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Santos-Pascual R, Campoy I, Sanz Mata D, Martínez MJ, Prieto A, Barriuso J. Deciphering the molecular components of the quorum sensing system in the fungus Ophiostoma piceae. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0029023. [PMID: 37796004 PMCID: PMC10715110 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00290-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the molecular mechanisms triggered by the quorum sensing (QS) molecule farnesol in the biotechnologically relevant fungus Ophiostoma piceae. We present for the first time, using a multiomics approach, an in-depth analysis of the QS response in a saprotroph fungus, detailing the molecular components involved in the response and their possible mechanisms of action. We think that these results are particularly relevant in the knowledge of the functioning of the QS in eukaryotes, as well as for the exploitation of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Santos-Pascual
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Campoy
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sanz Mata
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Maddela NR, Abiodun AS, Zhang S, Prasad R. Biofouling in Membrane Bioreactors-Mitigation and Current Status: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5643-5668. [PMID: 36418712 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological fouling as termed biofouling is caused by varied living organisms and is difficult to eliminate from the environment thus becoming a major issue during membrane bioreactors. Biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is a crucial problem in increasing liquid pressure due to reduced pore diameter, clogging of the membrane pores, and alteration of the chemical composition of the water which greatly limits the growth of MBRs. Thus, membrane biofouling and/or microbial biofilms is a hot research topic to improve the market competitiveness of the MBR technology. Though several antibiofouling strategies (addition of bioflocculant or sponge into MBRs) came to light, biological approaches are sustainable and more practicable. Among the biological approaches, quorum sensing-based biofouling control (so-called quorum quenching) is an interesting and promising tool in combating biofouling issues in the MBRs. Several review articles have been published in the area of membrane biofouling and mitigation approaches. However, there is no single source of information about biofouling and/or biofilm formation in different environmental settings and respective problems, antibiofilm strategies and current status, quorum quenching, and its futurity. Thus, the objectives of the present review were to provide latest insights on mechanism of membrane biofouling, quorum sensing molecules, biofilm-associated problems in different environmental setting and antibiofilm strategies, special emphasis on quorum quenching, and its futurity in the biofilm/biofouling control. We believe that these insights greatly help in the better understanding of biofouling and aid in the development of sustainable antibiofouling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Aransiola Sesan Abiodun
- Bioresources Development Centre, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India.
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3
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Souza LS, Irie Y, Eda S. Black Queen Hypothesis, partial privatization, and quorum sensing evolution. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278449. [PMID: 36449503 PMCID: PMC9710793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms produce costly cooperative goods whose benefit is partially shared with nonproducers, called 'mixed' goods. The Black Queen Hypothesis predicts that partial privatization has two major evolutionary implications. First, to favor strains producing several types of mixed goods over nonproducing strains. Second, to favor the maintenance of cooperative traits through different strains instead of having all cooperative traits present in a single strain (metabolic specialization). Despite the importance of quorum sensing regulation of mixed goods, it is unclear how partial privatization affects quorum sensing evolution. Here, we studied the influence of partial privatization on the evolution of quorum sensing. We developed a mathematical population genetics model of an unstructured microbial population considering four strains that differ in their ability to produce an autoinducer (quorum sensing signaling molecule) and a mixed good. Our model assumes that the production of the autoinducers and the mixed goods is constitutive and/or depends on quorum sensing. Our results suggest that, unless autoinducers are costless, partial privatization cannot favor quorum sensing. This result occurs because with costly autoinducers: (1) a strain that produces both autoinducer and goods (fully producing strain) cannot persist in the population; (2) the strain only producing the autoinducer and the strain producing mixed goods in response to the autoinducers cannot coexist, i.e., metabolic specialization cannot be favored. Together, partial privatization might have been crucial to favor a primordial form of quorum sensing-where autoinducers were thought to be a metabolic byproduct (costless)-but not the transition to nowadays costly autoinducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Santana Souza
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Irie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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4
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Veltman B, Harpaz D, Melamed S, Tietel Z, Tsror L, Eltzov E. Whole-cell bacterial biosensor for volatile detection from Pectobacterium-infected potatoes enables early identification of potato tuber soft rot disease. Talanta 2022; 247:123545. [PMID: 35597022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Half of the harvested food is lost due to rots caused by microorganisms. Plants emit various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into their surrounding environment, and the VOC profiles of healthy crops are altered upon infection. In this study, a whole-cell bacterial biosensor was used for the early identification of potato tuber soft rot disease caused by the pectinolytic bacteria Pectobacterium in potato tubers. The detection is based on monitoring the luminescent responses of the bacteria panel to changes in the VOC profile following inoculation. First, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to specify the differences between the VOC patterns of the inoculated and non-inoculated potato tubers during early infection. Five VOCs were identified, 1-octanol, phenylethyl alcohol, 2-ethyl hexanol, nonanal, and 1-octen-3-ol. Then, the infection was detected by the bioreporter bacterial panel, firstly measured in a 96-well plate in solution, and then also tested in potato plugs and validated in whole tubers. Examination of the bacterial panel responses showed an extensive cytotoxic effect over the testing period, as seen by the elevated induction factor (IF) values in the bacterial strain TV1061 after exposure to both potato plugs and whole tubers. Moreover, quorum sensing influences were also observed by the elevated IF values in the bacterial strain K802NR. The developed whole-cell biosensor system based on bacterial detection will allow more efficient crop management during postharvest, storage, and transport of crops, to reduce food losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Veltman
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sarit Melamed
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 8531100, Israel.
