1
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Schneider WT, Packmor F, Lindecke O, Holland RA. Sense of doubt: inaccurate and alternate locations of virtual magnetic displacements may give a distorted view of animal magnetoreception ability. Commun Biol 2023; 6:187. [PMID: 36808184 PMCID: PMC9941108 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual magnetic displacements are used to examine the magnetoreceptive ability of animals by changing the local magnetic field to emulate one that exists elsewhere. This technique can be used to test whether animals use a magnetic map. The viability of a magnetic map is dependant upon which magnetic parameters an animal's coordinate system is composed of, and how sensitive they are to those parameters. Previous research has not considered the degree to which sensitivity can change an animal's impression of where a virtual magnetic displacement is located. We re-assessed all published studies that use virtual magnetic displacements assuming the highest likely level of sensitivity to magnetic parameters in animals. The vast majority are susceptible to the existence of alternate possible virtual locations. In some cases, this can cause results to become ambiguous. We present a tool for visualising all possible virtual magnetic displacement alternative locations (ViMDAL) and propose changes to how further research on animal magnetoreception is conducted and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will T Schneider
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Florian Packmor
- Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park Authority, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindecke
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Holland
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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2
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Smart sharks: a review of chondrichthyan cognition. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:175-188. [PMID: 36394656 PMCID: PMC9877065 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
450 million years of evolution have given chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and allies) ample time to adapt perfectly to their respective everyday life challenges and cognitive abilities have played an important part in that process. The diversity of niches that sharks and rays occupy corresponds to matching diversity in brains and behaviour, but we have only scratched the surface in terms of investigating cognition in this important group of animals. The handful of species that have been cognitively assessed in some detail over the last decade have provided enough data to safely conclude that sharks and rays are cognitively on par with most other vertebrates, including mammals and birds. Experiments in the lab as well as in the wild pose their own unique challenges, mainly due to the handling and maintenance of these animals as well as controlling environmental conditions and elimination of confounding factors. Nonetheless, significant advancements have been obtained in the fields of spatial and social cognition, discrimination learning, memory retention as well as several others. Most studies have focused on behaviour and the underlying neural substrates involved in cognitive information processing are still largely unknown. Our understanding of shark cognition has multiple practical benefits for welfare and conservation management but there are obvious gaps in our knowledge. Like most marine animals, sharks and rays face multiple threats. The effects of climate change, pollution and resulting ecosystem changes on the cognitive abilities of sharks and stingrays remain poorly investigated and we can only speculate what the likely impacts might be based on research on bony fishes. Lastly, sharks still suffer from their bad reputation as mindless killers and are heavily targeted by commercial fishing operations for their fins. This public relations issue clouds people's expectations of shark intelligence and is a serious impediment to their conservation. In the light of the fascinating results presented here, it seems obvious that the general perception of sharks and rays as well as their status as sentient, cognitive animals, needs to be urgently revisited.
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3
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Sokolov LV, Lubkovskaia RS, Bulyuk VN. Migration Routes and Wintering Grounds of Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus, Cuculiformes, Cuculidae) from the Southeastern Part of the Baltic Region (Based on Satellite Telemetry). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022070226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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4
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Guerra PA, Parlin AF, Matter SF. Lack of evidence for a fine-scale magnetic map sense for fall migratory Eastern North American monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9498. [PMID: 36407908 PMCID: PMC9667412 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How first-time animal migrants find specific destinations remains an intriguing ecological question. Migratory marine species use geomagnetic map cues acquired as juveniles to aide long-distance migration, but less is known for long-distance migrants in other taxa. We test the hypothesis that naïve Eastern North American fall migratory monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), a species that possesses a magnetic sense, locate their overwintering sites in Central Mexico using inherited geomagnetic map cues. We examined whether overwintering locations and the abundance of monarchs changed with the natural shift of Earth's magnetic field from 2004 to 2018. We found that migratory monarchs continued to overwinter at established sites in similar abundance despite significant shifts in the geomagnetic field, which is inconsistent with monarchs using fine-scale geomagnetic map cues to find overwintering sites. It is more likely that monarchs use geomagnetic cues to assess migratory direction rather than location and use other cues to locate overwintering sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Guerra
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Adam F. Parlin
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Environmental Science and ForestryState University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Stephen F. Matter
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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5
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Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:327-406. [PMID: 34243228 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient levels of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) have risen sharply in the last five decades to become a ubiquitous, continuous, biologically active environmental pollutant, even in rural and remote areas. Many species of flora and fauna, because of unique physiologies and habitats, are sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that surpass human reactivity. This can lead to complex endogenous reactions that are highly variable, largely unseen, and a possible contributing factor in species extinctions, sometimes localized. Non-human magnetoreception mechanisms are explored. Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that current low-level anthropogenic EMF can have myriad adverse and synergistic effects, including on orientation and migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance and defense, and on vitality, longevity and survivorship itself. Effects have been observed in mammals such as bats, cervids, cetaceans, and pinnipeds among others, and on birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles, microbes and many species of flora. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed in laboratory research on animal models that can be extrapolated to wildlife. Unusual multi-system mechanisms can come into play with non-human species - including in aquatic environments - that rely on the Earth's natural geomagnetic fields for critical life-sustaining information. Part 2 of this 3-part series includes four online supplement tables of effects seen in animals from both ELF and RFR at vanishingly low intensities. Taken as a whole, this indicates enough information to raise concerns about ambient exposures to nonionizing radiation at ecosystem levels. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as 'habitat' so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards, which do not now exist, should be set accordingly for wildlife, and environmental laws should be strictly enforced - a subject explored in Part 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry C Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert M Manville
- Advanced Academic Programs, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC Campus, USA
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6
