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Blake TCA, Fox HM, Urbančič V, Ravishankar R, Wolowczyk A, Allgeyer ES, Mason J, Danuser G, Gallop JL. Filopodial protrusion driven by density-dependent Ena-TOCA-1 interactions. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261057. [PMID: 38323924 PMCID: PMC11006392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are narrow actin-rich protrusions with important roles in neuronal development where membrane-binding adaptor proteins, such as I-BAR- and F-BAR-domain-containing proteins, have emerged as upstream regulators that link membrane interactions to actin regulators such as formins and proteins of the Ena/VASP family. Both the adaptors and their binding partners are part of diverse and redundant protein networks that can functionally compensate for each other. To explore the significance of the F-BAR domain-containing neuronal membrane adaptor TOCA-1 (also known as FNBP1L) in filopodia we performed a quantitative analysis of TOCA-1 and filopodial dynamics in Xenopus retinal ganglion cells, where Ena/VASP proteins have a native role in filopodial extension. Increasing the density of TOCA-1 enhances Ena/VASP protein binding in vitro, and an accumulation of TOCA-1, as well as its coincidence with Ena, correlates with filopodial protrusion in vivo. Two-colour single-molecule localisation microscopy of TOCA-1 and Ena supports their nanoscale association. TOCA-1 clusters promote filopodial protrusion and this depends on a functional TOCA-1 SH3 domain and activation of Cdc42, which we perturbed using the small-molecule inhibitor CASIN. We propose that TOCA-1 clusters act independently of membrane curvature to recruit and promote Ena activity for filopodial protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. A. Blake
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Helen M. Fox
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Vasja Urbančič
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Roshan Ravishankar
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam Wolowczyk
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Edward S. Allgeyer
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Julia Mason
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Gallop
- Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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2
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Radler MR, Liu X, Peng M, Doyle B, Toyo-Oka K, Spiliotis ET. Pyramidal neuron morphogenesis requires a septin network that stabilizes filopodia and suppresses lamellipodia during neurite initiation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:434-448.e8. [PMID: 36538929 PMCID: PMC9905282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons are a major cell type of the forebrain, consisting of a pyramidally shaped soma with axonal and apicobasal dendritic processes. It is poorly understood how the neuronal soma develops its pyramidal morphology, while generating neurites of the proper shape and orientation. Here, we discovered that the spherical somata of immature neurite-less neurons possess a circumferential wreath-like network of septin filaments, which promotes neuritogenesis by balancing the protrusive activity of lamellipodia and filopodia. In embryonic rat hippocampal and mouse cortical neurons, the septin wreath network consists of curvilinear filaments that contain septins 5, 7, and 11 (Sept5/7/11). The Sept5/7/11 wreath network demarcates a zone of myosin II enrichment and Arp2/3 diminution at the base of filopodial actin bundles. In Sept7-depleted neurons, cell bodies are enlarged with hyperextended lamellae and abnormally shaped neurites that originate from lamellipodia. This phenotype is accompanied by diminished myosin II and filopodia lifetimes and increased Arp2/3 and lamellipodial activity. Inhibition of Arp2/3 rescues soma and neurite phenotypes, indicating that the septin wreath network suppresses the extension of lamellipodia, facilitating the formation of neurites from the filopodia of a consolidated soma. We show that this septin function is critical for developing a pyramidally shaped soma with properly distributed and oriented dendrites in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and in vivo in mouse perinatal cortical neurons. Therefore, the somatic septin cytoskeleton provides a key morphogenetic mechanism for neuritogenesis and the development of pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Megan Peng
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brenna Doyle
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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3
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Mallik B, Bhat S, Kumar V. Role of Bin‐Amphiphysin‐Rvs (BAR) domain proteins in mediating neuronal signaling and disease. Synapse 2022; 76:e22248. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagaban Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
| | - Sajad Bhat
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
| | - Vimlesh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Indore Bypass Road Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462 066 India
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4
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De Belly H, Paluch EK, Chalut KJ. Interplay between mechanics and signalling in regulating cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:465-480. [PMID: 35365816 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune responses. Here, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and functions of two main routes of mechanical signalling: outside-in mechanical signalling, such as mechanosensing of substrate properties or shear stresses; and mechanical signalling regulated by the physical properties of the cell surface itself. We discuss examples of how these two classes of mechanical signalling regulate stem cell function, as well as developmental processes in vivo. We also discuss how cell surface mechanics affects intracellular signalling and, in turn, how intracellular signalling controls cell surface mechanics, generating feedback into the regulation of mechanosensing. The cooperation between mechanosensing, intracellular signalling and cell surface mechanics has a profound impact on biological processes. We discuss here our understanding of how these three elements interact to regulate stem cell fate and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry De Belly
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Yuge S, Nishiyama K, Arima Y, Hanada Y, Oguri-Nakamura E, Hanada S, Ishii T, Wakayama Y, Hasegawa U, Tsujita K, Yokokawa R, Miura T, Itoh T, Tsujita K, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S. Mechanical loading of intraluminal pressure mediates wound angiogenesis by regulating the TOCA family of F-BAR proteins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2594. [PMID: 35551172 PMCID: PMC9098626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regulated in coordinated fashion by chemical and mechanical cues acting on endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanobiological mechanisms of angiogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we demonstrate a crucial role of blood flow-driven intraluminal pressure (IP) in regulating wound angiogenesis. During wound angiogenesis, blood flow-driven IP loading inhibits elongation of injured blood vessels located at sites upstream from blood flow, while downstream injured vessels actively elongate. In downstream injured vessels, F-BAR proteins, TOCA1 and CIP4, localize at leading edge of ECs to promote N-WASP-dependent Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization and front-rear polarization for vessel elongation. In contrast, IP loading expands upstream injured vessels and stretches ECs, preventing leading edge localization of TOCA1 and CIP4 to inhibit directed EC migration and vessel elongation. These data indicate that the TOCA family of F-BAR proteins are key actin regulatory proteins required for directed EC migration and sense mechanical cell stretching to regulate wound angiogenesis. Chemical and mechanical cues coordinately regulate angiogenesis. Here, the authors show that blood flow-driven intraluminal pressure regulates wound angiogenesis. Findings indicate that TOCA family of F-BAR proteins act as actin regulators required for endothelial cell migration and sense mechanical cell stretching to regulate wound angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yuge
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Laboratory of Vascular and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 889-1962, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hanada
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya City, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Eri Oguri-Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Hanada
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Wakayama
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Urara Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kazuya Tsujita
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiki Itoh
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Division of Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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6
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CIP4 targeted to recruit GTP-Cdc42 involving in invadopodia formation via NF-κB signaling pathway promotes invasion and metastasis of CRC. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:873-886. [PMID: 35317515 PMCID: PMC8924540 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4), a member of the F-BAR family, which plays an important role in regulating cell membrane and actin, has been reported to interact with Cdc42 and be closely associated with tumor invadopodia formation. In this study, we found that CIP4 expression was significantly higher in human CRC tissues and correlated with the CRC infiltrating depth and metastasis, as well as the lower survival rate in patients. In cultured CRC cells, knockdown of CIP4 inhibited cell migration and invasion ability in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo, while the overexpression of CIP4 promoted invadopodia formation and matrix degradation ability. We then identified GTP-Cdc42 as a directly interactive protein of CIP4, which was upregulated and recruited by CIP4. Furthermore, activated NF-κB signaling pathway was found in CIP4 overexpression of CRC cells contributing to invadopodia formation, while the inhibition of either CIP4 or Cdc42 led to the suppression of the NF-κB pathway and resulted in a decreased quantity of invadopodia. Our findings suggested that CIP4 targets to recruit GTP-Cdc42 and directly combines with it to accelerate invadopodia formation and function by activating NF-κB signaling pathway, thus promoting CRC infiltration and metastasis.