| | - Zipora Tietel
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 8531100, Israel.
| | - Leah Tsror
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P, Negev, 8531100, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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5
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Bodhankar GA, Tohidifar P, Foust ZL, Ordal GW, Rao CV. Characterization of Opposing Responses to Phenol by Bacillus subtilis Chemoreceptors. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0044121. [PMID: 35007157 PMCID: PMC9017305 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00441-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis employs 10 chemoreceptors to move in response to chemicals in its environment. While the sensing mechanisms have been determined for many attractants, little is known about the sensing mechanisms for repellents. In this work, we investigated phenol chemotaxis in B. subtilis. Phenol is an attractant at low, micromolar concentrations and a repellent at high, millimolar concentrations. McpA was found to be the principal chemoreceptor governing the repellent response to phenol and other related aromatic compounds. In addition, the chemoreceptors McpC and HemAT were found to govern the attractant response to phenol and related compounds. Using chemoreceptor chimeras, McpA was found to sense phenol using its signaling domain rather than its sensing domain. These observations were substantiated in vitro, where direct binding of phenol to the signaling domain of McpA was observed using saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance. These results further advance our understanding of B. subtilis chemotaxis and further demonstrate that the signaling domain of B. subtilis chemoreceptors can directly sense chemoeffectors. IMPORTANCE Bacterial chemotaxis is commonly thought to employ a sensing mechanism involving the extracellular sensing domain of chemoreceptors. Some ligands, however, appear to be sensed by the signaling domain. Phenolic compounds, commonly found in soil and root exudates, provide environmental cues for soil microbes like Bacillus subtilis. We show that phenol is sensed as both an attractant and a repellent. While the mechanism for sensing phenol as an attractant is still unknown, we found that phenol is sensed as a repellent by the signaling domain of the chemoreceptor McpA. This study furthers our understanding of the unconventional sensing mechanisms employed by the B. subtilis chemotaxis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija A. Bodhankar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Payman Tohidifar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary L. Foust
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - George W. Ordal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher V. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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6
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Delago A, Gregor R, Dubinsky L, Dandela R, Hendler A, Krief P, Rayo J, Aharoni A, Meijler MM. A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Molecule Elicits a General Stress Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632658. [PMID: 34603220 PMCID: PMC8481950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assess their population density through a chemical communication mechanism termed quorum sensing, in order to coordinate group behavior. Most research on quorum sensing has focused primarily on its role as an intraspecies chemical signaling mechanism that enables the regulation of certain phenotypes through targeted gene expression. However, in recent years several seminal studies have revealed important phenomena in which quorum sensing molecules appear to serve additional roles as interspecies signals that may regulate microbial ecology. In this study, we asked whether the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can sense chemical signals from prokaryotes. When exposed to a variety of quorum sensing molecules from different bacterial species and from Candida albicans we found that N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C12) from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces a remarkable stress response in yeast. Microarray experiments confirmed and aided in interpreting these findings, showing a unique and specific expression pattern that differed significantly from the response to previously described stress factors. We further characterized this response and report preliminary findings on the molecular basis for the recognition of C12 by the yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Delago
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Gregor
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Luba Dubinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Pnina Krief
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Josep Rayo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Amir Aharoni
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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7
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8
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Britton SJ, Neven H, Maskell DL. Microbial Small-Talk: Does Quorum Sensing Play a Role in Beer Fermentation? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1843928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Britton
- Research & Development, Duvel Moortgat, Puurs-Sint-Amands, Belgium
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hedwig Neven
- Research & Development, Duvel Moortgat, Puurs-Sint-Amands, Belgium
- Centre for Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dawn L. Maskell