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Deppisch P, Helfrich-Förster C, Senthilan PR. The Gain and Loss of Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family Members during Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1613. [PMID: 36140781 PMCID: PMC9498864 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PL) family represents an ancient group of proteins fulfilling two fundamental functions. While photolyases repair UV-induced DNA damages, cryptochromes mainly influence the circadian clock. In this study, we took advantage of the large number of already sequenced and annotated genes available in databases and systematically searched for the protein sequences of CRY/PL family members in all taxonomic groups primarily focusing on metazoans and limiting the number of species per taxonomic order to five. Using BLASTP searches and subsequent phylogenetic tree and motif analyses, we identified five distinct photolyases (CPDI, CPDII, CPDIII, 6-4 photolyase, and the plant photolyase PPL) and six cryptochrome subfamilies (DASH-CRY, mammalian-type MCRY, Drosophila-type DCRY, cnidarian-specific ACRY, plant-specific PCRY, and the putative magnetoreceptor CRY4. Manually assigning the CRY/PL subfamilies to the species studied, we have noted that over evolutionary history, an initial increase of various CRY/PL subfamilies was followed by a decrease and specialization. Thus, in more primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, simple eukaryotes, and in basal metazoans), we find relatively few CRY/PL members. As species become more evolved (e.g., cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, etc.), the CRY/PL repertoire also increases, whereas it appears to decrease again in more recent organisms (humans, fruit flies, etc.). Moreover, our study indicates that all cryptochromes, although largely active in the circadian clock, arose independently from different photolyases, explaining their different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pingkalai R. Senthilan
- Neurobiology & Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany
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7
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Putman NF. Magnetosensation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:1-7. [PMID: 35098367 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Nichols S, Havens L, Taylor B. Sensation to navigation: a computational neuroscience approach to magnetic field navigation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:167-176. [PMID: 35098368 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Diverse taxa use Earth's magnetic field (i.e., magnetoreception) as a guide during long-distance navigation. However, despite decades of research, specific sensory mechanisms of magnetoreception remain unconfirmed. Necessarily, this has led to theoretical and computational work developing hypotheses of how animals may navigate using magnetoreception. One hypothesized strategy relies on an animal using combinations of magnetic intensity and inclination as a kind of signature to identify a specific region or location. Using these signatures, animals could use a waypoint-based navigation strategy. We show that this navigation strategy is biologically plausible using a close approximation of neural processing to successfully guide an agent in a simulated magnetic field. Moreover, we accomplish this strategy using a processing approach previously utilized for mechanoreception, suggesting processing of Earth's magnetic field may share features with the processing of other, more well-understood sensory systems. Taken together, our results suggest that both for the engineering of novel navigation systems and the study of animal magnetoreception, we should take lessons from other sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nichols
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Rd., CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke Havens
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Rd., CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brian Taylor
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Rd., CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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9
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Magnetic maps in animal navigation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:41-67. [PMID: 34999936 PMCID: PMC8918461 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing animals with a source of directional or ‘compass’ information, Earth’s magnetic field also provides a potential source of positional or ‘map’ information that animals might exploit to assess location. In less than a generation, the idea that animals use Earth’s magnetic field as a kind of map has gone from a contentious hypothesis to a well-established tenet of animal navigation. Diverse animals ranging from lobsters to birds are now known to use magnetic positional information for a variety of purposes, including staying on track along migratory pathways, adjusting food intake at appropriate points in a migration, remaining within a suitable oceanic region, and navigating toward specific goals. Recent findings also indicate that sea turtles, salmon, and at least some birds imprint on the magnetic field of their natal area when young and use this information to facilitate return as adults, a process that may underlie long-distance natal homing (a.k.a. natal philopatry) in many species. Despite recent progress, much remains to be learned about the organization of magnetic maps, how they develop, and how animals use them in navigation.
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Uncovering how animals use combinations of magnetic field properties to navigate: a computational approach. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 208:155-166. [PMID: 34820708 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Certain animal species use the earth's magnetic field (i.e., magnetoreception) in conjunction with other sensory modalities to navigate long distances. It is hypothesized that several animals use combinations of magnetic inclination and intensity as unique signatures for localization, potentially enabling migration without a pre-surveyed map. However, it is unknown how animals use magnetic signatures to generate guidance commands. While animal experiments have been invaluable in advancing this area, it is a difficult phenomenon to study in vivo or in situ. Modeling and simulation present a powerful complementary tool that can be used to investigate whether and how animals use magnetic signatures to navigate. This perspective article summarizes work we have conducted that systematically and mechanistically uses modeling and simulation to study the use of magnetic signatures. We have studied this phenomenon from simulated agents that navigate in simple and abstract environments, to physical devices that navigate in realistic environments. The results have consistently demonstrated that this is a plausible way in which animals might navigate, and provided early insights into the environmental and animal-specific factors that are most important to this navigation strategy.
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11
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Abstract
Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ken Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia;
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12
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Erdmann W, Kmita H, Kosicki JZ, Kaczmarek Ł. How the Geomagnetic Field Influences Life on Earth - An Integrated Approach to Geomagnetobiology. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2021; 51:231-257. [PMID: 34363564 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-021-09612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Earth is one of the inner planets of the Solar System, but - unlike the others - it has an oxidising atmosphere, relatively stable temperature, and a constant geomagnetic field (GMF). The GMF does not only protect life on Earth against the solar wind and cosmic rays, but it also shields the atmosphere itself, thus creating relatively stable environmental conditions. What is more, the GMF could have influenced the origins of life: organisms from archaea to plants and animals may have been using the GMF as a source of spatial information since the very beginning. Although the GMF is constant, it does undergo various changes, some of which, e.g. a reversal of the poles, weaken the field significantly or even lead to its short-term disappearance. This may result in considerable climatic changes and an increased frequency of mutations caused by the solar wind and cosmic radiation. This review analyses data on the influence of the GMF on different aspects of life and it also presents current knowledge in the area. In conclusion, the GMF has a positive impact on living organisms, whereas a diminishing or disappearing GMF negatively affects living organisms. The influence of the GMF may also be an important factor determining both survival of terrestrial organisms outside Earth and the emergence of life on other planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Erdmann
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Z Kosicki
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Luo M, Yang C. Bio-Inspired Approach for Long-Range Underwater Navigation Using Model Predictive Control. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2021; 51:4286-4297. [PMID: 31449042 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2019.2933397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lots of evidence has indicated that many kinds of animals can achieve goal-oriented navigation by spatial cognition and dead reckoning. The geomagnetic field (GF) is a ubiquitous cue for navigation by these animals. Inspired by the goal-oriented navigation of animals, a novel long-distance underwater geomagnetic navigation (LDUGN) method is presented in this article, which only utilizes the declination component ( D ) and inclination component ( I ) of GF for underwater navigation without any prior knowledge of the geographical location or geomagnetic map. The D and I measured by high-precision geomagnetic sensors are compared periodically with that of the destination to determine the velocity and direction in the next step. A model predictive control (MPC) algorithm with control and state constraints is proposed to achieve the control and optimization of navigation trajectory. Because the optimal control is recalculated at each sampling instant, the MPC algorithm can overcome interferences of geomagnetic daily fluctuation, geomagnetic storms, ocean current, and geomagnetic local anomaly. The simulation results validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.
