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Lau EYY, Wong ML, Lam YC, Lau KNT, Chung KF, Rusak B. Sleep and Inhibitory Control Over Mood-Congruent Information in Emerging Adults With Depressive Disorder. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:1004-1012. [PMID: 34419999 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence has suggested bidirectionality between sleep problems and depression, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We assessed the role of sleep in inhibitory control ability with emotional stimuli, which has been shown to be suboptimal among individuals with depression and proposed to perpetuate depressive symptoms. METHODS Emerging adults (aged 18-25 years, 64.6% female) were screened for depressive and other mental disorders by structured clinical interview and questionnaire. Individuals with depressive disorders were assigned to have a polysomnography-monitored daytime sleep opportunity (Sleep-Dep, n = 20), whereas nondepressed individuals were randomized to either have daytime sleep (Sleep-Ctrl, n = 27) or stay awake (Wake-Ctrl, n = 18). Participants completed the Affective Go/No-Go Task two times, separated by experimental conditions. RESULTS A factorial model with a between-subject factor (Sleep-Dep/Sleep-Ctrl/Wake-Ctrl) and a within-subject factor (test 1/test 2) was used to assess if the groups differed in inhibitory control across test sessions, as inferred by changes in d-prime and false alarm rates (FA). Results from mixed factorial models showed a significant interaction effect between time and group on FA in the block with neutral faces as the target and happy faces as the nontarget (F(2,61) = 5.15, pfdr = .045). Although Sleep-Dep had decreased FA after sleep (t(19) = 2.94, pfdr = .050), Sleep-Ctrl and Wake-Ctrl had no significant between-session changes (p values > .05). Postsleep improvement in FA in Sleep-Dep correlated with longer stage 2 sleep (r(20) = 0.788, pfdr < .001) and stage 2 fast spindle number at O1 (r(18) = 0.692, pfdr = .015). CONCLUSIONS Sleep gain, particularly stage 2 sleep and related physiology, potentially enhances inhibitory control ability responding to emotional information among individuals with depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Yuet Ying Lau
- From the Department of Psychology (E. Lau, Lam), Centre for Psychosocial Health (E. Lau, Lam), and Centre for Religious and Spirituality Education (E. Lau), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Psychology (Wong), University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychological Services (K. Lau), Hong Kong Children & Youth Services; Department of Psychiatry (Chung, E. Lau), Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Departments of Psychiatry (Rusak) and Psychology and Neuroscience (Rusak), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Wang J, Chen B, Sha M, Gu Y, Wu H, Forcato C, Qin S. Positive and Neutral Updating Reconsolidate Aversive Episodic Memories via Different Routes. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 184:107500. [PMID: 34389448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aversive memories are long-lasting and prone to burden our emotional wellbeing and mental health. Yet, how to remedy the maladaptive effects of aversive memories remains elusive. Using memory reactivation and emotional updating manipulations, we investigated how positive and neutral emotion may update aversive memories for reconsolidation in humans. We found that positive updating after reactivation was equivalent to neutral updating in impairing true memories of a previous aversive event after a 12-hour wakeful delay, but induced more false memory. Moreover, additional 12-hour delay with overnight sleep did not further enlarge true memory differences, but attenuated the effect of reactivation and updating on false memory. Interestingly, the neutral rather than the positive updating reduced the emotional arousal of the aversive memory 24 hours later. Our findings could serve as references for real-world therapeutic applications regarding how positive and neutral updating may reshape aversive memories, especially when taking wake- and sleep-filled reconsolidation into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Boxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Manqi Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, School of Life Science, NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Cecilia Forcato
- Laboratorio de Sueño y Memoria, Depto. De Ciencias de la Vida, Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Av. Madero 399, (1106) Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Durrant SJ, Johnson JM. Sleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-021-00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
A recent resurgence of interest in schema theory has influenced research on sleep-dependent memory consolidation and led to a new understanding of how schemata might be activated during sleep and play a role in the reorganisation of memories. This review is aimed at synthesising recent findings into a coherent narrative and draw overall conclusions.