- International Centre for Brewing and Distilling, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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9
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Winters M, Arneborg N, Appels R, Howell K. Can community-based signalling behaviour in Saccharomyces cerevisiae be called quorum sensing? A critical review of the literature. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 19:5528315. [PMID: 31271429 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing is a well-described mechanism of intercellular signalling among bacteria, which involves cell-density-dependent chemical signal molecules. The concentration of these quorum-sensing molecules increases in proportion to cell density until a threshold value is exceeded, which triggers a community-wide response. In this review, we propose that intercellular signalling mechanisms can be associated with a corresponding ecological interaction type based on similarities between how the interaction affects the signal receiver and producer. Thus, we do not confine quorum sensing, a specific form of intercellular signalling, to only cooperative behaviours. Instead, we define it as cell-density-dependent responses that occur at a critical concentration of signal molecules and through a specific signalling pathway. For fungal species, the medically important yeast Candida albicans has a well-described quorum sensing system, while this system is not well described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is involved in food and beverage fermentations. The more precise definition for quorum sensing proposed in this review is based on the studies suggesting that S. cerevisiae may undergo intercellular signalling through quorum sensing. Through this lens, we conclude that there is a lack of evidence to support a specific signalling mechanism and a critical signal concentration of these behaviours in S. cerevisiae, and, thus, these features require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Winters
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Rudi Appels
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Filamentous growth is a fungal morphogenetic response that is critical for virulence in some fungal species. Many aspects of filamentous growth remain poorly understood. We have identified an aspect of filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans where cells behave collectively to invade surfaces in aggregates. These responses may reflect an extension of normal filamentous growth, as they share the same signaling pathways and effector processes. Aggregate responses may involve cooperation among individual cells, because aggregation was stimulated by cell adhesion molecules, secreted enzymes, and diffusible molecules that promote quorum sensing. Our study may provide insights into the genetic basis of collective cellular responses in fungi. The study may have ramifications in fungal pathogenesis, in situations where collective responses occur to promote virulence. Many fungal species, including pathogens, undergo a morphogenetic response called filamentous growth, where cells differentiate into a specialized cell type to promote nutrient foraging and surface colonization. Despite the fact that filamentous growth is required for virulence in some plant and animal pathogens, certain aspects of this behavior remain poorly understood. By examining filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, we identify responses where cells undergo filamentous growth in groups of cells or aggregates. In S. cerevisiae, aggregate invasive growth was regulated by signaling pathways that control normal filamentous growth. These pathways promoted aggregation in part by fostering aspects of microbial cooperation. For example, aggregate invasive growth required cellular contacts mediated by the flocculin Flo11p, which was produced at higher levels in aggregates than cells undergoing regular invasive growth. Aggregate invasive growth was also stimulated by secreted enzymes, like invertase, which produce metabolites that are shared among cells. Aggregate invasive growth was also induced by alcohols that promote density-dependent filamentous growth in yeast. Aggregate invasive growth also required highly polarized cell morphologies, which may affect the packing or organization of cells. A directed selection experiment for aggregating phenotypes uncovered roles for the fMAPK and RAS pathways, which indicates that these pathways play a general role in regulating aggregate-based responses in yeast. Our study extends the range of responses controlled by filamentation regulatory pathways and has implications in understanding aspects of fungal biology that may be relevant to fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Filamentous growth is a fungal morphogenetic response that is critical for virulence in some fungal species. Many aspects of filamentous growth remain poorly understood. We have identified an aspect of filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans where cells behave collectively to invade surfaces in aggregates. These responses may reflect an extension of normal filamentous growth, as they share the same signaling pathways and effector processes. Aggregate responses may involve cooperation among individual cells, because aggregation was stimulated by cell adhesion molecules, secreted enzymes, and diffusible molecules that promote quorum sensing. Our study may provide insights into the genetic basis of collective cellular responses in fungi. The study may have ramifications in fungal pathogenesis, in situations where collective responses occur to promote virulence.
