressed on a variety of cancer cells. The nanocapsules demonstrate a good ability of encapsulating and releasing DNA. Moreover, the presence of the targeting moieties on the surface of the nanocapsules favors cell uptake, opening up the possibility of more effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellotti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-(010)-28961 (E.B.); +39-(050)-2217802 (C.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cascone
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF ss Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-(010)-28961 (E.B.); +39-(050)-2217802 (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antimisiaris S, Marazioti A, Kannavou M, Natsaridis E, Gkartziou F, Kogkos G, Mourtas S. Overcoming barriers by local drug delivery with liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:53-86. [PMID: 33539852 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Localized or topical administration of drugs may be considered as a potential approach for overcoming the problems caused by the various biological barriers encountered in drug delivery. The combination of using localized administration routes and delivering drugs in nanoparticulate formulations, such as liposomes, may have additional advantages. Such advantages include prolonged retention of high drug loads at the site of action and controlled release of the drug, ensuring prolonged therapeutic effect; decreased potential for side-effects and toxicity (due to the high topical concentrations of drugs); and increased protection of drugs from possible harsh environments at the site of action. The use of targeted liposomal formulations may further potentiate any acquired therapeutic advantages. In this review we present the most advanced cases of localized delivery of liposomal formulations of drugs, which have been investigated pre-clinically and clinically in the last ten years, together with the reported therapeutic advantages, in each case.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu C, Wang C, Sun L, Xu K, Zhong W. PLGA nanoparticle-reinforced supramolecular peptide hydrogels for local delivery of multiple drugs with enhanced synergism. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10528-10536. [PMID: 33073837 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Localized drug delivery offers great therapeutic efficacy at local tissues while avoiding the systemic toxicity of drugs. Yet it demands the development of structurally-stable drug carrier systems with excellent injectability, as well as the capability to facilitate controlled release of multiple drugs. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a supramolecular hydrogel (Cis/Peptide@NP/Irino) for the combined delivery of cisplatin (Cis) and irinotecan (Irino). The self-assembled hydrogel consisted of an inner phase of irinotecan-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NP/Irino) and an outer phase of cisplatin-loaded peptide nanofibers (Cis/Peptide). Through the structural reinforcement of PLGA nanoparticles, the Cis/Peptide@NP/Irino hydrogel exhibited better mechanical properties than Cis/Peptide or Peptide hydrogels. With excellent shear-thinning properties, it facilitated the development of a localized drug delivery system with an improved retention time in vivo. The hydrogel incorporated two anticancer drugs, Cis and Irino, at the Peptide and PLGA domains, respectively, and exhibited a faster release of Cis prior to the continuous release of Irino in vitro. Furthermore, the Cis/Peptide@NP/Irino formulation showed a better inhibition efficacy against the proliferation of cancerous A549 cells, with the synergism of Cis and Irino exceeding that of the simple solution mixtures, which was plausibly due to the enhanced cellular uptake of drugs through endocytosis. We believe that structurally-stable supramolecular hydrogels show great promise in the local delivery of various drug combinations for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lai WF, Huang E, Lui KH. Alginate-based complex fibers with the Janus morphology for controlled release of co-delivered drugs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:77-85. [PMID: 33613731 PMCID: PMC7878464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are soft materials consisting of a three-dimensional network of polymer chains. Over the years, hydrogels with different compositions have been developed as drug carriers for diverse biomedical applications, ranging from cancer therapy and wound care to the treatment of neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Most of these carriers, however, are designed only to deliver single agents. Carriers based on hydrogels for co-delivery of multiple agents, with the release rate of each of the co-delivered agents tunable, are lacking. This study reports a one-pot method of fabricating alginate-based complex fibers with the Janus morphology, with carboxymethyl cellulose sodium functioning as a polymeric modifier of the properties of each of the fiber compartments. By using malachite green and minocycline hydrochloride as model drugs, the generated fibers demonstrate the capacity of enabling the release profile of each of the co-delivered drugs to be precisely controlled. Along with their negligible toxicity and the retention of the activity of the loaded drugs, the complex fibers reported in this study warrant further development and optimization for applications that involve co-delivery of multiple agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China.,Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Ho Lui
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Microbiologically extracted poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and its amalgams as therapeutic nano-carriers in anti-tumor therapies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
Roma-Rodrigues C, Rivas-García L, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR. Gene Therapy in Cancer Treatment: Why Go Nano? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E233. [PMID: 32151052 PMCID: PMC7150812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposal of gene therapy to tackle cancer development has been instrumental for the development of novel approaches and strategies to fight this disease, but the efficacy of the proposed strategies has still fallen short of delivering the full potential of gene therapy in the clinic. Despite the plethora of gene modulation approaches, e.g., gene silencing, antisense therapy, RNA interference, gene and genome editing, finding a way to efficiently deliver these effectors to the desired cell and tissue has been a challenge. Nanomedicine has put forward several innovative platforms to overcome this obstacle. Most of these platforms rely on the application of nanoscale structures, with particular focus on nanoparticles. Herein, we review the current trends on the use of nanoparticles designed for cancer gene therapy, including inorganic, organic, or biological (e.g., exosomes) variants, in clinical development and their progress towards clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (C.R.-R.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Lorenzo Rivas-García
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (C.R.-R.); (L.R.-G.)
- Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. 18071 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro V. Baptista
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (C.R.-R.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (C.R.-R.); (L.R.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi H, Xu M, Zhu J, Li Y, He Z, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Niu Y, Liu Y. Programmed co-delivery of platinum nanodrugs and gemcitabine by a clustered nanocarrier for precision chemotherapy for NSCLC tumors. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:332-342. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A pH/redox dual stimuli-responsive clustered nanoparticles are demonstrated as vehicle for simultaneously delivering ultra-small platinum nanoparticles (USPtNs) and gemcitabine (GEM) to treat non-small-cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Shi
- Department of Pharmacy
- Zhongda Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Occupational Disease Prevention
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- School of Public Health
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- China
| | - Zhiyu He
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- China
| | - Qunwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- China
| | - Yimin Niu
- Department of Pharmacy
- Zhongda Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 211166
- China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu J, Dong Y, Ding L, Dong Y, Wu Z, Wang W, Shen M, Duan Y. Local delivery of arsenic trioxide nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:28. [PMID: 31637008 PMCID: PMC6799825 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis. Surgery combined with chemotherapy has been recommended as a curative regimen for HCC. Nevertheless, the anticancer mechanisms of chemicals in hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed necrosis, and its mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma is poorly understood. The efficacy and mechanism of arsenic trioxide nanoparticles in the treatment of HCC were explored in this research. Arsenic trioxide alone and arsenic trioxide nanoparticles were conveniently administered to mice intratumorally using a needle. Compared with As2O3, As2O3 nanoparticles (As2O3-NPs) showed better inhibition, promoted greater LDH release, and induced cell morphology indicative of pyroptosis in vitro. Compared with the free drug, As2O3-NPs increased GSDME-N expression and decreased Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, and Dnmt1 expression in Huh7 cells. In vivo, As2O3-NPs induced a significant decrease in the expression of Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b and Dnmt1, but significantly upregulated the expression of GSDME-N (gasdermin E (GSDME) was originally found to be related to deafness; recently, it has been defined as a gasdermin family member associated with pyroptosis). As2O3-NPs inhibited tumor growth more strongly than As2O3 or control, a finding likely attributed to the downregulation of PCNA and DNMT-related proteins and the upregulation of GSDME-N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Panwar V, Dutta T. Diatom Biogenic Silica as a Felicitous Platform for Biochemical Engineering: Expanding Frontiers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2295-2316. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Panwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tanmay Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Talebian S, Foroughi J, Wade SJ, Vine KL, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Mehrali M, Conde J, Wallace GG. Biopolymers for Antitumor Implantable Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances and Future Outlook. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706665. [PMID: 29756237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of remarkable improvements in cancer treatments and survivorship, cancer still remains as one of the major causes of death worldwide. Although current standards of care provide encouraging results, they still cause severe systemic toxicity and also fail in preventing recurrence of the disease. In order to address these issues, biomaterial-based implantable drug delivery systems (DDSs) have emerged as promising therapeutic platforms, which allow local administration of drugs directly to the tumor site. Owing to the unique properties of biopolymers, they have been used in a variety of ways to institute biodegradable implantable DDSs that exert precise spatiotemporal control over the release of therapeutic drug. Here, the most recent advances in biopolymer-based DDSs for suppressing tumor growth and preventing tumor recurrence are reviewed. Novel emerging biopolymers as well as cutting-edge polymeric microdevices deployed as implantable antitumor DDSs are discussed. Finally, a review of a new therapeutic modality within the field, which is based on implantable biopolymeric DDSs, is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Talebian
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Samantha J Wade
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hua S, de Matos MBC, Metselaar JM, Storm G. Current Trends and Challenges in the Clinical Translation of Nanoparticulate Nanomedicines: Pathways for Translational Development and Commercialization. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:790. [PMID: 30065653 PMCID: PMC6056679 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to have a major impact on human health for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. One particular aspect of the nanomedicine field which has received a great deal of attention is the design and development of nanoparticulate nanomedicines (NNMs) for drug delivery (i.e., drug-containing nanoparticles). NNMs are intended to deliver drugs via various mechanisms: solubilization, passive targeting, active targeting, and triggered release. The NNM approach aims to increase therapeutic efficacy, decrease the therapeutically effective dose, and/or reduce the risk of systemic side effects. In order to move a NNM from the bench to the bedside, several experimental challenges need to be addressed. This review will discuss the current trends and challenges in the clinical translation of NNMs as well as the potential pathways for translational development and commercialization. Key issues related to the clinical development of NNMs will be covered, including biological challenges, large-scale manufacturing, biocompatibility and safety, intellectual property (IP), government regulations, and overall cost-effectiveness in comparison to current therapies. These factors can impose significant hurdles limiting the appearance of NNMs on the market, irrelevant of whether they are therapeutically beneficial or not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hua
- Therapeutic Targeting Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria B C de Matos
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Imaging Division, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nam L, Coll C, Erthal LCS, de la Torre C, Serrano D, Martínez-Máñez R, Santos-Martínez MJ, Ruiz-Hernández E. Drug Delivery Nanosystems for the Localized Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E779. [PMID: 29751640 PMCID: PMC5978156 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most prevalent and malignant forms of central nervous system tumors. The treatment of glioblastoma remains a great challenge due to its location in the intracranial space and the presence of the blood⁻brain tumor barrier. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapy approaches for this tumor, to improve the clinical outcomes, and to reduce the rate of recurrence and adverse effects associated with present options. The formulation of therapeutic agents in nanostructures is one of the most promising approaches to treat glioblastoma due to the increased availability at the target site, and the possibility to co-deliver a range of drugs and diagnostic agents. Moreover, the local administration of nanostructures presents significant additional advantages, since it overcomes blood⁻brain barrier penetration issues to reach higher concentrations of therapeutic agents in the tumor area with minimal side effects. In this paper, we aim to review the attempts to develop nanostructures as local drug delivery systems able to deliver multiple agents for both therapeutic and diagnostic functions for the management of glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Nam
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C Coll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - L C S Erthal
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C de la Torre
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46010 València, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Serrano
- Departamento de Farmacia Galenica y Tecnologia Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46010 València, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M J Santos-Martínez
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - E Ruiz-Hernández
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, TCD, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|