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7
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Low expression of CIP4 in predicting worse overall survival: A potential biomarker for laryngeal cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253545. [PMID: 34570775 PMCID: PMC8475988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports indicate that Cdc42-interacting protein-4 (CIP4) has previously been reported to plays an important role in the progression of various cancers. However, its correlation with laryngeal cancer (LC) remains unreported. Data from TCGA and GEO databases were used to evaluate the role of CIP4 in LC. Based on GEO and TCGA datasets, we analyzed the differences in CIP4 expression between normal and tumor samples. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze the relationship between clinical features and CIP4. Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to identify the clinical characteristics associated with the overall survival. Also, the GEPIA database was used to confirm the relationship between CIP4 and overall survival. Lastly, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed based on the TCGA dataset. CIP4 expression in LC was significantly associated with gender and tumor stage (p-values<0.05). Similar to GEPIA validation, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that LC with CIP4-low exhibited a worse prognosis than that with CIP4-high. Univariate analysis revealed that CIP4-high significantly correlated with better overall survival (HR: 0.522, 95% CI: 0.293–0.830, P = 0.026). Besides, multivariate analysis revealed that CIP4 remained independently associated with the overall survival (HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.326–0.912, P = 0.012). GSEA showed that the p53, WNT signaling, TGF-β signaling pathways, etc. were enriched in a phenotype high CIP4 expression. In summary, the CIP4 gene is a potential prognostic molecular marker for patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer. Moreover, the p53, WNT signaling, and TGF-β signaling pathways are potentially associated with CIP4 in LC.
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8
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The roles of Cdc42 and Rac1 in the formation of plasma membrane protrusions in cancer epithelial HeLa cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4285-4294. [PMID: 34110575 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The inducible model of clones generated from the cervical cancer epithelial HeLa cell line has shown the role of DOCK10 as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 and as an inducer of filopodia and plasma membrane (PM) ruffles. In this model, constitutively active (CA) mutants of Cdc42 and Rac1 promote filopodia and ruffles, respectively, as in other models. DOCK9 also induces filopodia and ruffles, although ruffling activity is less prominent. By exploiting this model further, the aim of this work is to provide a more complete understanding of the role of Cdc42 and Rac1, and their interactions with DOCK10 and DOCK9, in regulation of PM protrusions. New clones have been generated from HeLa, including single clones expressing one form of wild-type (WT) or dominant negative (DN) Cdc42 or Rac1, and double clones co-expressing one of them together with either DOCK10 or DOCK9. Expression of WT- and DN-Cdc42 induced filopodia. WT-Cdc42 and, especially, DN-Cdc42 also gave rise to veil protrusions, which were neutralized by DOCK10. Moreover, DN-Cdc42 stimulated the emergence of ruffles, further increased by DOCK10, and WT-Cdc42 also augmented ruffles in presence of DOCK9 and DOCK10. WT-Rac1 greatly increased PM blebbing, as did DN-Rac1 more moderately. In both cases, blebs were enhanced by DOCK10. DN-Rac1 and CA-Rac1 moderately raised filopodia, and DOCK10 and DOCK9 had opposed effects on filopodia (up and down, respectively) in presence of WT-Rac1. As conclusions, we highlight that Cdc42 promotes filopodia regardless of its conformational state, and Rac1 induces blebs in conformations other than CA, especially WT-Rac1, in the inducible HeLa clones. The model could be useful to learn more about the mechanisms underlying PM protrusions.