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11
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Barriuso J, Hogan DA, Keshavarz T, Martínez MJ. Role of quorum sensing and chemical communication in fungal biotechnology and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:627-638. [PMID: 29788231 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells do not live in isolation in their environment, but rather they communicate with each other using chemical signals. This sophisticated mode of cell-to-cell signalling, known as quorum sensing, was first discovered in bacteria, and coordinates the behaviour of microbial population behaviour in a cell-density-dependent manner. More recently, these mechanisms have been described in eukaryotes, particularly in fungi, where they regulate processes such as pathogenesis, morphological differentiation, secondary metabolite production and biofilm formation. In this manuscript, we review the information available to date on these processes in yeast, dimorphic fungi and filamentous fungi. We analyse the diverse chemical 'languages' used by different groups of fungi, their possible cross-talk and interkingdom interactions with other organisms. We discuss the existence of these mechanisms in multicellular organisms, the ecophysiological role of QS in fungal colonisation and the potential applications of these mechanisms in biotechnology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Barriuso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tajalli Keshavarz
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Soler A, Arregui L, Arroyo M, Mendoza JA, Muras A, Álvarez C, García-Vera C, Marquina D, Santos A, Serrano S. Quorum Sensing versus Quenching Bacterial Isolates Obtained from MBR Plants Treating Leachates from Municipal Solid Waste. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1019. [PMID: 29783658 PMCID: PMC5982058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism dependent on bacterial density. This coordinated process is mediated by the synthesis and the secretion of signal molecules, called autoinducers (AIs). N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are the most common AIs that are used by Gram-negative bacteria and are involved in biofilm formation. Quorum Quenching (QQ) is the interference of QS by producing hydrolyzing enzymes, among other strategies. The main objective of the present study was to identify QS and QQ strains from MBR wastewater treatment plants. A total of 99 strains were isolated from two Spanish plants that were intended to treat leachate from municipal solid waste. Five AHL producers were detected using AHL biosensor strains (Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1). Fifteen strains of seventy-one Gram-positive were capable of eliminating or reducing at least one AHL activity. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the importance of the Pseudomonas genus in the production of biofilms and the relevance of the genus Bacillus in the disruption of the QS mechanism, in which the potential activity of lactonase or acylase enzymes was investigated with the aim to contribute to solve biofouling problems and to increase the useful lifespan of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Soler
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Arregui
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Mendoza
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrea Muras
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology-CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | - Domingo Marquina
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Santos
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Serrano
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Timm CM, Lloyd EP, Egan A, Mariner R, Karig D. Direct Growth of Bacteria in Headspace Vials Allows for Screening of Volatiles by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:491. [PMID: 29662472 PMCID: PMC5890184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterially produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can modify growth patterns of eukaryotic hosts and competing/cohabiting microbes. These compounds have been implicated in skin disorders and attraction of biting pests. Current methods to detect and characterize VOCs from microbial cultures can be laborious and low-throughput, making it difficult to understand the behavior of microbial populations. In this work we present an efficient method employing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with autosampling to characterize VOC profiles from solid-phase bacterial cultures. We compare this method to complementary plate-based assays and measure the effects of growth media and incubation temperature on the VOC profiles from a well-studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 system. We observe that P. aeruginosa produces longer chain VOCs, such as 2-undecanone and 2-undecanol in higher amounts at 37°C than 30°C. We demonstrate the throughput of this method by studying VOC profiles from a representative collection of skin bacterial isolates under three parallel growth conditions. We observe differential production of various aldehydes and ketones depending on bacterial strain. This generalizable method will support screening of bacterial populations in a variety of research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin M Timm
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Evan P Lloyd
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Egan
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ray Mariner
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - David Karig
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
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14
