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Yang K, Feng Z, Pastor-Pareja JC. p24-Tango1 interactions ensure ER-Golgi interface stability and efficient transport. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202309045. [PMID: 38470362 PMCID: PMC10932740 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202309045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic p24 family, consisting of α-, β-, γ- and δ-p24 subfamilies, has long been known to be involved in regulating secretion. Despite increasing interest in these proteins, fundamental questions remain about their role. Here, we systematically investigated Drosophila p24 proteins. We discovered that members of all four p24 subfamilies are required for general secretion and that their localizations between ER exit site (ERES) and Golgi are interdependent in an α→βδ→γ sequence. We also found that localization of p24 proteins and ERES determinant Tango1 requires interaction through their respective GOLD and SH3 lumenal domains, with Tango1 loss sending p24 proteins to the plasma membrane and vice versa. Finally, we show that p24 loss expands the COPII zone at ERES and increases the number of ER-Golgi vesicles, supporting a restrictive role of p24 proteins on vesicle budding for efficient transport. Our results reveal Tango1-p24 interplay as central to the generation of a stable ER-Golgi interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José Carlos Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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2
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Roberts BS, Mitra D, Abishek S, Beher R, Satpute-Krishnan P. The p24-family and COPII subunit SEC24C facilitate the clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin Z from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar45. [PMID: 38294851 PMCID: PMC10916869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of the alpha-1-antitrypsin misfolding Z mutant (ATZ) is cleared from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via an ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathway. Here, we report that the COPII subunit SEC24C and the p24-family of proteins facilitate the clearance of ATZ via ERLAD. In addition to the previously reported ERLAD components calnexin and FAM134B, we discovered that ATZ coimmunoprecipitates with the p24-family members TMP21 and TMED9. This contrasts with wild type alpha1-antitrypsin, which did not coimmunoprecipitate with FAM134B, calnexin or the p24-family members. Live-cell imaging revealed that ATZ and the p24-family members traffic together from the ER to lysosomes. Using chemical inhibitors to block ER exit or autophagy, we demonstrated that p24-family members and ATZ co-accumulate at SEC24C marked ER-exit sites or in ER-derived compartments, respectively. Furthermore, depletion of SEC24C, TMP21, or TMED9 inhibited lysosomal trafficking of ATZ and resulted in the increase of intracellular ATZ levels. Conversely, overexpression of these p24-family members resulted in the reduction of ATZ levels. Intriguingly, the p24-family members coimmunoprecipitate with ATZ, FAM134B, and SEC24C. Thus, we propose a model in which the p24-family functions in an adaptor complex linking SEC24C with the ERLAD machinery for the clearance of ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debashree Mitra
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Sudhanshu Abishek
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Richa Beher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Li T, Yang F, Heng Y, Zhou S, Wang G, Wang J, Wang J, Chen X, Yao ZP, Wu Z, Guo Y. TMED10 mediates the trafficking of insulin-like growth factor 2 along the secretory pathway for myoblast differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215285120. [PMID: 37931110 PMCID: PMC10655563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215285120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) plays critical roles in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms mediating the trafficking of IGF2 along the secretory pathway remain unclear. Here, we utilized a Retention Using Selective Hook system to analyze molecular mechanisms that regulate the secretion of IGF2. We found that a type I transmembrane protein, TMED10, is essential for the secretion of IGF2 and for differentiation of mouse myoblast C2C12 cells. Further analyses indicate that the residues 112-140 in IGF2 are important for the secretion of IGF2 and these residues directly interact with the GOLD domain of TMED10. We then reconstituted the release of IGF2 into COPII vesicles. This assay suggests that TMED10 mediates the packaging of IGF2 into COPII vesicles to be efficiently delivered to the Golgi. Moreover, TMED10 also mediates ER export of TGN-localized cargo receptor, sortilin, which subsequently mediates TGN export of IGF2. These analyses indicate that TMED10 is critical for IGF2 secretion by directly regulating ER export and indirectly regulating TGN export of IGF2, providing insights into trafficking of IGF2 for myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youshan Heng
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shaopu Zhou
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianwei Chen
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Research Institute for Future Food, Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation) and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Thrust of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511453, China
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4