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9
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Slosarek EL, Schuh AL, Pustova I, Johnson A, Bird J, Johnson M, Frankel EB, Bhattacharya N, Hanna MG, Burke JE, Ruhl DA, Quinney K, Block S, Peotter JL, Chapman ER, Sheets MD, Butcher SE, Stagg SM, Audhya A. Pathogenic TFG Mutations Underlying Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Impair Secretory Protein Trafficking and Axon Fasciculation. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2248-2260. [PMID: 30157421 PMCID: PMC6152936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Length-dependent axonopathy of the corticospinal tract causes lower limb spasticity and is characteristic of several neurological disorders, including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mutations in Trk-fused gene (TFG) have been implicated in both diseases, but the pathomechanisms by which these alterations cause neuropathy remain unclear. Here, we biochemically and genetically define the impact of a mutation within the TFG coiled-coil domain, which underlies earlyonset forms of HSP. We find that the TFG (p.R106C) mutation alters compaction of TFG ring complexes, which play a critical role in the export of cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using CRISPR-mediated genome editing, we engineered human stem cells that express the mutant form of TFG at endogenous levels and identified specific defects in secretion from the ER and axon fasciculation following neuronal differentiation. Together, our data highlight a key role for TFG-mediated protein transport in the pathogenesis of HSP. Slosarek et al. demonstrate that pathological mutations in TFG, which underlie various forms of neurodegenerative disease, impair secretory protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and compromise the ability of axons to self-associate. These findings highlight a critical function for the early secretory pathway in neuronal maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Slosarek
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amber L Schuh
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Iryna Pustova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adam Johnson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Bird
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - E B Frankel
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nilakshee Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jordan E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A Ruhl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle Quinney
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel Block
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer L Peotter
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael D Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel E Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Scott M Stagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Anjon Audhya
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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10
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Hanawa-Suetsugu K, Itoh Y, Ab Fatah M, Nishimura T, Takemura K, Takeshita K, Kubota S, Miyazaki N, Wan Mohamad Noor WNI, Inaba T, Nguyen NTH, Hamada-Nakahara S, Oono-Yakura K, Tachikawa M, Iwasaki K, Kohda D, Yamamoto M, Kitao A, Shimada A, Suetsugu S. Phagocytosis is mediated by two-dimensional assemblies of the F-BAR protein GAS7. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4763. [PMID: 31628328 PMCID: PMC6802115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process for internalization of micron-sized large particles including pathogens. The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs167 (BAR) domain proteins, including the FCH-BAR (F-BAR) domain proteins, impose specific morphologies on lipid membranes. Most BAR domain proteins are thought to form membrane invaginations or protrusions by assembling into helical submicron-diameter filaments, such as on clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, and filopodia. However, the mechanism by which BAR domain proteins assemble into micron-scale phagocytic cups was unclear. Here, we show that the two-dimensional sheet-like assembly of Growth Arrest-Specific 7 (GAS7) plays a critical role in phagocytic cup formation in macrophages. GAS7 has the F-BAR domain that possesses unique hydrophilic loops for two-dimensional sheet formation on flat membranes. Super-resolution microscopy reveals the similar assemblies of GAS7 on phagocytic cups and liposomes. The mutations of the loops abolishes both the membrane localization of GAS7 and phagocytosis. Thus, the sheet-like assembly of GAS7 plays a significant role in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hanawa-Suetsugu
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuzuru Itoh
- 0000 0001 2151 536Xgrid.26999.3dUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan ,0000 0004 1936 9377grid.10548.38Present Address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maisarah Ab Fatah
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Tamako Nishimura
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takemura
- 0000 0001 2179 2105grid.32197.3eSchool of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kubota
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- 0000 0004 0373 3971grid.136593.bInstitute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | | | - Takehiko Inaba
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Nhung Thi Hong Nguyen
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | | | - Kayoko Oono-Yakura
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Masashi Tachikawa
- 0000000094465255grid.7597.cTheoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kenji Iwasaki
- 0000 0004 0373 3971grid.136593.bInstitute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ,0000 0001 2369 4728grid.20515.33Present Address: Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohda
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148 Japan ,0000 0001 2242 4849grid.177174.3Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | | | - Akio Kitao
- 0000 0001 2179 2105grid.32197.3eSchool of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148 Japan ,0000 0001 2242 4849grid.177174.3Division of Structural Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- 0000 0000 9227 2257grid.260493.aNara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
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11
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Taylor KL, Taylor RJ, Richters KE, Huynh B, Carrington J, McDermott ME, Wilson RL, Dent EW. Opposing functions of F-BAR proteins in neuronal membrane protrusion, tubule formation, and neurite outgrowth. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201800288. [PMID: 31160379 PMCID: PMC6549137 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurite formation is a fundamental antecedent to axon and dendrite formation, but the mechanisms that underlie this important process are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that two F-BAR proteins, CIP4 and FBP17, have opposing functions in early cortical neuron development. The F-BAR family of proteins play important roles in many cellular processes by regulating both membrane and actin dynamics. The CIP4 family of F-BAR proteins is widely recognized to function in endocytosis by elongating endocytosing vesicles. However, in primary cortical neurons, CIP4 concentrates at the tips of extending lamellipodia and filopodia and inhibits neurite outgrowth. Here, we report that the highly homologous CIP4 family member, FBP17, induces tubular structures in primary cortical neurons and results in precocious neurite formation. Through domain swapping and deletion experiments, we demonstrate that a novel polybasic region between the F-BAR and HR1 domains is required for membrane bending. Moreover, the presence of a poly-PxxP region in longer splice isoforms of CIP4 and FBP17 largely reverses the localization and function of these proteins. Thus, CIP4 and FBP17 function as an antagonistic pair to fine-tune membrane protrusion, endocytosis, and neurite formation during early neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Taylor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Neuroscience Training Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Russell J Taylor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Neuroscience Training Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karl E Richters
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brandon Huynh
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin Carrington
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maeve E McDermott
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wilson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erik W Dent
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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MARCKS regulates neuritogenesis and interacts with a CDC42 signaling network. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13278. [PMID: 30185885 PMCID: PMC6125478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the process of neuronal differentiation, newly born neurons change from simple, spherical cells to complex, sprawling cells with many highly branched processes. One of the first stages in this process is neurite initiation, wherein cytoskeletal modifications facilitate membrane protrusion and extension from the cell body. Hundreds of actin modulators and microtubule-binding proteins are known to be involved in this process, but relatively little is known about how upstream regulators bring these complex networks together at discrete locations to produce neurites. Here, we show that Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) participates in this process. Marcks−/− cortical neurons extend fewer neurites and have less complex neurite arborization patterns. We use an in vitro proteomics screen to identify MARCKS interactors in developing neurites and characterize an interaction between MARCKS and a CDC42-centered network. While the presence of MARCKS does not affect whole brain levels of activated or total CDC42, we propose that MARCKS is uniquely positioned to regulate CDC42 localization and interactions within specialized cellular compartments, such as nascent neurites.