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Egbe NE, Dornelles TO, Paget CM, Castelli LM, Ashe MP. Farnesol inhibits translation to limit growth and filamentation in C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 4:294-304. [PMID: 28913344 PMCID: PMC5597792 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.09.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a polymorphic yeast where the capacity to switch between yeast and filamentous growth is critical for pathogenicity. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing sesquiterpene alcohol that, via regulation of specific signalling and transcription components, inhibits filamentous growth in Candida albicans. Here we show that farnesol also inhibits translation at the initiation step in both Candida albicans and S. cerevisiae. In contrast to fusel alcohols, that target the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), farnesol affects the interaction of the mRNA with the small ribosomal subunit leading to reduced levels of the 48S preinitiation ribosomal complex in S. cerevisiae. Therefore, farnesol targets a different step in the translation pathway than fusel alcohols to elicit a completely opposite physiological outcome by negating filamentous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechi E Egbe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Tawni O Dornelles
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Paget
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia M Castelli
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,Current address: Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Ashe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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15
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Brexó RP, Sant'Ana ADS. Microbial interactions during sugar cane must fermentation for bioethanol production: does quorum sensing play a role? Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:231-244. [PMID: 28574287 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1332570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial interactions represent important modulatory role in the dynamics of biological processes. During bioethanol production from sugar cane must, the presence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and wild yeasts is inevitable as they originate from the raw material and industrial environment. Increasing the concentration of ethanol, organic acids, and other extracellular metabolites in the fermentation must are revealed as wise strategies for survival by certain microorganisms. Despite this, the co-existence of LAB and yeasts in the fermentation vat and production of compounds such as organic acids and other extracellular metabolites result in reduction in the final yield of the bioethanol production process. In addition to the competition for nutrients, reduction of cellular viability of yeast strain responsible for fermentation, flocculation, biofilm formation, and changes in cell morphology are listed as important factors for reductions in productivity. Although these consequences are scientifically well established, there is still a gap about the physiological and molecular mechanisms governing these interactions. This review aims to discuss the potential occurrence of quorum sensing mechanisms between bacteria (mainly LAB) and yeasts and to highlight how the understanding of such mechanisms can result in very relevant and useful tools to benefit the biofuels industry and other sectors of biotechnology in which bacteria and yeast may co-exist in fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Peres Brexó
- a Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Anderson de Souza Sant'Ana
- a Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering , University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil
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16
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Quorum-sensing in yeast and its potential in wine making. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7841-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Bandara HMHN, Herpin MJ, Kolacny D, Harb A, Romanovicz D, Smyth HDC. Incorporation of Farnesol Significantly Increases the Efficacy of Liposomal Ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2760-70. [PMID: 27383205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, such as in cystic fibrosis lungs, remains unchanged due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Poor drug penetration into dense P. aeruginosa biofilms plays a vital role in ineffective clearance of the infection. Thus, the current antibiotic therapy against P. aeruginosa biofilms need to be revisited and alternative antibiofilm strategies need to be invented. Fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM), farnesol, appears to have detrimental effects on P. aeruginosa. Thus, this study aimed to codeliver naturally occurring QSM farnesol, with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin as a liposomal formulation to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms. Four different liposomes (with ciprofloxacin and farnesol, Lcip+far; with ciprofloxacin, Lcip; with farnesol, Lfar; control, Lcon) were prepared using dehydration-rehydration method and characterized. Drug entrapment and release were evaluated by spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficacy of liposomes was assessed using standard biofilm assay. Liposome-treated 24 h P. aeruginosa biofilms were quantitatively assessed by XTT reduction assay and crystal violet assay, and qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ciprofloxacin release from liposomes was higher when encapsulated with farnesol (Lcip+far) compared to Lcip (3.06% vs 1.48%), whereas farnesol release was lower when encapsulated with ciprofloxacin (Lcip+far) compared to Lfar (1.81% vs 4.75%). The biofilm metabolism was significantly lower when treated with Lcip+far or Lcip compared to free ciprofloxacin (XTT, P < 0.05). When administered as Lcip+far, the ciprofloxacin concentration required to achieve similar biofilm inhibition was 125-fold or 10-fold lower compared to free ciprofloxacin or Lcip, respectively (P < 0.05). CLSM and TEM confirmed predominant biofilm disruption, greater dead cell ratio, and increased depth of biofilm killing when treated with Lcip+far compared to other liposomal preparations. Thus, codelivery of farnesol and ciprofloxacin is likely to be a promising approach to battle antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms by enhancing biofilm killing at significantly lower antibiotic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H N Bandara