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Liang C, Zhang HY, Wang YQ, Yang LA, Du YS, Luo Y, Zhang TC, Xu Y. TMED2 Induces Cisplatin Resistance in Breast Cancer via Targeting the KEAP1-Nrf2 Pathway. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:1023-1032. [PMID: 37615927 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cisplatin is the first-line treatment for breast cancer, but it faces challenges of drug resistance. This study investigated new molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance in breast cancer. METHODS We analyzed sequencing data from the TCGA database to identify potential associations between transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 2 (TMED2) and breast cancer. Western blotting, real-time PCR, CCK-8, and TUNEL assays were used to measure the effects and molecular mechanism of TMED2 on cisplatin resistance in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. RESULTS TMED2 was overexpressed in breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis. TMED2 increased cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells in vitro via promoting ubiquitination of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), relieving inhibition of KEAP1 on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and increasing expression of downstream drug resistance related genes, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD (P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). CONCLUSION We identified a new molecular mechanism by which TMED2 affects cisplatin resistance in breast cancer. Our results provide theoretical guidance for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Han-Yong Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi-Qian Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling-Ang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Sen Du
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Bare Y, Matusek T, Vriz S, Deffieu MS, Thérond PP, Gaudin R. TMED10 mediates the loading of neosynthesised Sonic Hedgehog in COPII vesicles for efficient secretion and signalling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:266. [PMID: 37624561 PMCID: PMC11072717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) plays an important role in coordinating embryonic development. Short- and long-range SHH signalling occurs through a variety of membrane-associated and membrane-free forms. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the early events of the trafficking of neosynthesised SHH in mammalian cells are still poorly understood. Here, we employed the retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system to show that newly-synthesised SHH is trafficked through the classical biosynthetic secretory pathway, using TMED10 as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cargo receptor for efficient ER-to-Golgi transport and Rab6 vesicles for Golgi-to-cell surface trafficking. TMED10 and SHH colocalized at ER exit sites (ERES), and TMED10 depletion significantly delays SHH loading onto ERES and subsequent exit leading to significant SHH release defects. Finally, we utilised the Drosophila wing imaginal disc model to demonstrate that the homologue of TMED10, Baiser (Bai), participates in Hedgehog (Hh) secretion and signalling in vivo. In conclusion, our work highlights the role of TMED10 in cargo-specific egress from the ER and sheds light on novel important partners of neosynthesised SHH secretion with potential impact on embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Bare
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Tamás Matusek
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm 1091, Institut de Biologie de Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Sophie Vriz
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
- Faculty of Science, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maika S Deffieu
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal P Thérond
- Université Côte d'Azur, UMR7277 CNRS, Inserm 1091, Institut de Biologie de Valrose (iBV), Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM) CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
- Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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6
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Roberts BS, Satpute-Krishnan P. The many hats of transmembrane emp24 domain protein TMED9 in secretory pathway homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1096899. [PMID: 36733337 PMCID: PMC9888432 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1096899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretory pathway is an intracellular highway for the vesicular transport of newly synthesized proteins that spans the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, lysosomes and the cell surface. A variety of cargo receptors, chaperones, and quality control proteins maintain the smooth flow of cargo along this route. Among these is vesicular transport protein TMED9, which belongs to the p24/transmembrane emp24 domain (TMED) family of proteins, and is expressed across vertebrate species. The TMED family is comprised of structurally-related type I transmembrane proteins with a luminal N-terminal Golgi-dynamics domain, a luminal coiled-coil domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytosolic C-terminal tail that binds COPI and COPII coat proteins. TMED9, like other members of the TMED family, was first identified as an abundant constituent of the COPI and COPII coated vesicles that mediate traffic between the ER and the Golgi. TMED9 is typically purified in hetero-oligomers together with TMED family members, suggesting that it may function as part of a complex. Recently, TMED family members have been discovered to play various roles in secretory pathway homeostasis including secreted protein processing, quality control and degradation of misfolded proteins, and post-Golgi trafficking. In particular, TMED9 has been implicated in autophagy, lysosomal sorting, viral replication and cancer, which we will discuss in this Mini-Review.