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14
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Taylor BK, Bernish MK, Pizzuti SA, Kehl CE. A bioinspired navigation strategy that uses magnetic signatures to navigate without GPS in a linearized northern Atlantic ocean: a simulation study. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:046006. [PMID: 33601358 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abe7cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Certain animal species use the Earth's magnetic field (i.e. magnetoreception) in conjunction with other sensory modalities to navigate long distances. It is hypothesized that several animals use combinations of magnetic inclination and intensity as unique signatures for localization, enabling migration without a pre-surveyed map. However, it is unknown how animals use magnetic signatures to generate guidance commands, and the extent to which species-specific capabilities and environmental factors affect a given strategy's efficacy or deterioration. Understanding animal magnetoreception can aid in developing better engineered navigation systems that are less reliant on satellites, which are expensive and can become unreliable or unavailable under a variety of circumstances. Building on previous studies, we implement an agent-based computer simulation that uses two variants of a magnetic signature-based navigation strategy. The strategy can successfully migrate to eight specified goal points in an environment that resembles the northern Atlantic ocean. In particular, one variant reaches all goal points with faster ocean current velocities, while the other variant reaches all goal points with slower ocean current velocities. We also employ dynamic systems tools to examine the stability of the strategy as a proxy for whether it is guaranteed to succeed. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the strategy and can help in the development of new navigation technologies that are less reliant on satellites and pre-surveyed maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Taylor
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Margaret K Bernish
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Susan A Pizzuti
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Catherine E Kehl
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America
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15
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Keller BA, Putman NF, Grubbs RD, Portnoy DS, Murphy TP. Map-like use of Earth's magnetic field in sharks. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2881-2886.e3. [PMID: 33961785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Migration is common in marine animals,1-5 and use of the map-like information of Earth's magnetic field appears to play an important role.2,6-9 While sharks are iconic migrants10-12 and well known for their sensitivity to electromagnetic fields,13-20 whether this ability is used for navigation is unresolved.14,17,21,22 We conducted magnetic displacement experiments on wild-caught bonnetheads (Sphyrna tiburo) and show that magnetic map cues can elicit homeward orientation. We further show that use of a magnetic map to derive positional information may help explain aspects of the genetic structure of bonnethead populations in the northwest Atlantic.23-26 These results offer a compelling explanation for the puzzle of how migratory routes and population structure are maintained in marine environments, where few physical barriers limit movements of vagile species. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Keller
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Coastal Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA.
| | - Nathan F Putman
- LGL Ecological Research Associates, 4103 South Texas Avenue, Suite 211, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Coastal Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
| | - David S Portnoy
- Marine Genomics Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Timothy P Murphy
- Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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16
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Wilcox AAE, Newman AEM, Raine NE, Mitchell GW, Norris DR. Effects of early-life exposure to sublethal levels of a common neonicotinoid insecticide on the orientation and migration of monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb230870. [PMID: 33334898 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Migratory insects use a variety of innate mechanisms to determine their orientation and maintain correct bearing. For long-distance migrants, such as the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), these journeys could be affected by exposure to environmental contaminants. Neonicotinoids are synthetic insecticides that work by affecting the nervous system of insects, resulting in impairment of their mobility, cognitive performance, and other physiological and behavioural functions. To examine how neonicotinoids might affect the ability of monarch butterflies to maintain a proper directional orientation on their ∼4000 km migration, we grew swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) in soil that was either untreated (0 ng g-1: control) or mixed with low (15 ng g-1 of soil) or high (25 ng g-1 of soil) levels of the neonicotinoid clothianidin. Monarch caterpillars were raised on control or clothianidin-treated milkweed and, after pupation, either tested for orientation in a static flight simulator or radio-tracked in the wild during the autumn migration period. Despite clothianidin being detectable in milkweed tissue consumed by caterpillars, there was no evidence that clothianidin influenced the orientation, vector strength (i.e. concentration of direction data around the mean) or rate of travel of adult butterflies, nor was there evidence that morphological traits (i.e. mass and forewing length), testing time, wind speed or temperature impacted directionality. Although sample sizes for both flight simulator and radio-tracking tests were limited, our preliminary results suggest that clothianidin exposure during early caterpillar development does not affect the directed flight of adult migratory monarch butterflies or influence their orientation at the beginning of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana A E Wilcox
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Greg W Mitchell
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Nature Conservancy of Canada, 245 Eglington Avenue East, Toronto, ON M4P 3J1, Canada
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17
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Einwich A, Dedek K, Seth PK, Laubinger S, Mouritsen H. A novel isoform of cryptochrome 4 (Cry4b) is expressed in the retina of a night-migratory songbird. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15794. [PMID: 32978454 PMCID: PMC7519125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary sensory molecule underlying light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in migratory birds has still not been identified. The cryptochromes are the only known class of vertebrate proteins which could mediate this mechanism in the avian retina. Cryptochrome 4 of the night-migratory songbird the European robin (Erithacus rubecula; erCry4) has several of the properties needed to be the primary magnetoreceptor in the avian eye. Here, we report on the identification of a novel isoform of erCry4, which we named erCry4b. Cry4b includes an additional exon of 29 amino acids compared to the previously described form of Cry4, now called Cry4a. When comparing the retinal circadian mRNA expression pattern of the already known isoform erCry4a and the novel erCry4b isoform, we find that erCry4a is stably expressed throughout day and night, whereas erCry4b shows a diurnal mRNA oscillation. The differential characteristics of the two erCry4 isoforms regarding their 24-h rhythmicity in mRNA expression leads us to suggest that they might have different functions. Based on the 24-h expression pattern, erCry4a remains the more likely cryptochrome to be involved in radical-pair-based magnetoreception, but at the present time, an involvement of erCry4b cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Einwich
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karin Dedek
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pranav Kumar Seth
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Laubinger
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Evolutionäre Genetik der Pflanzen, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Neurosensorics/Animal Navigation, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. .,Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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18
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Combining laparoscopy and satellite tracking: Successful round-trip tracking of female green turtles from feeding areas to nesting grounds and back. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Albert L, Deschamps F, Jolivet A, Olivier F, Chauvaud L, Chauvaud S. A current synthesis on the effects of electric and magnetic fields emitted by submarine power cables on invertebrates. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 159:104958. [PMID: 32662447 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of clean renewable energy production has promoted the large-scale deployment of marine renewable energy devices, and their associated submarine cable network. Power cables produce both electric and magnetic fields that raise environmental concerns as many marine organisms have magneto and electroreception abilities used for vital purposes. Magnetic and electric fields' intensities decrease with distance away from the cable. Accordingly, the benthic and the sedimentary compartments are exposed to the highest field values. Although marine invertebrate species are the major fauna of these potentially exposed areas, they have so far received little attention. We provide extensive background knowledge on natural and anthropogenic marine sources of magnetic and electric fields. We then compile evidence for magneto- and electro-sensitivity in marine invertebrates and further highlight what is currently known about their interactions with artificial sources of magnetic and electric fields. Finally we discuss the main gaps and future challenges that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Albert
- TBM Environnement, Porte Océane Bloc 03, 2 rue de Suède, 56400, Auray, France; Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - François Deschamps
- RTE, Immeuble Window, 7C place du Dôme, 92073, Paris La Défense Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélie Jolivet
- TBM Environnement, Porte Océane Bloc 03, 2 rue de Suède, 56400, Auray, France.