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - M J Herpin
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - D Kolacny
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - A Harb
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - D Romanovicz
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - H D C Smyth
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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18
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Quorum-Sensing Mechanisms Mediated by Farnesol in Ophiostoma piceae: Effect on Secretion of Sterol Esterase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4351-7. [PMID: 25888179 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00079-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiostoma piceae CECT 20416 is a dimorphic wood-staining fungus able to produce an extracellular sterol-esterase/lipase (OPE) that is of great biotechnological interest. In this work, we have studied the morphological change of this fungus from yeast to hyphae, which is associated with the cell density-related mechanism known as quorum sensing (QS), and how this affects the secretion of OPE. The data presented here confirm that the molecule E,E-farnesol accumulates as the cell number is growing within the population. The exogenous addition of this molecule or spent medium to the cultures increased the extracellular activity of OPE 2.5 times. This fact was related not to an increase in microbial biomass or in the expression of the gene coding for OPE but to a marked morphological transition in the cultures. Moreover, the morphological transition also occurred when a high cell density was inoculated into the medium. The results suggest that E,E-farnesol regulates through QS mechanisms the morphological transition in the dimorphic fungus O. piceae and that it is associated with a higher extracellular esterase activity. Furthermore, identification and transcriptional analysis of genes tup1 and cyr1, which are involved in the response, was carried out. Here we report enhanced production of a sterol-esterase/lipase of biotechnological interest by means of QS mechanisms. These results may be useful in increasing the production of secreted enzymes of other dimorphic fungi of biotechnological interest.
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19
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20
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Vanysacker L, Boerjan B, Declerck P, Vankelecom IFJ. Biofouling ecology as a means to better understand membrane biofouling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8047-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Assessment of competition in wine fermentation among wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Sangiovese grapes in Tuscany region. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Zupan J, Avbelj M, Butinar B, Kosel J, Šergan M, Raspor P. Monitoring of quorum-sensing molecules during minifermentation studies in wine yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2496-2505. [PMID: 23413824 DOI: 10.1021/jf3051363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
At high cell density or under low nutrient conditions, yeasts collectively adapt their metabolism by secreting aromatic alcohols in what is known as quorum sensing. However, the mechanisms and role of quorum sensing in yeast are poorly understood, and the methodology behind this process is not well established. This paper describes an effective approach to study quorum sensing in yeast fermentations. The separation, detection, and quantification of the putative quorum-sensing molecules 2-phenylethanol, tryptophol, and tyrosol have been optimized on a simple HPLC-based system. With the use of a phenyl HPLC column and a fluorescence detector, the sensitivity of the system was significantly increased. This allowed extraction and concentration procedures to be eliminated and the process to be scaled down to 2 mL minifermentations. Additionally, an innovative method for rapid viable-cell counting is presented. This study forms the basis for detailed studies in kinetics and regulation of quorum sensing in yeast fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Zupan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana , Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ivey
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Mara Massel
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Trevor G. Phister
- Division of Food Science, Brewing Science Program, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
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24
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Berrocal A, Navarrete J, Oviedo C, Nickerson KW. Quorum sensing activity in Ophiostoma ulmi: effects of fusel oils and branched chain amino acids on yeast-mycelial dimorphism. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:126-34. [PMID: 22519968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS For Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi, the ability to undergo morphological change is a crucial factor for its virulence. To gain an understanding of quorum-sensing activity in O. ulmi as it relates to yeast-mycelium dimorphism control, this study examines the effects of branched-chain amino acids as well as their fusel alcohols and fusel acids as quorum sensing molecules. METHODS AND RESULTS In a defined medium containing glucose, proline and salts, O. ulmi grew as yeasts when the culture was inoculated with a high density of spores (2 × 10(7) CFU ml(-1) ) and as mycelia when inoculated with a low spore density (4 × 10(5) CFU ml(-1) ). The cultures displaying yeast morphology secreted a quorum-sensing factor that shifted the morphology from mycelia to yeast. This quorum-sensing molecule was lipophilic and extractable by organic solvents from the spent medium. Using GC/MS analysis, it was determined that the major compound in the extract was 2-methyl-1-butanol. A similar effect was observed when the branched-chain amino acids (fusel alcohol precursors) were used as the nitrogen source. E, E-farnesol had no effect on the morphology of O. ulmi. CONCLUSIONS Addition of the branched-chain amino acids or one of the compounds detected in the spent medium, 2-methyl-1-butanol or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, or methylvaleric acid, decreased germ tube formation by more than 50%, thus demonstrating a quorum sensing molecule behaviour in O. ulmi cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study presents advances in the investigation of dimorphism in O. ulmi, complementing the existing scientific basis, for studying, understanding and controlling this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berrocal