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13
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Chang JW, Kuo WH, Lin CM, Chen WL, Chan SH, Chiu MF, Chang IS, Jiang SS, Tsai FY, Chen CH, Huang PH, Chang KJ, Lin KT, Lin SC, Wang MY, Uen YH, Tu CW, Hou MF, Tsai SF, Shen CY, Tung SL, Wang LH. Wild-type p53 upregulates an early onset breast cancer-associated gene GAS7 to suppress metastasis via GAS7-CYFIP1-mediated signaling pathway. Oncogene 2018; 37:4137-4150. [PMID: 29706651 PMCID: PMC6062498 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The early onset breast cancer patients (age ≤ 40) often display higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis, and poorer five-year survival than the late-onset patients. To identify the genes and molecules associated with poor prognosis of early onset breast cancer, we examined gene expression profiles from paired breast normal/tumor tissues, and coupled with Gene Ontology and public data base analysis. Our data showed that the expression of GAS7b gene was lower in the early onset breast cancer patients as compared to the elder patients. We found that GAS7 was associated with CYFIP1 and WAVE2 complex to suppress breast cancer metastasis via blocking CYFIP1 and Rac1 protein interaction, actin polymerization, and β1-integrin/FAK/Src signaling. We further demonstrated that p53 directly regulated GAS7 gene expression, which was inversely correlated with p53 mutations in breast cancer specimens. Our study uncover a novel regulatory mechanism of p53 in early onset breast cancer progression through GAS7-CYFIP1-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jer-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Mei Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - King-Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ti Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Breast Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Lin Tung
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ton-Yen General Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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14
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Aspenström P. BAR Domain Proteins Regulate Rho GTPase Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:33-53. [PMID: 30151649 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain is a membrane lipid binding domain present in a wide variety of proteins, often proteins with a role in Rho-regulated signaling pathways. BAR domains do not only confer binding to lipid bilayers, they also possess a membrane sculpturing ability and thereby directly control the topology of biomembranes. BAR domain-containing proteins participate in a plethora of physiological processes but the common denominator is their capacity to link membrane dynamics to actin dynamics and thereby integrate processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell morphogenesis and cell migration. The Rho family of small GTPases constitutes an important bridging theme for many BAR domain-containing proteins. This review article will focus predominantly on the role of BAR proteins as regulators or effectors of Rho GTPases and it will only briefly discuss the structural and biophysical function of the BAR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Chang TY, Chen C, Lee M, Chang YC, Lu CH, Lu ST, Wang DY, Wang A, Guo CL, Cheng PL. Paxillin facilitates timely neurite initiation on soft-substrate environments by interacting with the endocytic machinery. eLife 2017; 6:31101. [PMID: 29271742 PMCID: PMC5768420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite initiation is the first step in neuronal development and occurs spontaneously in soft tissue environments. Although the mechanisms regulating the morphology of migratory cells on rigid substrates in cell culture are widely known, how soft environments modulate neurite initiation remains elusive. Using hydrogel cultures, pharmacologic inhibition, and genetic approaches, we reveal that paxillin-linked endocytosis and adhesion are components of a bistable switch controlling neurite initiation in a substrate modulus-dependent manner. On soft substrates, most paxillin binds to endocytic factors and facilitates vesicle invagination, elevating neuritogenic Rac1 activity and expression of genes encoding the endocytic machinery. By contrast, on rigid substrates, cells develop extensive adhesions, increase RhoA activity and sequester paxillin from the endocytic machinery, thereby delaying neurite initiation. Our results highlight paxillin as a core molecule in substrate modulus-controlled morphogenesis and define a mechanism whereby neuronal cells respond to environments exhibiting varying mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ya Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huan Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Tzu Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Yao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aijun Wang
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Chin-Lin Guo
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Growth cones interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) through integrin receptors at adhesion sites termed point contacts. Point contact adhesions link ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton through numerous adaptor and signaling proteins. One presumed function of growth cone point contacts is to restrain or "clutch" myosin-II-based filamentous actin (F-actin) retrograde flow (RF) to promote leading edge membrane protrusion. In motile non-neuronal cells, myosin-II binds and exerts force upon actin filaments at the leading edge, where clutching forces occur. However, in growth cones, it is unclear whether similar F-actin-clutching forces affect axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we show in Xenopus spinal neurons that RF is reduced in rapidly migrating growth cones on laminin (LN) compared with non-integrin-binding poly-d-lysine (PDL). Moreover, acute stimulation with LN accelerates axon outgrowth over a time course that correlates with point contact formation and reduced RF. These results suggest that RF is restricted by the assembly of point contacts, which we show occurs locally by two-channel imaging of RF and paxillin. Further, using micropatterns of PDL and LN, we demonstrate that individual growth cones have differential RF rates while interacting with two distinct substrata. Opposing effects on RF rates were also observed in growth cones treated with chemoattractive and chemorepulsive axon guidance cues that influence point contact adhesions. Finally, we show that RF is significantly attenuated in vivo, suggesting that it is restrained by molecular clutching forces within the spinal cord. Together, our results suggest that local clutching of RF can control axon guidance on ECM proteins downstream of axon guidance cues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we correlate point contact adhesions directly with clutching of filamentous actin retrograde flow (RF), which our findings strongly suggest guides developing axons. Acute assembly of new point contact adhesions is temporally and spatially linked to attenuation of RF at sites of forward membrane protrusion. Importantly, clutching of RF is modulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and soluble axon guidance cues, suggesting that it may regulate axon guidance in vivo. Consistent with this notion, we found that RF rates of spinal neuron growth cones were slower in vivo than what was observed in vitro. Together, our study provides the best evidence that growth cone-ECM adhesions clutch RF locally to guide axons in vivo.
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17
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Carr D, Sanchez-Alvarez L, Imai JH, Slatculescu C, Noblett N, Mao L, Beese L, Colavita A. A Farnesyltransferase Acts to Inhibit Ectopic Neurite Formation in C. elegans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157537. [PMID: 27300162 PMCID: PMC4907426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic pathways that regulate nascent neurite formation play a critical role in neuronal morphogenesis. The core planar cell polarity components VANG-1/Van Gogh and PRKL-1/Prickle are involved in blocking inappropriate neurite formation in a subset of motor neurons in C. elegans. A genetic screen for mutants that display supernumerary neurites was performed to identify additional factors involved in this process. This screen identified mutations in fntb-1, the β subunit of farnesyltransferase. We show that fntb-1 is expressed in neurons and acts cell-autonomously to regulate neurite formation. Prickle proteins are known to be post-translationally modified by farnesylation at their C-terminal CAAX motifs. We show that PRKL-1 can be recruited to the plasma membrane in both a CAAX-dependent and CAAX-independent manner but that PRKL-1 can only inhibit neurite formation in a CAAX-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carr
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leticia Sanchez-Alvarez
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice H. Imai