| | - Frédéric Olivier
- Biologie des Organismes et écosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), MNHN/SU/UNICAEN/UA/CNRS/IRD, 61 Rue Buffon CP53, 75005, Paris, France; Station Marine de Concarneau, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Place de la Croix, BP 225, 29182, Concarneau Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, rue Dumont D'Urville, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Sylvain Chauvaud
- TBM Environnement, Porte Océane Bloc 03, 2 rue de Suède, 56400, Auray, France.
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20
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Thorup K, Vega ML, Snell KRS, Lubkovskaia R, Willemoes M, Sjöberg S, Sokolov LV, Bulyuk V. Flying on their own wings: young and adult cuckoos respond similarly to long-distance displacement during migration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7698. [PMID: 32382101 PMCID: PMC7205979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Common cuckoos Cuculus canorus are obligate nest parasites yet young birds reach their distant, species-specific wintering grounds without being able to rely on guidance from experienced conspecifics - in fact they never meet their parents. Naïve marine animals use an inherited navigational map during migration but in inexperienced terrestrial animal migrants unequivocal evidence of navigation is lacking. We present satellite tracking data on common cuckoos experimentally displaced 1,800 km eastward from Rybachy to Kazan. After displacement, both young and adult travelled similarly towards the route of non-displaced control birds. The tracking data demonstrate the potential for young common cuckoos to return to the species-specific migration route after displacement, a response so far reported exclusively in experienced birds. Our results indicate that an inherited map allows first-time migrating cuckoos to locate suitable wintering grounds. This is in contrast to previous studies of solitary terrestrial bird migrants but similar to that reported from the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Thorup
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marta Lomas Vega
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mikkel Willemoes
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sissel Sjöberg
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonid V Sokolov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor Bulyuk
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Putman NF, Williams CR, Gallagher EP, Dittman AH. A sense of place: pink salmon use a magnetic map for orientation. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218735. [PMID: 32029460 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of 'map-like' information from the Earth's magnetic field for orientation has been shown in diverse taxa, but questions remain regarding the function of such maps. We used a 'magnetic displacement' experiment to demonstrate that juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) use magnetic cues to orient. The experiment was designed to simultaneously explore whether their magnetic map is used to direct fish (i) homeward, (ii) toward the center of their broad oceanic range or (iii) along their oceanic migratory route. The headings adopted by these navigationally naive fish coincided remarkably well with the direction of the juveniles' migration inferred from historical tagging and catch data. This suggests that the large-scale movements of pink salmon across the North Pacific may be driven largely by their innate use of geomagnetic map cues. Key aspects of the oceanic ecology of pink salmon and other marine migrants might therefore be predicted from magnetic displacement experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chase R Williams
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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22
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Arkwright AC, Archibald E, Fahlman A, Holton MD, Crespo-Picazo JL, Cabedo VM, Duarte CM, Scott R, Webb S, Gunner RM, Wilson RP. Behavioral Biomarkers for Animal Health: A Case Study Using Animal-Attached Technology on Loggerhead Turtles. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Every fall, millions of North American monarch butterflies undergo a stunning long-distance migration to reach their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Migration allows the butterflies to escape freezing temperatures and dying host plants, and reduces infections with a virulent parasite. We discuss the multigenerational migration journey and its evolutionary history, and highlight the navigational mechanisms of migratory monarchs. Monarchs use a bidirectional time-compensated sun compass for orientation, which is based on a time-compensating circadian clock that resides in the antennae, and which has a distinctive molecular mechanism. Migrants can also use a light-dependent inclination magnetic compass for orientation under overcast conditions. Additional environmental features, e.g., atmospheric conditions, geologic barriers, and social interactions, likely augment navigation. The publication of the monarch genome and the development of gene-editing strategies have enabled the dissection of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the migration. The monarch butterfly has emerged as an excellent system to study the ecological, neural, and genetic basis of long-distance animal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Reppert
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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24
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Taylor BK, Corbin S. Bioinspired magnetoreception and navigation in nonorthogonal environments using magnetic signatures. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:066009. [PMID: 31480024 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab40f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse taxa use Earth's magnetic field in conjunction with other sensory modalities to accomplish navigation tasks ranging from local homing to long-distance migration across continents and ocean basins. However, despite extensive research, the mechanisms that underlie animal magnetoreception are not clearly understood, and how animals use Earth's magnetic field to navigate is an active area of investigation. Concurrently, Earth's magnetic field offers a signal that engineered systems can leverage for navigation in environments where man-made systems such as GPS are unavailable or unreliable. Using a proxy for Earth's magnetic field, and inspired by migratory animal behavior, this work implements a behavioral strategy that uses combinations of magnetic field inclination and intensity as rare or unique signatures that mark specific locations. Specifically, to increase the realism of previous work, in this study, a simulated agent uses a magnetic signatures based strategy to migrate in magnetic environments where lines of constant inclination and intensity are not necessarily orthogonal. The results further support existing notions that some animals may use combinations of magnetic properties as navigational markers, and provide insights into features and constraints that could enable navigational success or failure in either a biological or engineered system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Taylor
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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25
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Abstract