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 5-C, Concepción, Chile
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25
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Wuster A, Babu MM. Transcriptional control of the quorum sensing response in yeast. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 6:134-41. [PMID: 20024075 DOI: 10.1039/b913579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing is a process of intercellular communication. It allows individual cells to assess population density and to co-ordinate behaviour by secreting and sensing communication molecules. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the communication molecules are the aromatic alcohols tryptophol and phenylethanol, and quorum sensing regulates the transition between the solitary yeast form and the filamentous form. Though it is known that addition of these communication molecules to yeast cultures causes large changes in gene expression, how these changes are orchestrated and whether this system is conserved in related fungal species is still unknown. In this work, by employing an integrated computational approach that makes use of large-scale genomics datasets, such as ChIP-ChIP and expression analysis upon deletion and over-expression of transcriptional factors, we predict CAT8 and MIG1 as key transcriptional regulators that control the differential expression of the genes affected by aromatic alcohol communication. In addition, through a comparative genomic analysis involving 31 fungal species, we show that the S. cerevisiae quorum sensing system is a recent evolutionary innovation and that the genes which are differentially expressed upon treatment with these molecules are distributed across the genome in a highly non-random manner. The identified transcription factors will aid in further unravelling the molecular mechanisms of S. cerevisiae quorum sensing and may facilitate the engineering of regulatory circuits for applications such as the expression of heterologous proteins via aromatic alcohols.
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Abstract
International competition within the wine market, consumer demands for newer styles of wines and increasing concerns about the environmental sustainability of wine production are providing new challenges for innovation in wine fermentation. Within the total production chain, the alcoholic fermentation of grape juice by yeasts is a key process where winemakers can creatively engineer wine character and value through better yeast management and, thereby, strategically tailor wines to a changing market. This review considers the importance of yeast ecology and yeast metabolic reactions in determining wine quality, and then discusses new directions for exploiting yeasts in wine fermentation. It covers criteria for selecting and developing new commercial strains, the possibilities of using yeasts other than those in the genus of Saccharomyces, the prospects for mixed culture fermentations and explores the possibilities for high cell density, continuous fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Fleet
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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27
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McAlester G, O'Gara F, Morrissey JP. Signal-mediated interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:563-569. [PMID: 18436588 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections in a wide variety of hosts and is the leading cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Although most clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa share common virulence determinants, it is known that strains evolve and change phenotypically during CF lung infections. These changes can include alterations in the levels of N-acyl homoserine lactones (HSLs), which are secreted signal molecules. In the CF lung, fungi, especially Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, may coexist with P. aeruginosa but the implications for disease are not known. Recent studies have established that signalling can occur between P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, with the bacterial molecule 3-oxo-C12HSL affecting Candida morphology, and the fungal metabolite farnesol reducing levels of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal and pyocyanin in Pseudomonas. Whether these interactions are common and typical in clinical strains of P. aeruginosa was addressed using CF isolates that produced varied levels of HSLs. It was found that, whereas some clinical P. aeruginosa strains affected C. albicans morphology, others did not. This correlated closely with the amounts of 3-oxo-C12HSL produced by the isolates. Furthermore, it was established that signalling is bidirectional and that the C. albicans molecule farnesol inhibits swarming motility in P. aeruginosa CF strains. This work demonstrates that clinical isolates of these opportunistic pathogens can interact in strain-specific ways via secreted signals and illustrates the importance of studying these interactions to fully understand the microbial contribution to disease in polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland
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28
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Abstract