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7
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Melero A, Boulanger J, Kukulski W, Miller EA. Ultrastructure of COPII vesicle formation in yeast characterized by correlative light and electron microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar122. [PMID: 36001360 PMCID: PMC9634970 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traffic of proteins out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is driven by the COPII coat, a layered protein scaffold that mediates the capture of cargo proteins and the remodeling of the ER membrane into spherical vesicular carriers. Although the components of this machinery have been genetically defined, and the mechanisms of coat assembly extensively explored in vitro, understanding the physical mechanisms of membrane remodeling in cells remains a challenge. Here we use correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) to visualize the nanoscale ultrastructure of membrane remodeling at ER exit sites (ERES) in yeast cells. Using various COPII mutants, we have determined the broad contribution that each layer of the coat makes to membrane remodeling. Our data suggest that inner coat components define the radius of curvature, whereas outer coat components facilitate membrane fission. The organization of the coat in conjunction with membrane biophysical properties determines the ultrastructure of vesicles and thus the efficiency of protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Melero
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- *Address correspondence to: Elizabeth A. Miller (); Alejandro Melero ()
| | - Jerome Boulanger
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Wanda Kukulski
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Miller
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- *Address correspondence to: Elizabeth A. Miller (); Alejandro Melero ()
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8
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Xie C, Shang Q, Mo C, Xiao Y, Wang G, Xie J, Jiang D, Xiao X. Early Secretory Pathway-Associated Proteins SsEmp24 and SsErv25 Are Involved in Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity in a Filamentous Phytopathogenic Fungus. mBio 2021; 12:e0317321. [PMID: 34933451 PMCID: PMC8689567 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03173-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper protein secretion is critical for fungal development and pathogenesis. However, the potential roles of proteins involved in the early secretory pathway are largely undescribed in filamentous fungi. p24 proteins are cargo receptors that cycle between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus in the early secretory pathway and recruit cargo proteins to nascent vesicles. This study characterized the function of two p24 family proteins (SsEmp24 and SsErv25) in a phytopathogenic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Both SsEmp24 and SsErv25 were upregulated during the early stages of S. sclerotiorum infection. ΔSsEmp24 mutant and ΔSsErv25 mutant displayed abnormal vegetative growth and sclerotium formation, were defective in infection cushion formation, and showed lower virulence on host plants. ΔSsEmp24 mutant had a more severe abnormal phenotype than ΔSsErv25 mutant, implying that SsEmp24 could play a central role in the early secretory pathway. Similar to their Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterparts, SsEmp24 interacted with SsErv25 and predominantly colocalized in the ER or nuclear envelope. The absence of SsEmp24 or SsErv25 led to defective in protein secretion in S. sclerotiorum, including the pathogenicity-related extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and effectors. It is proposed that SsEmp24 and SsErv25, components in the early secretory pathway, are involved in modulating morphogenesis and pathogenicity in S. sclerotiorum by mediating protein secretion. IMPORTANCE Understanding the reproduction and pathogenesis mechanism of phytopathogens could provide new opinions to effectively control fungal diseases. Although it has been known that effectors and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes secreted by phytopathogenic fungi play important roles in fungus-host interactions, the secretion system for the delivery of virulence factors to the host is still largely undescribed. Although the role of the early secretory pathway-associated p24 proteins in S. cerevisiae has been well characterized, the function of these proteins in filamentous fungi was scarcely known prior to this study. The present research provides evidence that p24 proteins participate in the reproduction and pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi through the mediation of protein secretion. This research advances our understanding of p24 proteins in filamentous phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, the candidate cargos of the two p24 proteins, SsEmp24 and SsErv25, were screened out by comparative proteomics, which could aid the identification of novel development and virulence-associated factors in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qingna Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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9
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Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:115-140. [PMID: 34702991 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore protein homeostasis. However, the UPR also plays an important pathological role in many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer and neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant effort has been invested in targeting signalling proteins involved in the UPR and an array of drug-like molecules is now available. However, these molecules have limitations, the understanding of which is crucial for their development into therapies. Here, we critically review the existing ER stress and UPR-directed drug-like molecules, highlighting both their value and their limitations.