Recent Findings
Rapid consolidation of schematic memories has been shown to benefit from an interval containing sleep. These memories have shown reduced reliance on the hippocampus following consolidation in both humans and rodents. Using a variety of methodologies, notably including the DRM paradigm, it has been shown that activation of a schema can increase the rate of false memory as a result of activation of semantic associates during slow wave sleep (SWS). Memories making use of a schema have shown increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which may reflect both the schematic activation itself and a cognitive control component selecting an appropriate schema to use. SWS seems to be involved in assimilation of new memories within existing semantic frameworks and in making memories more explicit, while REM sleep may be more associated with creating entirely novel associations while keeping memories implicit.
Summary
Sleep plays an important role in schematic memory consolidation, with more rapid consolidation, reduced hippocampal involvement, and increased prefrontal involvement as the key characteristics. Both SWS and REM sleep may have a role to play.
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Ohki T, Takei Y. Neural mechanisms of mental schema: a triplet of delta, low beta/spindle and ripple oscillations. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2416-2430. [PMID: 29405470 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schemas are higher-level knowledge structures that integrate and organise lower-level representations. As internal templates, schemas are formed according to how events are perceived, interpreted and remembered. Although these higher-level units are assumed to play a fundamental role in our daily life from an early age, the neuronal basis and mechanisms of schema formation and use remain largely unknown. It is important to elucidate how the brain constructs and maintains these higher-level units. In order to examine the possible neural underpinnings of schema, we recapitulate previous work and discuss their findings related to schemas as the brain template. We specifically focused on low beta/spindle oscillations, which are assumed to be the key components of schemas, and propose that the brain template is implemented with a triplet of neural oscillations, that is delta, low beta/spindle and ripple oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ohki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Shaw JJ, Monaghan P. Lateralised sleep spindles relate to false memory generation. Neuropsychologia 2017; 107:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Durrant SJ, Cairney SA, Lewis PA. Cross-modal transfer of statistical information benefits from sleep. Cortex 2016; 78:85-99. [PMID: 27017231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracting regularities from a sequence of events is essential for understanding our environment. However, there is no consensus regarding the extent to which such regularities can be generalised beyond the modality of learning. One reason for this could be the variation in consolidation intervals used in different paradigms, also including an opportunity to sleep. Using a novel statistical learning paradigm in which structured information is acquired in the auditory domain and tested in the visual domain over either 30 min or 24 h consolidation intervals, we show that cross-modal transfer can occur, but this transfer is only seen in the 24 h group. Importantly, the extent of cross-modal transfer is predicted by the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) obtained. Additionally, cross-modal transfer is associated with the same pattern of decreasing medial temporal lobe and increasing striatal involvement which has previously been observed to occur across 24 h in unimodal statistical learning. We also observed enhanced functional connectivity after 24 h in a network of areas which have been implicated in cross-modal integration including the precuneus and the middle occipital gyrus. Finally, functional connectivity between the striatum and the precuneus was also enhanced, and this strengthening was predicted by SWS. These results demonstrate that statistical learning can generalise to some extent beyond the modality of acquisition, and together with our previously published unimodal results, support the notion that statistical learning is both domain-general and domain-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Durrant
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Carcaud J, Giurfa M, Sandoz JC. Parallel Olfactory Processing in the Honey Bee Brain: Odor Learning and Generalization under Selective Lesion of a Projection Neuron Tract. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:75. [PMID: 26834589 PMCID: PMC4717326 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of parallel neural processing is a fundamental problem in Neuroscience, as it is found across sensory modalities and evolutionary lineages, from insects to humans. Recently, parallel processing has attracted increased attention in the olfactory domain, with the demonstration in both insects and mammals that different populations of second-order neurons encode and/or process odorant information differently. Among insects, Hymenoptera present a striking olfactory system with a clear neural dichotomy from the periphery to higher-order centers, based on two main tracts of second-order (projection) neurons: the medial and lateral antennal lobe tracts (m-ALT and l-ALT). To unravel the functional role of these