The geographic distribution of migratory species can span thousands of kilometers. Yet, traits that enable large-scale migrations are poorly understood. A recent study demonstrates that juvenile eels use the Earth's magnetism for their dispersal, with possible implications for their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Baltazar-Soares
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Christchurch House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, E14NS, London, UK
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Salmon M. A Brief Exposure to Magnetic Distortions During Embryonic Development May Compromise the Migration of Loggerhead Hatchlings. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 USA []
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27
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Nishimura T, Tada H, Fukushima M. Correlation between the Lunar Phase and Tail-Lifting Behavior of Lizards ( Pogona vitticeps) Exposed to an Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050208. [PMID: 31052293 PMCID: PMC6562989 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We examined the relationship between the number of tail lifts of lizards (Pogona vitticeps) and environmental factors, such as the calendar month, daily mean temperature, daily mean humidity, daily mean atmospheric pressure, lunar phase (full moon/new moon), and K index as a geomagnetic disturbance index using 16 months of data. We set up an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) group and a control group. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the independent determinants associated with the number of tail lifts were the full moon, the temperature, February, March, April, and May in the ELF-EMF group and March, April, May, and June in the control group. The P. vitticeps in the ELF-EMF group responded to the full moon whereas those in the control group did not. Abstract We previously showed that the agamid lizard Pogona vitticeps responded to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF; frequency: 6 and 8 Hz; peak magnetic field: 2.6 µT; peak electric field: 10 V/m) with tail-lifting behavior. In addition, the tail-lifting response to ELF-EMF disappeared when the parietal eyes of the lizards were covered by small round aluminum caps. This result suggests that the parietal eye contributes to light-dependent magnetoreception. In the present study, we set up an ELF-EMF group to evaluate the long-term effect of the ELF-EMF on lizards’ behavior and examine our hypothesis that exposure to ELF-EMFs increases the magnetic field sensitivity in lizards. We therefore include the lunar phase (full moon/new moon) and K index as environmental factors related to the geomagnetic field in the analysis. The number of tail lifts per individual per day was the response variable while calendar month, daily mean temperature, daily mean humidity, daily mean atmospheric pressure, full moon, new moon, and K index were the explanatory variables. We analyzed an ELF-EMF group and a control group separately. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the independent determinants associated with the number of tail lifts were the full moon, the temperature, February, March, April, and May in the ELF-EMF group and March, April, May, and June in the control group. The P. vitticeps in the ELF-EMF group responded to the full moon whereas those in the control group did not. In addition, in the ELF-EMF group, the number of tail lifts was higher on days when the K index was higher (P = 0.07) in the first period whereas there was no such tendency in either period in the control group. There is the possibility that the exposure to ELF-EMFs may increase magnetic-field sensitivity in lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nishimura
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
- Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, 1-5-4 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Harue Tada
- Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science (iACT), Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, 1-5-4 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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28
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Lohmann KJ, Lohmann CMF. There and back again: natal homing by magnetic navigation in sea turtles and salmon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb184077. [PMID: 30728225 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diverse marine animals migrate across vast expanses of seemingly featureless ocean before returning as adults to reproduce in the area where they originated. How animals accomplish such feats of natal homing is an enduring mystery. Growing evidence suggests, however, that sea turtles and salmon imprint on the magnetic field of their home area when young and then use this information to return as adults. Both turtles and salmon have the sensory abilities needed to detect the unique 'magnetic signature' of a coastal area. Analyses have revealed that, for both groups of animals, subtle changes in the geomagnetic field of the home region are correlated with changes in natal homing behavior. In turtles, a relationship between population genetic structure and the magnetic fields that exist at nesting beaches has also been detected, consistent with the hypothesis that turtles recognize their natal areas on the basis of magnetic cues. Salmon likely use a biphasic navigational strategy in which magnetic cues guide fish through the open sea and into the proximity of the home river where chemical cues allow completion of the spawning migration. Similarly, turtles may also exploit local cues to help pinpoint nesting areas once they have arrived in the vicinity. Throughout most of the natal homing migration, however, magnetic navigation appears to be the primary mode of long-distance guidance in both sea turtles and salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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29
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Painter K, Plochocka A. Efficiency of island homing by sea turtles under multimodal navigating strategies. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Long-distance migrants, including Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp), can use geomagnetic information to navigate. We tested the hypothesis that a "magnetic map" (i.e., an ability to extract positional information from Earth's magnetic field) also exists in a population of salmon that do not undertake oceanic migrations. This study examined juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) originally from a nonanadromous population in Maine transferred ∼60 years ago to a lake in central Oregon. We exposed juveniles to magnetic displacements representative of locations at the latitudinal boundaries of the Pacific salmon oceanic range in the North Pacific and at the periphery of their ancestral oceanic range in the North Atlantic. Orientation differed among the magnetic treatments, indicating that Atlantic salmon detect map information from the geomagnetic field. Despite no recent history of ocean migration, these fish displayed adaptive orientation responses similar to those observed in native Pacific salmonids. These findings indicate that use of map information from the geomagnetic field is a shared ancestral character in the family Salmonidae and is not restricted to populations with anadromous life histories. Lastly, given that Atlantic salmon are transported throughout the world for capture fisheries and aquaculture, such a robust navigational system is of some concern. Escaped individuals may have greater potential to successfully navigate, and thus invade, introduced habitats than previously suspected.