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristina Slatculescu
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Noblett
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lorena Beese
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonio Colavita
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
As cells grow, move, and divide, they must reorganize and rearrange their membranes and cytoskeleton. The F-BAR protein family links cellular membranes with actin cytoskeletal rearrangements in processes including endocytosis, cytokinesis, and cell motility. Here we review emerging information on mechanisms of F-BAR domain oligomerization and membrane binding, and how these activities are coordinated with additional domains to accomplish scaffolding and signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A McDonald
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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19
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Ba W, Selten MM, van der Raadt J, van Veen H, Li LL, Benevento M, Oudakker AR, Lasabuda RSE, Letteboer SJ, Roepman R, van Wezel RJA, Courtney MJ, van Bokhoven H, Nadif Kasri N. ARHGAP12 Functions as a Developmental Brake on Excitatory Synapse Function. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1355-1368. [PMID: 26854232 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that promote excitatory synapse development have been extensively studied. However, the molecular events preventing precocious excitatory synapse development so that synapses form at the correct time and place are less well understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of ARHGAP12, a previously uncharacterized Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) in the brain. ARHGAP12 is specifically expressed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, where it localizes to the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses. ARHGAP12 negatively controls spine size via its RhoGAP activity and promotes, by interacting with CIP4, postsynaptic AMPA receptor endocytosis. Arhgap12 knockdown results in precocious maturation of excitatory synapses, as indicated by a reduction in the proportion of silent synapses. Collectively, our data show that ARHGAP12 is a synaptic RhoGAP that regulates excitatory synaptic structure and function during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ba
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M M Selten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Raadt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H van Veen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 30508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L-L Li
- Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - M Benevento
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A R Oudakker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R S E Lasabuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S J Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R J A van Wezel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Biomedical Signal and Systems, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - M J Courtney
- Molecular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland; Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Abo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - H van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - N Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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20
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Cerqueira OLD, Truesdell P, Baldassarre T, Vilella-Arias SA, Watt K, Meens J, Chander H, Osório CAB, Soares FA, Reis EM, Craig AWB. CIP4 promotes metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer and is associated with poor patient prognosis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9397-408. [PMID: 25823823 PMCID: PMC4496225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src kinase pathways promote triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell invasion and tumor metastasis. Here, we address the role of Cdc42-interacting protein-4 (CIP4) in TNBC metastasis in vivo, and profile CIP4 expression in human breast cancer patients. In human TNBC cells, CIP4 knock-down (KD) led to less sustained activation of Erk kinase and impaired cell motility compared to control cells. This correlated with significant defects in 3D invasion of surrounding extracellular matrix by CIP4 KD TNBC cells when grown as spheroid colonies. In mammary orthotopic xenograft assays using both human TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231, HCC 1806) and rat MTLn3 cells, CIP4 silencing had no overt effect on tumor growth, but significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastases in each tumor model. In human invasive breast cancers, high CIP4 levels was significantly associated with high tumor stage, TNBC and HER2 subtypes, and risk of progression to metastatic disease. Together, these results implicate CIP4 in promoting metastasis in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto L D Cerqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Truesdell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Baldassarre
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Santiago A Vilella-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathleen Watt
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Harish Chander
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia A B Osório
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Soares
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, A.C. Camargo Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Oncogenômica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Oncogenômica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew W B Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, and Division of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, ON, Canada
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21
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Ukken FP, Bruckner JJ, Weir KL, Hope SJ, Sison SL, Birschbach RM, Hicks L, Taylor KL, Dent EW, Gonsalvez GB, O'Connor-Giles KM. BAR-SH3 sorting nexins are conserved interacting proteins of Nervous wreck that organize synapses and promote neurotransmission. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:166-77. [PMID: 26567222 PMCID: PMC4732300 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous wreck (Nwk) is a conserved F-BAR protein that attenuates synaptic growth and promotes synaptic function in Drosophila. In an effort to understand how Nwk carries out its dual roles, we isolated interacting proteins using mass spectrometry. We report a conserved interaction between Nwk proteins and BAR-SH3 sorting nexins, a family of membrane-binding proteins implicated in diverse intracellular trafficking processes. In mammalian cells, BAR-SH3 sorting nexins induce plasma membrane tubules that localize NWK2, consistent with a possible functional interaction during the early stages of endocytic trafficking. To study the role of BAR-SH3 sorting nexins in vivo, we took advantage of the lack of genetic redundancy in Drosophila and employed CRISPR-based genome engineering to generate null and endogenously tagged alleles of SH3PX1. SH3PX1 localizes to neuromuscular junctions where it regulates synaptic ultrastructure, but not synapse number. Consistently, neurotransmitter release was significantly diminished in SH3PX1 mutants. Double-mutant and tissue-specific-rescue experiments indicate that SH3PX1 promotes neurotransmitter release presynaptically, at least in part through functional interactions with Nwk, and might act to distinguish the roles of Nwk in regulating synaptic growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Ukken
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joseph J Bruckner
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kurt L Weir
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah J Hope
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samantha L Sison
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan M Birschbach
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lawrence Hicks
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kendra L Taylor
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erik W Dent
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Graydon B Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kate M O'Connor-Giles