two pathways, we combined specific lesions of the m-ALT tract with behavioral experiments, using the classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER conditioning). Lesioned and intact bees had to learn to associate an odorant (1-nonanol) with sucrose. Then the bees were subjected to a generalization procedure with a range of odorants differing in terms of their carbon chain length or functional group. We show that m-ALT lesion strongly affects acquisition of an odor-sucrose association. However, lesioned bees that still learned the association showed a normal gradient of decreasing generalization responses to increasingly dissimilar odorants. Generalization responses could be predicted to some extent by in vivo calcium imaging recordings of l-ALT neurons. The m-ALT pathway therefore seems necessary for normal classical olfactory conditioning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carcaud
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris-SaclayGif-sur-Yvette, France; Research Center on Animal Cognition, Université Toulouse III - Paul SabatierToulouse, France; Research Center on Animal Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueToulouse, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, Université Toulouse III - Paul SabatierToulouse, France; Research Center on Animal Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueToulouse, France
| | - Jean Christophe Sandoz
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ Paris-Sud, IRD, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Fjell AM, Sneve MH, Grydeland H, Storsve AB, de Lange AMG, Amlien IK, Røgeberg OJ, Walhovd KB. Functional connectivity change across multiple cortical networks relates to episodic memory changes in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3255-3268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jacobs HIL, Dillen KNH, Risius O, Göreci Y, Onur OA, Fink GR, Kukolja J. Consolidation in older adults depends upon competition between resting-state networks. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:344. [PMID: 25620930 PMCID: PMC4288239 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory encoding and retrieval problems are inherent to aging. To date, however, the effect of aging upon the neural correlates of forming memory traces remains poorly understood. Resting-state fMRI connectivity can be used to investigate initial consolidation. We compared within and between network connectivity differences between healthy young and older participants before encoding, after encoding and before retrieval by means of resting-state fMRI. Alterations over time in the between-network connectivity analyses correlated with retrieval performance, whereas within-network connectivity did not: a higher level of negative coupling or competition between the default mode and the executive networks during the after encoding condition was associated with increased retrieval performance in the older adults, but not in the young group. Data suggest that the effective formation of memory traces depends on an age-dependent, dynamic reorganization of the interaction between multiple, large-scale functional networks. Our findings demonstrate that a cross-network based approach can further the understanding of the neural underpinnings of aging-associated memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi I L Jacobs
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany
| | - Kim N H Dillen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany
| | - Okka Risius
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany
| | - Yasemin Göreci
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Oezguer A Onur
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3) Jülich, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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Durrant SJ, Cairney SA, Lewis PA. Overnight consolidation aids the transfer of statistical knowledge from the medial temporal lobe to the striatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2467-78. [PMID: 22879350 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is important for abstraction of the underlying principles (or gist) which bind together conceptually related stimuli, but little is known about the neural correlates of this process. Here, we investigate this issue using overnight sleep monitoring and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were exposed to a statistically structured sequence of auditory tones then tested immediately for recognition of short sequences which conformed to the learned statistical pattern. Subsequently, after consolidation over either 30 min or 24h, they performed a delayed test session in which brain activity was monitored with fMRI. Behaviorally, there was greater improvement across 24h than across 30 min, and this was predicted by the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) obtained. Functionally, we observed weaker parahippocampal responses and stronger striatal responses after sleep. Like the behavioral result, these differences in functional response were predicted by the amount of SWS obtained. Furthermore, connectivity between striatum and parahippocampus was weaker after sleep, whereas connectivity between putamen and planum temporale was stronger. Taken together, these findings suggest that abstraction is associated with a gradual shift from the hippocampal to the striatal memory system and that this may be mediated by SWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Durrant
- School of Psychology, Bridge House, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK and