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31
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Magnetic map navigation in a migratory songbird requires trigeminal input. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11975. [PMID: 30097604 PMCID: PMC6086908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, virtual magnetic displacement experiments have shown that magnetic cues are indeed important for determining position in migratory birds; but which sensory system(s) do they use to detect the magnetic map cues? Here, we show that Eurasian reed warblers need trigeminal input to detect that they have been virtually magnetically displaced. Birds with bilaterally ablated ophthalmic branches of the trigeminal nerves were not able to re-orient towards their conspecific breeding grounds after a virtual magnetic displacement, exactly like they were not able to compensate for a real physical displacement. In contrast, sham-operated reed warblers re-oriented after the virtual displacement, like intact controls did in the past. Our results show that trigeminally mediated sensory information is necessary for the correct function of the reed warblers’ magnetic positioning system.
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32
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Taylor BK. Bioinspired magnetoreception and navigation using magnetic signatures as waypoints. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:046003. [PMID: 29763413 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aabbec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse taxa use Earth's magnetic field in conjunction with other sensory modalities to accomplish navigation tasks ranging from local homing to long-distance migration across continents and ocean basins. However, despite extensive research, the mechanisms that underlie animal magnetoreception are not clearly understood, and how animals use Earth's magnetic field to navigate is an active area of investigation. Concurrently, Earth's magnetic field offers a signal that engineered systems can leverage for navigation in environments where man-made systems such as GPS are unavailable or unreliable. Using a proxy for Earth's magnetic field, and inspired by migratory animal behavior, this work implements a behavioral strategy that uses combinations of magnetic field properties as rare or unique signatures that mark specific locations. Using a discrete number of these signatures as goal waypoints, the strategy navigates through a closed set of points several times in a variety of environmental conditions, and with various levels of sensor noise. The results from this engineering/quantitative biology approach support existing notions that some animals may use combinations of magnetic properties as navigational markers, and provides insights into features and constraints that would enable navigational success or failure. The findings also offer insights into how autonomous engineered platforms might be designed to leverage the magnetic field as a navigational resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Taylor
- Integrated Sensing and Processing Sciences, Air Force Research Laboratory-Munitions Directorate, Eglin Air Force Base, FL 32542, United States of America
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33
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Günther A, Einwich A, Sjulstok E, Feederle R, Bolte P, Koch KW, Solov’yov IA, Mouritsen H. Double-Cone Localization and Seasonal Expression Pattern Suggest a Role in Magnetoreception for European Robin Cryptochrome 4. Curr Biol 2018; 28:211-223.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Reynolds AM, Reynolds DR, Sane SP, Hu G, Chapman JW. Orientation in high-flying migrant insects in relation to flows: mechanisms and strategies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0392. [PMID: 27528782 PMCID: PMC4992716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-flying insect migrants have been shown to display sophisticated flight orientations that can, for example, maximize distance travelled by exploiting tailwinds, and reduce drift from seasonally optimal directions. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and empirical evidence for the mechanisms underlying the selection and maintenance of the observed flight headings, and the detection of wind direction and speed, for insects flying hundreds of metres above the ground. Different mechanisms may be used—visual perception of the apparent ground movement or mechanosensory cues maintained by intrinsic features of the wind—depending on circumstances (e.g. day or night migrations). In addition to putative turbulence-induced velocity, acceleration and temperature cues, we present a new mathematical analysis which shows that ‘jerks’ (the time-derivative of accelerations) can provide indicators of wind direction at altitude. The adaptive benefits of the different orientation strategies are briefly discussed, and we place these new findings for insects within a wider context by comparisons with the latest research on other flying and swimming organisms. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy M Reynolds
- Computational and Systems Biology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Sanjay P Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560 065, Karnataka, India
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Agroecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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35
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Komolkin AV, Kupriyanov P, Chudin A, Bojarinova J, Kavokin K, Chernetsov N. Theoretically possible spatial accuracy of geomagnetic maps used by migrating animals. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.1002. [PMID: 28330984 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many migrating animals, belonging to different taxa, annually move across the globe and cover hundreds and thousands of kilometres. Many of them are able to show site fidelity, i.e. to return to relatively small migratory targets, from distant areas located beyond the possible range of direct sensory perception. One widely debated possibility of how they do it is the use of a magnetic map, based on the dependence of parameters of the geomagnetic field (total field intensity and inclination) on geographical coordinates. We analysed temporal fluctuations of the geomagnetic field intensity as recorded by three geomagnetic observatories located in Europe within the route of many avian migrants, to study the highest theoretically possible spatial resolution of the putative map. If migratory birds measure total field intensity perfectly and take the time of day into account, in northern Europe 81% of them may return to a strip of land of 43 km in width along one of coordinates, whereas in more southern areas such a strip may be narrower than 10 km. However, if measurements are performed with an error of 0.1%, the strip width is increased by approximately 40 km, so that in spring migrating birds are able to return to within 90 km of their intended goal. In this case, migrating birds would probably need another navigation system, e.g. an olfactory map, intermediate between the large-scale geomagnetic map and the local landscape cues, to locate their goal to within several kilometres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Komolkin
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Pavel Kupriyanov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrei Chudin
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Julia Bojarinova
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill Kavokin
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Nikita Chernetsov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS, Rybachy 238535, Kaliningrad Region, Russia
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Natan E, Vortman Y. The symbiotic magnetic-sensing hypothesis: do Magnetotactic Bacteria underlie the magnetic sensing capability of animals? MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2017; 5:22. [PMID: 29085642 PMCID: PMC5651570 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-017-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense Earth's magnetic field has evolved in various taxa. However, despite great efforts to find the 'magnetic-sensor' in vertebrates, the results of these scientific efforts remain inconclusive. A few decades ago, it was found that bacteria, known as magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), can move along a magnetic field using nanometric chain-like structures. Still, it is not fully clear why these bacteria evolved to have this capacity. Thus, while for MTB the 'magnetic-sensor' is known but the adaptive value is still under debate, for metazoa it is the other way around. In the absence of convincing evidence for any 'magnetic-sensor' in metazoan species sensitive to Earth's magnetic field, we hypothesize that a mutualism between these species and MTB provides one. In this relationship the host benefits from a magnetotactic capacity, while the bacteria benefit a hosting environment and dispersal. We provide support for this hypothesis using existing literature, demonstrating that by placing the MTB as the 'magnetic-sensor', previously contradictory results are now in agreement. We also propose plausible mechanisms and ways to test the hypothesis. If proven correct, this hypothesis would shed light on the forces driving both animal and bacteria magnetotactic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoni Vortman