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Hicks L, Liu G, Ukken FP, Lu S, Bollinger KE, O'Connor-Giles K, Gonsalvez GB. Depletion or over-expression of Sh3px1 results in dramatic changes in cell morphology. Biol Open 2015; 4:1448-61. [PMID: 26459243 PMCID: PMC4728355 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Sorting Nexin 9 (Snx9) family consists of three paralogs: Snx9, Snx18 and Snx33. Most of the published literature to date has centered on the role of Snx9 in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Snx9 contains an Sh3 domain at its N-terminus and has been shown to interact with Dynamin and actin nucleation factors via this domain. In addition to the Sh3 domain, Snx9 also contains a C-terminal BAR domain. BAR domains are known to sense and/or induce membrane curvature. In addition to endocytosis, recent studies have implicated the Snx9 family in diverse processes such as autophagy, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis and mitosis. The Snx9 family is encoded by a single gene in Drosophila called sh3px1. In this report, we present our initial characterization of sh3px1. We found that depletion of Sh3px1 from Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells resulted in defective lamellipodia formation. A similar phenotype has been reported upon depletion of Scar, the actin nucleation factor implicated in forming lamellipodia. In addition, we demonstrate that over-expression of Sh3px1 in S2 cells results in the formation of tubules as well as long protrusions. Formation of these structures required the C-terminal BAR domain as well as the adjacent Phox homology (PX) domain of Sh3px1. Furthermore, efficient protrusion formation by Sh3px1 required the actin nucleation factor Wasp. Tubules and protrusions were also generated upon over-expressing the mammalian orthologs Snx18 and Snx33 in S2 cells. By contrast, over-expressing Snx9 mostly induced long tubules. Summary: Proteins containing BAR domains are known to generate membrane curvature. Some BAR domains generate tubules upon over-expression in cells, whereas others generate membrane protrusions. We demonstrate that Sh3px1, the Drosophila ortholog of the Snx9 family, is capable of inducing both tubules and protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Hicks
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guojun Liu
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Fiona P Ukken
- Laboratory of Genetics, and Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sumin Lu
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kate O'Connor-Giles
- Laboratory of Genetics, and Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Graydon B Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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23
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Tonucci FM, Hidalgo F, Ferretti A, Almada E, Favre C, Goldenring JR, Kaverina I, Kierbel A, Larocca MC. Centrosomal AKAP350 and CIP4 act in concert to define the polarized localization of the centrosome and Golgi in migratory cells. J Cell Sci 2015. [PMID: 26208639 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a migratory phenotype is central in processes as diverse as embryo differentiation and tumor metastasis. An early event in this phenomenon is the generation of a nucleus-centrosome-Golgi back-to-front axis. AKAP350 (also known as AKAP9) is a Golgi and centrosome scaffold protein that is involved in microtubule nucleation. AKAP350 interacts with CIP4 (also known as TRIP10), a cdc42 effector that regulates actin dynamics. The present study aimed to characterize the participation of centrosomal AKAP350 in the acquisition of migratory polarity, and the involvement of CIP4 in the pathway. The decrease in total or in centrosomal AKAP350 led to decreased formation of the nucleus-centrosome-Golgi axis and defective cell migration. CIP4 localized at the centrosome, which was enhanced in migratory cells, but inhibited in cells with decreased centrosomal AKAP350. A decrease in the CIP4 expression or inhibition of the CIP4-AKAP350 interaction also led to defective cell polarization. Centrosome positioning, but not nuclear movement, was affected by loss of CIP4 or AKAP350 function. Our results support a model in which AKAP350 recruits CIP4 to the centrosome, providing a centrosomal scaffold to integrate microtubule and actin dynamics, thus enabling centrosome polarization and ensuring cell migration directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo M Tonucci
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Florencia Hidalgo
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Anabela Ferretti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Almada
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Cristián Favre
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arlinet Kierbel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Cecilia Larocca
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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24
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Abstract
BAR proteins comprise a heterogeneous group of multi-domain proteins with diverse biological functions. The common denominator is the Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain that not only confers targeting to lipid bilayers, but also provides scaffolding to mold lipid membranes into concave or convex surfaces. This function of BAR proteins is an important determinant in the dynamic reconstruction of membrane vesicles, as well as of the plasma membrane. Several BAR proteins function as linkers between cytoskeletal regulation and membrane dynamics. These links are provided by direct interactions between BAR proteins and actin-nucleation-promoting factors of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family and the Diaphanous-related formins. The Rho GTPases are key factors for orchestration of this intricate interplay. This review describes how BAR proteins regulate the activity of Rho GTPases, as well as how Rho GTPases regulate the function of BAR proteins. This mutual collaboration is a central factor in the regulation of vital cellular processes, such as cell migration, cytokinesis, intracellular transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- a Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet ; Stockholm , Sweden
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25
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Liu S, Xiong X, Zhao X, Yang X, Wang H. F-BAR family proteins, emerging regulators for cell membrane dynamic changes-from structure to human diseases. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:47. [PMID: 25956236 PMCID: PMC4437251 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell membrane dynamics change in curvature during physiological and pathological processes. In the past ten years, a novel protein family, Fes/CIP4 homology-Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (F-BAR) domain proteins, has been identified to be the most important coordinators in membrane curvature regulation. The F-BAR domain family is a member of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain superfamily that is associated with dynamic changes in cell membrane. However, the molecular basis in membrane structure regulation and the biological functions of F-BAR protein are unclear. The pathophysiological role of F-BAR protein is unknown. This review summarizes the current understanding of structure and function in the BAR domain superfamily, classifies F-BAR family proteins into nine subfamilies based on domain structure, and characterizes F-BAR protein structure, domain interaction, and functional relevance. In general, F-BAR protein binds to cell membrane via F-BAR domain association with membrane phospholipids and initiates membrane curvature and scission via Src homology-3 (SH3) domain interaction with its partner proteins. This process causes membrane dynamic changes and leads to seven important cellular biological functions, which include endocytosis, phagocytosis, filopodium, lamellipodium, cytokinesis, adhesion, and podosome formation, via distinct signaling pathways determined by specific domain-binding partners. These cellular functions play important roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. We further summarize F-BAR protein expression and mutation changes observed in various diseases and developmental disorders. Considering the structure feature and functional implication of F-BAR proteins, we anticipate that F-BAR proteins modulate physiological and pathophysiological processes via transferring extracellular materials, regulating cell trafficking and mobility, presenting antigens, mediating extracellular matrix degradation, and transmitting signaling for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Xinyu Xiong
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Xianxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Neurons begin their life as simple spheres, but can ultimately assume an elaborate morphology with numerous, highly arborized dendrites, and long axons. This is achieved via an astounding developmental progression which is dependent upon regulated assembly and dynamics of the cellular cytoskeleton. As neurites emerge out of the soma, neurons break their spherical symmetry and begin to acquire the morphological features that define their structure and function. Neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to achieve changes in cell shape, velocity, and direction as they migrate, extend neurites, and polarize. Of particular importance, the organization and dynamics of actin and microtubules directs the migration and morphogenesis of neurons. This review focuses on the regulation of intrinsic properties of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons and how specific cytoskeletal structures and dynamics are associated with the earliest phase of neuronal morphogenesis—neuritogenesis.