Bacteria have fascinating and diverse social lives. They display coordinated group behaviors regulated by quorum-sensing systems that detect the density of other bacteria around them. A key example of such group behavior is biofilm formation, in which communities of cells attach to a surface and envelope themselves in secreted polymers. Curiously, after reaching high cell density, some bacterial species activate polymer secretion, whereas others terminate polymer secretion. Here, we investigate this striking variation in the first evolutionary model of quorum sensing in biofilms. We use detailed individual-based simulations to investigate evolutionary competitions between strains that differ in their polymer production and quorum-sensing phenotypes. The benefit of activating polymer secretion at high cell density is relatively straightforward: secretion starts upon biofilm formation, allowing strains to push their lineages into nutrient-rich areas and suffocate neighboring cells. But why use quorum sensing to terminate polymer secretion at high cell density? We find that deactivating polymer production in biofilms can yield an advantage by redirecting resources into growth, but that this advantage occurs only in a limited time window. We predict, therefore, that down-regulation of polymer secretion at high cell density will evolve when it can coincide with dispersal events, but it will be disfavored in long-lived (chronic) biofilms with sustained competition among strains. Our model suggests that the observed variation in quorum-sensing behavior can be linked to the differing requirements of bacteria in chronic versus acute biofilm infections. This is well illustrated by the case of Vibrio cholerae, which competes within biofilms by polymer secretion, terminates polymer secretion at high cell density, and induces an acute disease course that ends with mass dispersal from the host. More generally, this work shows that the balance of competition within and among biofilms can be pivotal in the evolution of quorum sensing. Bacteria are increasingly recognized as highly interactive organisms with complex social lives, which are critical to their capacity to cause disease. In particular, many species inhabit dense, surface-bound communities, termed biofilms, within which they communicate and respond to local cell density through a process known as quorum sensing. Enormous effort has been devoted to understanding the genetics and biochemistry of biofilm formation and quorum sensing, but how and why they evolve remain virtually unexplored. Many bacteria use quorum sensing to regulate the secretion of sticky extracellular slime, an integral feature of biofilm life. Intriguingly, however, some pathogenic species turn on slime production at high cell density, whereas others turn it off. Using an individual-based model of biofilm growth, we investigated why different species use quorum sensing to control slime production in opposite ways. The secret underlying this variation appears to reside in the nature of infections. Turning slime on at high cell density can allow one strain to suffocate another when competition is intense, as occurs in long-lived chronic infections. Meanwhile, turning slime secretion off at high cell density can benefit a strain causing an acute infection by allowing rapid growth before departing the host. A novel exploration of intercellular communication in bacterial groups reveals why different species use quorum sensing to control slime secretion in opposite ways and suggests that these differences arise from evolutionary competition among strains.
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29
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Ceccato-Antonini SR. Biotechnological implications of filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1151-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Tsuchiya M, Tsuchyia M, Wong ST, Yeo ZX, Colosimo A, Palumbo MC, Farina L, Crescenzi M, Mazzola A, Negri R, Bianchi MM, Selvarajoo K, Tomita M, Giuliani A. Gene expression waves. Cell cycle independent collective dynamics in cultured cells. FEBS J 2007; 274:2878-86. [PMID: 17466018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ergodic hypothesis, which assumes the independence of each cell of the ensemble from all the others, is a necessary prerequisite to attach single cell based explanations to the grand averages taken from population data. This was the prevailing view about the interpretation of cellular biology experiments that typically are performed on colonies of billions of cells. By analysing gene expression data of different cells going from yeast to mammalian cell cultures, we demonstrate that cell cultures display a sort of "ecology-in-a-plate" giving rise to a rich dynamics of gene expression that are independent from reproductive cycles, hence contradicting simple ergodic assumptions The aspecific character of the observed coordinated gene expression activity inhibits any simple mechanistic hypothesis and highlights the need to consider population effects in the interpretation of data coming from cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa Tsuchiya
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
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31
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Fleet GH. Yeasts in foods and beverages: impact on product quality and safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:170-5. [PMID: 17275276 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of yeasts in food and beverage production extends beyond the well-known bread, beer and wine fermentations. Molecular analytical technologies have led to a major revision of yeast taxonomy, and have facilitated the ecological study of yeasts in many other products. The mechanisms by which yeasts grow in these ecosystems and impact on product quality can now be studied at the level of gene expression. Their growth and metabolic activities are moderated by a network of strain and species interactions, including interactions with bacteria and other fungi. Some yeasts have been developed as agents for the biocontrol of food spoilage fungi, and others are being considered as novel probiotic organisms. The association of yeasts with opportunistic infections and other adverse responses in humans raises new issues in the field of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H Fleet
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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