- Hula Research Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Chernetsov N, Pakhomov A, Kobylkov D, Kishkinev D, Holland RA, Mouritsen H. Migratory Eurasian Reed Warblers Can Use Magnetic Declination to Solve the Longitude Problem. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2647-2651.e2. [PMID: 28823677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The longitude problem (determining east-west position) is a classical problem in human sea navigation. Prior to the use of GPS satellites, extraordinarily accurate clocks measuring the difference between local time and a fixed reference (e.g., GMT) [1] were needed to determine longitude. Birds do not appear to possess a time-difference clock sense [2]. Nevertheless, experienced night-migratory songbirds can correct for east-west displacements to unknown locations [3-9]. Consequently, migratory birds must solve the longitude problem in a different way, but how they do so has remained a scientific mystery [10]. We suggest that experienced adult Eurasian reed warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) can use magnetic declination to solve the longitude problem at least under some circumstances under clear skies. Experienced migrants tested during autumn migration in Rybachy, Russia, were exposed to an 8.5° change in declination while all other cues remained unchanged. This corresponds to a virtual magnetic displacement to Scotland if and only if magnetic declination is a part of their map. The adult migrants responded by changing their heading by 151° from WSW to ESE, consistent with compensation for the virtual magnetic displacement. Juvenile migrants that had not yet established a navigational map also oriented WSW at the capture site but became randomly oriented when the magnetic declination was shifted 8.5°. In combination with latitudinal cues, which birds are known to detect and use [10-12], magnetic declination could provide the mostly east-west component for a true bi-coordinate navigation system under clear skies for experienced migratory birds in some areas of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Chernetsov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 238535 Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia; Department Vertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Pakhomov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 238535 Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kobylkov
- Arbeitsgruppe "Neurosensorik/Animal Navigation," Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kishkinev
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 238535 Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia; School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Richard A Holland
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Arbeitsgruppe "Neurosensorik/Animal Navigation," Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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38
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Taylor BK. Bioinspired magnetic reception and multimodal sensing. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2017; 111:287-308. [PMID: 28660347 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-017-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several animals use Earth's magnetic field in concert with other sensor modes to accomplish navigational tasks ranging from local homing to continental scale migration. However, despite extensive research, animal magnetic reception remains poorly understood. Similarly, the Earth's magnetic field offers a signal that engineered systems can leverage to navigate in environments where man-made positioning systems such as GPS are either unavailable or unreliable. This work uses a behavioral strategy inspired by the migratory behavior of sea turtles to locate a magnetic goal and respond to wind when it is present. Sensing is performed using a number of distributed sensors. Based on existing theoretical biology considerations, data processing is performed using combinations of circles and ellipses to exploit the distributed sensing paradigm. Agent-based simulation results indicate that this approach is capable of using two separate magnetic properties to locate a goal from a variety of initial conditions in both noiseless and noisy sensory environments. The system's ability to locate the goal appears robust to noise at the cost of overall path length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Taylor
- Air Force Research Laboratory - Munitions Directorate, 101 West Eglin Blvd Ste. 209, Bldg 13, Eglin AFB, FL, 32542, USA.
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Naisbett-Jones LC, Putman NF, Stephenson JF, Ladak S, Young KA. A Magnetic Map Leads Juvenile European Eels to the Gulf Stream. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1236-1240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Cresci A, De Rosa R, Putman NF, Agnisola C. Earth-strength magnetic field affects the rheotactic threshold of zebrafish swimming in shoals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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O’Connor J, Muheim R. Pre-settlement coral-reef fish larvae respond to magnetic field changes during the day. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2874-2877. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Observations of coral-reef fish larvae have revealed remarkably consistent orientation behaviour while swimming offshore, requiring large-scale orientation cues. However, the mechanisms underlying this behaviour are still being investigated. One potential large-scale cue for orientation is the Earth’s geomagnetic field. Here, we examined the effect of magnetic field manipulations on the orientation behaviour of coral-reef fish during the pelagic larval phase. In the absence of visual cues, individual larvae responded to a 90° shift of the horizontal component of the magnetic field within a Helmholtz coil with a comparable shift in orientation, demonstrating that they use a magnetic compass for orientation. Our findings suggest that geomagnetic field information guides swimming behaviour of larval fish in the pre-settlement phase. The ability to use large-scale sensory cues allows location-independent orientation of swimming, a behaviour that influences dispersal and connectivity of fish populations, which has important ecological implications for anthropogenic development of marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack O’Connor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rachel Muheim
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Biology Building B, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Bottesch M, Gerlach G, Halbach M, Bally A, Kingsford MJ, Mouritsen H. A magnetic compass that might help coral reef fish larvae return to their natal reef. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R1266-R1267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Taylor BK. Validating a model for detecting magnetic field intensity using dynamic neural fields. J Theor Biol 2016; 408:53-65. [PMID: 27521527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several animals use properties of Earth's magnetic field as a part of their navigation toolkit to accomplish tasks ranging from local homing to continental migration. Studying these behaviors has led to the postulation of both a magnetite-based sense, and a chemically based radical-pair mechanism. Several researchers have proposed models aimed at both understanding these mechanisms, and offering insights into future physiological experiments. The present work mathematically implements a previously developed conceptual model for sensing and processing magnetite-based magnetosensory feedback by using dynamic neural fields, a computational neuroscience tool for modeling nervous system dynamics and processing. Results demonstrate the plausibility of the conceptual model's predictions. Specifically, a population of magnetoreceptors in which each individual can only sense directional information can encode magnetic intensity en masse. Multiple populations can encode both magnetic direction, and intensity, two parameters that several animals use in their navigational toolkits. This work can be expanded to test other magnetoreceptor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Taylor
- Air Force Research Laboratory - Munitions Directorate, 101 West Eglin Blvd, Ste. 209, Bldg 13 Eglin AFB, FL 32542, USA
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46