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27
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Suetsugu S, Kurisu S, Takenawa T. Dynamic shaping of cellular membranes by phospholipids and membrane-deforming proteins. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1219-48. [PMID: 25287863 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All cellular compartments are separated from the external environment by a membrane, which consists of a lipid bilayer. Subcellular structures, including clathrin-coated pits, caveolae, filopodia, lamellipodia, podosomes, and other intracellular membrane systems, are molded into their specific submicron-scale shapes through various mechanisms. Cells construct their micro-structures on plasma membrane and execute vital functions for life, such as cell migration, cell division, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytoskeletal regulation. The plasma membrane, rich in anionic phospholipids, utilizes the electrostatic nature of the lipids, specifically the phosphoinositides, to form interactions with cytosolic proteins. These cytosolic proteins have three modes of interaction: 1) electrostatic interaction through unstructured polycationic regions, 2) through structured phosphoinositide-specific binding domains, and 3) through structured domains that bind the membrane without specificity for particular phospholipid. Among the structured domains, there are several that have membrane-deforming activity, which is essential for the formation of concave or convex membrane curvature. These domains include the amphipathic helix, which deforms the membrane by hemi-insertion of the helix with both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and/or the BAR domain superfamily, known to use their positively charged, curved structural surface to deform membranes. Below the membrane, actin filaments support the micro-structures through interactions with several BAR proteins as well as other scaffold proteins, resulting in outward and inward membrane micro-structure formation. Here, we describe the characteristics of phospholipids, and the mechanisms utilized by phosphoinositides to regulate cellular events. We then summarize the precise mechanisms underlying the construction of membrane micro-structures and their involvements in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; and Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shusaku Kurisu
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; and Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadaomi Takenawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; and Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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28
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The CDC42-Interacting Protein 4 Controls Epithelial Cell Cohesion and Tumor Dissemination. Dev Cell 2014; 30:553-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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CIP4 promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis and is associated with poor prognosis. Oncogene 2014; 34:3527-35. [PMID: 25174397 PMCID: PMC4978543 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is linked to tumor progression, metastasis, and poor survival rates. Here, we report the role of Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4) in the regulation of NSCLC cell invasiveness and tumor metastasis. CIP4 was highly expressed in a panel of NSCLC cell lines and normal lung epithelial cell lines. Stable knock-down (KD) of CIP4 in lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells, expressing wild-type EGFR, led to increased EGFR levels on the cell surface, and defects in sustained activation of Erk kinase in H1299 cells treated with EGF. CIP4 localized to leading edge projections in NSCLC cells, and CIP4 KD cells displayed defects in EGF-induced cell motility and invasion through extracellular matrix. This correlated with reduced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in CIP4 KD cells compared to control. In xenograft assays, CIP4 silencing had no effect on tumor growth, but resulted in significant defects in spontaneous metastases to the lungs from these subcutaneous tumors. This correlated with reduced expression of the Erk target gene Zeb1, and the Zeb1 target gene MMP-2 in CIP4 KD tumors compared to control. CIP4 also enhanced rates of metastasis to the liver and lungs in an intrasplenic experimental metastasis model. In human NSCLC tumor sections, CIP4 expression was elevated ≥ 2-fold in 43% of adenocarcinomas and 32% of squamous carcinomas compared to adjacent normal lung tissues. Analysis of microarray data for NSCLC patients also revealed that high CIP4 transcript levels correlated with reduced overall survival. Together, these results identify CIP4 as a positive regulator of NSCLC metastasis, and a potential poor prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma.
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30
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Cytoskeletal and signaling mechanisms of neurite formation. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:267-78. [PMID: 25080065 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a neurite, the basis for axons and dendrites, begins with the concerted accumulation and organization of actin and microtubules. Whereas much is known about the proteins that play a role in these processes, because they perform similar functions in axon branching and filopodia formation, much remains to be discovered concerning the interaction of these individual cytoskeletal regulators during neurite formation. Here, we review the literature regarding various models of filopodial formation and the way in which proteins that control actin organization and polymerization induce neurite formation. Although several different regulators of actin polymerization are involved in neurite initiation, redundancy occurs between these regulators, as the effects of the loss of a single regulator can be mitigated by the addition of neurite-promoting substrates and proteins. Similar to actin dynamics, both microtubule stabilizing and destabilizing proteins play a role in neurite initiation. Furthermore, interactions between the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton are required for neurite formation. Several lines of evidence indicate that the interactions between these two components of the cytoskeleton are needed for force generation and for the localization of microtubules at sites of nascent neurites. The general theme that emerges is the existence of several central regulatory pathways on which extracellular cues converge to control and organize both actin and microtubules to induce the formation of neurites.
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31
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Sun X, Pinacho R, Saia G, Punko D, Meana JJ, Ramos B, Gill G. Transcription factor Sp4 regulates expression of nervous wreck 2 to control NMDAR1 levels and dendrite patterning. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:93-108. [PMID: 25045015 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic signaling through N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is important for neuronal development and plasticity and is often dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. Mice mutant for the transcription factor Sp4 have reduced levels of NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1) protein, but not mRNA, and exhibit behavioral and memory deficits (Zhou et al., [2010] Human Molecular Genetics 19: 3797-3805). In developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), Sp4 controls dendrite patterning (Ramos et al., [2007] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9882-9887). Sp4 target genes that regulate dendrite pruning or NR1 levels are not known. Here we report that Sp4 activates transcription of Nervous Wreck 2 (Nwk2; also known as Fchsd1) and, further, that Nwk2, an F-BAR domain-containing protein, mediates Sp4-dependent regulation of dendrite patterning and cell surface expression of NR1. Knockdown of Nwk2 in CGNs increased primary dendrite number, phenocopying Sp4 knockdown, and exogenous expression of Nwk2 in Sp4-depleted neurons rescued dendrite number. We observed that acute Sp4 depletion reduced levels of surface, but not total, NR1, and this was rescued by Nwk2 expression. Furthermore, expression of Nr1 suppressed the increase in dendrite number in Sp4- or Nwk2- depleted neurons. We previously reported that Sp4 protein levels were reduced in cerebellum of subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) (Pinacho et al., [2011] Bipolar Disorders 13: 474-485). Here we report that Nwk2 mRNA and NR1 protein levels were also reduced in postmortem cerebellum of BD subjects. Our data suggest a role for Sp4-regulated Nwk2 in NMDAR trafficking and identify a Sp4-Nwk2-NMDAR1 pathway that regulates neuronal morphogenesis during development and may be disrupted in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Sun
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111; Genetics Program, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111
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Prokop A, Beaven R, Qu Y, Sánchez-Soriano N. Using fly genetics to dissect the cytoskeletal machinery of neurons during axonal growth and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2331-41. [PMID: 23729743 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.126912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extension of long slender axons is a key process of neuronal circuit formation, both during brain development and regeneration. For this, growth cones at the tips of axons are guided towards their correct target cells by signals. Growth cone behaviour downstream of these signals is implemented by their actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. In the first part of this Commentary, we discuss the fundamental roles of the cytoskeleton during axon growth. We present the various classes of actin- and microtubule-binding proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton, and highlight the important gaps in our understanding of how these proteins functionally integrate into the complex machinery that implements growth cone behaviour. Deciphering such machinery requires multidisciplinary approaches, including genetics and the use of simple model organisms. In the second part of this Commentary, we discuss how the application of combinatorial genetics in the versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster has started to contribute to the understanding of actin and microtubule regulation during axon growth. Using the example of dystonin-linked neuron degeneration, we explain how knowledge acquired by studying axonal growth in flies can also deliver new understanding in other aspects of neuron biology, such as axon maintenance in higher animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokop
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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33
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Malet-Engra G, Viaud J, Ysebaert L, Farcé M, Lafouresse F, Laurent G, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Scita G, Dupré L. CIP4 controls CCL19-driven cell steering and chemotaxis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3412-24. [PMID: 23644527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumor dissemination relies on the reprogramming of molecular pathways controlling chemotaxis. Whether the motility of nonsolid tumors such as leukemia depends on the deregulated expression of molecules decoding chemotactic signals remains an open question. We identify here the membrane remodeling F-BAR adapter protein Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4) as a key regulator of chemotaxis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CIP4 is expressed at abnormally high levels in CLL cells, where it is required for CCL19-induced chemotaxis. Upon CCL19 stimulation of CLL cells, CIP4 associates with GTP-bound Cdc42 and is recruited to the rear of the lamellipodium and along microspikes radiating through the lamellipodium. Consistent with its cellular distribution, CIP4 removal impairs both the assembly of the polarized lamellipodium and directional migration along a diffusible CCL19 gradient. Furthermore, CIP4 depletion results in decreased activation of WASP, but increased activation of PAK1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Notably, p38 MAPK inhibition results in impaired lamellipodium assembly and loss of directional migration. This suggests that CIP4 modulates both the WASP and p38 MAPK pathways to promote lamellipodium assembly and chemotaxis. Overall, our study reveals a critical role of CIP4 in mediating chemotaxis of CLL cells by controlling the dynamics of microspike-containing protrusions and cell steering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Malet-Engra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
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34
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Saengsawang W, Taylor KL, Lumbard DC, Mitok K, Price A, Pietila L, Gomez TM, Dent EW. CIP4 coordinates with phospholipids and actin-associated proteins to localize to the protruding edge and produce actin ribs and veils. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2411-23. [PMID: 23572514 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.117473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42-interacting protein 4 (CIP4), a member of the F-BAR family of proteins, plays important roles in a variety of cellular events by regulating both membrane and actin dynamics. In many cell types, CIP4 functions in vesicle formation, endocytosis and membrane tubulation. However, recent data indicate that CIP4 is also involved in protrusion in some cell types, including cancer cells (lamellipodia and invadopodia) and neurons (ribbed lamellipodia and veils). In neurons, CIP4 localizes specifically to extending protrusions and functions to limit neurite outgrowth early in development. The mechanism by which CIP4 localizes to the protruding edge membrane and induces lamellipodial/veil protrusion and actin rib formation is not known. Here, we show that CIP4 localization to the protruding edge of neurons is dependent on both the phospholipid content of the plasma membrane and the underlying organization of actin filaments. Inhibiting phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) production decreases CIP4 at the membrane. CIP4 localization to the protruding edge is also dependent on Rac1/WAVE1, rather than Cdc42/N-WASP. Capping actin filaments with low concentrations of cytochalasin D or by overexpressing capping protein dramatically decreases CIP4 at the protruding edge, whereas inactivating Arp2/3 drives CIP4 to the protruding edge. We also demonstrate that CIP4 dynamically colocalizes with Ena/VASP and DAAM1, two proteins known to induce unbranched actin filament arrays and play important roles in neuronal development. Together, this is the first study to show that the localization of an F-BAR protein depends on both actin filament architecture and phospholipids at the protruding edge of developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuda Saengsawang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Neuroscience, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Inhibition of TFG function causes hereditary axon degeneration by impairing endoplasmic reticulum structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5091-6. [PMID: 23479643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217197110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of gait disorders. Their pathological hallmark is a length-dependent distal axonopathy of nerve fibers in the corticospinal tract. Involvement of other neurons can cause additional neurological symptoms, which define a diverse set of complex hereditary spastic paraplegias. We present two siblings who have the unusual combination of early-onset spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy, and neuropathy. Genome-wide SNP-typing, linkage analysis, and exome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.316C>T (p.R106C) variant in the Trk-fused gene (TFG) as the only plausible mutation. Biochemical characterization of the mutant protein demonstrated a defect in its ability to self-assemble into an oligomeric complex, which is critical for normal TFG function. In cell lines, TFG inhibition slows protein secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and alters ER morphology, disrupting organization of peripheral ER tubules and causing collapse of the ER network onto the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton. The present study provides a unique link between altered ER architecture and neurodegeneration.
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Gallo G. Mechanisms underlying the initiation and dynamics of neuronal filopodia: from neurite formation to synaptogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:95-156. [PMID: 23317818 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are finger-like cellular protrusions found throughout the metazoan kingdom and perform fundamental cellular functions during development and cell migration. Neurons exhibit a wide variety of extremely complex morphologies. In the nervous system, filopodia underlie many major morphogenetic events. Filopodia have roles spanning the initiation and guidance of neuronal processes, axons and dendrites to the formation of synaptic connections. This chapter addresses the mechanisms of the formation and dynamics of neuronal filopodia. Some of the major lessons learned from the study of neuronal filopodia are (1) there are multiple mechanisms that can regulate filopodia in a context-dependent manner, (2) that filopodia are specialized subcellular domains, (3) that filopodia exhibit dynamic membrane recycling which also controls aspects of filopodial dynamics, (4) that neuronal filopodia contain machinery for the orchestration of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and (5) localized protein synthesis contributes to neuronal filopodial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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A bovine herpesvirus 1 protein expressed in latently infected neurons (ORF2) promotes neurite sprouting in the presence of activated Notch1 or Notch3. J Virol 2012; 87:1183-92. [PMID: 23152506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02783-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection induces clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, inhibits immune responses, and can lead to life-threatening secondary bacterial infections. Following acute infection, BHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia, but stress can induce reactivation from latency. The latency-related (LR) RNA is the only viral transcript abundantly expressed in latently infected sensory neurons. An LR mutant virus with stop codons at the amino terminus of the first open reading frame (ORF) in the LR gene (ORF2) is not reactivated from latency, in part because it induces higher levels of apoptosis in infected neurons. ORF2 inhibits apoptosis in transiently transfected cells, suggesting that it plays a crucial role in the latency-reactivation cycle. ORF2 also interacts with Notch1 or Notch3 and inhibits its ability to trans activate certain viral promoters. Notch3 RNA and protein levels are increased during reactivation from latency, suggesting that Notch may promote reactivation. Activated Notch signaling interferes with neuronal differentiation, in part because neurite and axon generation is blocked. In this study, we demonstrated that ORF2 promotes neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing Notch1 or Notch3. ORF2 also interfered with Notch-mediated trans activation of the promoter that regulates the expression of Hairy Enhancer of Split 5, an inhibitor of neurite formation. Additional studies provided evidence that ORF2 promotes the degradation of Notch3, but not that of Notch1, in a proteasome-dependent manner. In summary, these studies suggest that ORF2 promotes a mature neuronal phenotype that enhances the survival of infected neurons and consequently increases the pool of latently infected neurons.
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