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Lee MH, Hacker CD, Snyder AZ, Corbetta M, Zhang D, Leuthardt EC, Shimony JS. Clustering of resting state networks. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40370. [PMID: 22792291 PMCID: PMC3392237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of the study was to demonstrate a hierarchical structure of resting state activity in the healthy brain using a data-driven clustering algorithm. Methodology/Principal Findings The fuzzy-c-means clustering algorithm was applied to resting state fMRI data in cortical and subcortical gray matter from two groups acquired separately, one of 17 healthy individuals and the second of 21 healthy individuals. Different numbers of clusters and different starting conditions were used. A cluster dispersion measure determined the optimal numbers of clusters. An inner product metric provided a measure of similarity between different clusters. The two cluster result found the task-negative and task-positive systems. The cluster dispersion measure was minimized with seven and eleven clusters. Each of the clusters in the seven and eleven cluster result was associated with either the task-negative or task-positive system. Applying the algorithm to find seven clusters recovered previously described resting state networks, including the default mode network, frontoparietal control network, ventral and dorsal attention networks, somatomotor, visual, and language networks. The language and ventral attention networks had significant subcortical involvement. This parcellation was consistently found in a large majority of algorithm runs under different conditions and was robust to different methods of initialization. Conclusions/Significance The clustering of resting state activity using different optimal numbers of clusters identified resting state networks comparable to previously obtained results. This work reinforces the observation that resting state networks are hierarchically organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Lee
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Hacker
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abraham Z. Snyder
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Leuthardt
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Shimony
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
We investigated human hippocampal functional connectivity in wakefulness and throughout non-rapid eye movement sleep. Young healthy subjects underwent simultaneous EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements at 1.5 T under resting conditions in the descent to deep sleep. Continuous 5 min epochs representing a unique sleep stage (i.e., wakefulness, sleep stages 1 and 2, or slow-wave sleep) were extracted. fMRI time series of subregions of the hippocampal formation (HF) (cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) were extracted based on cytoarchitectonical probability maps. We observed sleep stage-dependent changes in HF functional coupling. The HF was integrated to variable strength in the default mode network (DMN) in wakefulness and light sleep stages but not in slow-wave sleep. The strongest functional connectivity between the HF and neocortex was observed in sleep stage 2 (compared with both slow-wave sleep and wakefulness). We observed a strong interaction of sleep spindle occurrence and HF functional connectivity in sleep stage 2, with increased HF/neocortical connectivity during spindles. Moreover, the cornu ammonis exhibited strongest functional connectivity with the DMN during wakefulness, while the subiculum dominated hippocampal functional connectivity to frontal brain regions during sleep stage 2. Increased connectivity between HF and neocortical regions in sleep stage 2 suggests an increased capacity for possible global information transfer, while connectivity in slow-wave sleep is reflecting a functional system optimal for segregated information reprocessing. Our data may be relevant to differentiating sleep stage-specific contributions to neural plasticity as proposed in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
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Overlapping memory replay during sleep builds cognitive schemata. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:343-51. [PMID: 21764357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sleep enhances integration across multiple stimuli, abstraction of general rules, insight into hidden solutions and false memory formation. Newly learned information is better assimilated if compatible with an existing cognitive framework or schema. This article proposes a mechanism by which the reactivation of newly learned memories during sleep could actively underpin both schema formation and the addition of new knowledge to existing schemata. Under this model, the overlapping replay of related memories selectively strengthens shared elements. Repeated reactivation of memories in different combinations progressively builds schematic representations of the relationships between stimuli. We argue that this selective strengthening forms the basis of cognitive abstraction, and explain how it facilitates insight and false memory formation.
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Durrant SJ, Taylor C, Cairney S, Lewis PA. Sleep-dependent consolidation of statistical learning. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1322-1331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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