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Kedzuf S, Salmon M. Do Marine Turtles Use Odors to Locate Foraging Hotspots in the Open Ocean? CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Endres CS, Putman NF, Ernst DA, Kurth JA, Lohmann CMF, Lohmann KJ. Multi-Modal Homing in Sea Turtles: Modeling Dual Use of Geomagnetic and Chemical Cues in Island-Finding. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:19. [PMID: 26941625 PMCID: PMC4761866 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles are capable of navigating across large expanses of ocean to arrive at remote islands for nesting, but how they do so has remained enigmatic. An interesting example involves green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that nest on Ascension Island, a tiny land mass located approximately 2000 km from the turtles' foraging grounds along the coast of Brazil. Sensory cues that turtles are known to detect, and which might hypothetically be used to help locate Ascension Island, include the geomagnetic field, airborne odorants, and waterborne odorants. One possibility is that turtles use magnetic cues to arrive in the vicinity of the island, then use chemical cues to pinpoint its location. As a first step toward investigating this hypothesis, we used oceanic, atmospheric, and geomagnetic models to assess whether magnetic and chemical cues might plausibly be used by turtles to locate Ascension Island. Results suggest that waterborne and airborne odorants alone are insufficient to guide turtles from Brazil to Ascension, but might permit localization of the island once turtles arrive in its vicinity. By contrast, magnetic cues might lead turtles into the vicinity of the island, but would not typically permit its localization because the field shifts gradually over time. Simulations reveal, however, that the sequential use of magnetic and chemical cues can potentially provide a robust navigational strategy for locating Ascension Island. Specifically, one strategy that appears viable is following a magnetic isoline into the vicinity of Ascension Island until an odor plume emanating from the island is encountered, after which turtles might either: (1) initiate a search strategy; or (2) follow the plume to its island source. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sea turtles, and perhaps other marine animals, use a multi-modal navigational strategy for locating remote islands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan F. Putman
- Biology Department, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David A. Ernst
- Biology Department, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica A. Kurth
- Biology Department, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
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Wilmé L, Waeber PO, Ganzhorn JU. Marine turtles used to assist Austronesian sailors reaching new islands. C R Biol 2016; 339:78-82. [PMID: 26857090 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Austronesians colonized the islands of Rapa Nui, Hawaii, the Marquesas and Madagascar. All of these islands have been found to harbor Austronesian artifacts and also, all of them are known nesting sites for marine turtles. Turtles are well known for their transoceanic migrations, sometimes totalling thousands of miles, between feeding and nesting grounds. All marine turtles require land for nesting. Ancient Austronesians are known to have had outstanding navigation skills, which they used to adjust course directions. But these skills will have been insufficient to locate tiny, remote islands in the vast Indo-Pacific oceans. We postulate that the Austronesians must have had an understanding of the marine turtles' migration patterns and used this knowledge to locate remote and unknown islands. The depth and speed at which marine turtles migrate makes following them by outrigger canoes feasible. Humans have long capitalized on knowledge of animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Wilmé
- University of Antananarivo, School of Agronomy, Water and Forest Department, BP 175, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Research & Conservation Program, BP 3391, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
| | - Patrick O Waeber
- Forest Management and Development, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Joerg U Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, Hamburg University, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Briscoe DK, Parker DM, Bograd S, Hazen E, Scales K, Balazs GH, Kurita M, Saito T, Okamoto H, Rice M, Polovina JJ, Crowder LB. Multi-year tracking reveals extensive pelagic phase of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in the North Pacific. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27729983 PMCID: PMC5048666 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-016-0087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The juvenile stage of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) can last for decades. In the North Pacific Ocean, much is known about their seasonal movements in relation to pelagic habitat, yet understanding their multi-year, basin-scale movements has proven more difficult. Here, we categorize the large-scale movements of 231 turtles satellite tracked from 1997 to 2013 and explore the influence of biological and environmental drivers on basin-scale movement. RESULTS Results show high residency of juvenile loggerheads within the Central North Pacific and a moderate influence of the Earth's magnetic field, but no real-time environmental driver to explain migratory behavior. CONCLUSIONS We suggest the Central North Pacific acts as important developmental foraging grounds for young juvenile loggerhead sea turtles, rather than just a migratory corridor. We propose several hypotheses that may influence the connectivity between western and eastern juvenile loggerhead foraging grounds in the North Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Briscoe
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA USA
| | - D. M. Parker
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR USA
| | - S. Bograd
- Environmental Research Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA USA
| | - E. Hazen
- Environmental Research Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA USA
| | - K. Scales
- Environmental Research Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA USA
| | - G. H. Balazs
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - M. Kurita
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Minato-ku, Nagoya, 455-0033 Japan
| | - T. Saito
- Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Usa Tosa, Kochi, 781-1164 Japan
| | - H. Okamoto
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Minato-ku, Nagoya, 455-0033 Japan
| | - M. Rice
- Hawaii Preparatory Academy, 65-1692 Kohala Mt. Rd. Kamuela, Hawaii, 96743 USA
| | - J. J. Polovina
- National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - L. B. Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA USA
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Monterey, CA USA
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Fuxjager MJ, Davidoff KR, Mangiamele LA, Lohmann KJ. The geomagnetic environment in which sea turtle eggs incubate affects subsequent magnetic navigation behaviour of hatchlings. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141218. [PMID: 25100699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings (Caretta caretta) use regional magnetic fields as open-ocean navigational markers during trans-oceanic migrations. Little is known, however, about the ontogeny of this behaviour. As a first step towards investigating whether the magnetic environment in which hatchlings develop affects subsequent magnetic orientation behaviour, eggs deposited by nesting female loggerheads were permitted to develop in situ either in the natural ambient magnetic field or in a magnetic field distorted by magnets placed around the nest. In orientation experiments, hatchlings that developed in the normal ambient field oriented approximately south when exposed to a field that exists near the northern coast of Portugal, a direction consistent with their migratory route in the northeastern Atlantic. By contrast, hatchlings that developed in a distorted magnetic field had orientation indistinguishable from random when tested in the same north Portugal field. No differences existed between the two groups in orientation assays involving responses to orbital movements of waves or sea-finding, neither of which involves magnetic field perception. These findings, to our knowledge, demonstrate for the first time that the magnetic environment present during early development can influence the magnetic orientation behaviour of a neonatal migratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fuxjager
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kyla R Davidoff
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa A Mangiamele
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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