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10
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Chatterjee S, Choi AJ, Frankel G. A systematic review of Sec24 cargo interactome. Traffic 2021; 22:412-424. [PMID: 34533884 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking is an essential and highly conserved cellular process. The coat protein complex-II (COPII) arm of the trafficking machinery incorporates a wide array of cargo proteins into vesicles through direct or indirect interactions with Sec24, the principal subunit of the COPII coat. Approximately one-third of all mammalian proteins rely on the COPII-mediated secretory pathway for membrane insertion or secretion. There are four mammalian Sec24 paralogs and three yeast Sec24 paralogs with emerging evidence of paralog-specific cargo interaction motifs. Furthermore, individual paralogs also differ in their affinity for a subset of sorting motifs present on cargo proteins. As with many aspects of protein trafficking, we lack a systematic and thorough understanding of the interaction of Sec24 with cargoes. This systematic review focuses on the current knowledge of cargo binding to both yeast and mammalian Sec24 paralogs and their ER export motifs. The analyses show that Sec24 paralog specificity of cargo (and cargo receptors) range from exclusive paralog dependence or preference to partial redundancy. We also discuss how the Sec24 secretion system is hijacked by viral (eg, VSV-G, Hepatitis B envelope protein) and bacterial (eg, the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system effector NleA/EspI) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Chatterjee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ana Jeemin Choi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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11
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miR-802 regulates Paneth cell function and enterocyte differentiation in the mouse small intestine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3339. [PMID: 34099655 PMCID: PMC8184787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a complex structure that integrates digestive, immunological, neuroendocrine, and regenerative functions. Epithelial homeostasis is maintained by a coordinated cross-talk of different epithelial cell types. Loss of integrity of the intestinal epithelium plays a key role in inflammatory diseases and gastrointestinal infection. Here we show that the intestine-enriched miR-802 is a central regulator of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, Paneth cell function, and enterocyte differentiation. Genetic ablation of mir-802 in the small intestine of mice leads to decreased glucose uptake, impaired enterocyte differentiation, increased Paneth cell function and intestinal epithelial proliferation. These effects are mediated in part through derepression of the miR-802 target Tmed9, a modulator of Wnt and lysozyme/defensin secretion in Paneth cells, and the downstream Wnt signaling components Fzd5 and Tcf4. Mutant Tmed9 mice harboring mutations in miR-802 binding sites partially recapitulate the augmented Paneth cell function of mice lacking miR-802. Our study demonstrates a broad miR-802 network that is important for the integration of signaling pathways of different cell types controlling epithelial homeostasis in the small intestine.
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12
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Nihei CI, Nakanishi M. Cargo selection in the early secretory pathway of African trypanosomes. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102379. [PMID: 34000424 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Membrane and secretory proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and then enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they undergo glycosylation and quality control for proper folding. Subsequently, proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus and then sorted to the plasma membrane or intracellular organelles. Transport vesicles are formed at ER-exit sites (ERES) on the ER with several coat protein complexes. Cargo proteins loaded into the vesicles are selected by specific interactions with cargo receptors and/or adaptors during vesicle formation. p24 family and intracellular lectin ERGIC-53-membrane proteins are the known cargo receptors acting in the early secretory pathway (ER-Golgi). Oligomerization of the cargo receptors have been suggested to play an important role in cargo selection and sorting via posttranslational modifications in fungi and metazoans. On the other hand, the mechanisms involved in the early secretory pathway in protozoa remain unclear. In this review, we focus on Trypanosoma brucei as a representative of protozoan and discuss differences and commonalities in the molecular mechanisms of its early secretory pathway compared with other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coh-Ichi Nihei
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation (BIKAKEN), 3-14-23, Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0023, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
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13
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Gomez-Navarro N, Melero A, Li XH, Boulanger J, Kukulski W, Miller EA. Cargo crowding contributes to sorting stringency in COPII vesicles. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151777. [PMID: 32406500 PMCID: PMC7300426 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate maintenance of organelle identity in the secretory pathway relies on retention and retrieval of resident proteins. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory proteins are packaged into COPII vesicles that largely exclude ER residents and misfolded proteins by mechanisms that remain unresolved. Here we combined biochemistry and genetics with correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) to explore how selectivity is achieved. Our data suggest that vesicle occupancy contributes to ER retention: in the absence of abundant cargo, nonspecific bulk flow increases. We demonstrate that ER leakage is influenced by vesicle size and cargo occupancy: overexpressing an inert cargo protein or reducing vesicle size restores sorting stringency. We propose that cargo recruitment into vesicles creates a crowded lumen that drives selectivity. Retention of ER residents thus derives in part from the biophysical process of cargo enrichment into a constrained spherical membrane-bound carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Melero
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wanda Kukulski
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Dvela-Levitt M, Shaw JL, Greka A. A Rare Kidney Disease To Cure Them All? Towards Mechanism-Based Therapies for Proteinopathies. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:394-409. [PMID: 33341352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases (ADTKDs) are a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to kidney failure. Mutations in the MUC1 gene cause ADTKD-MUC1 (MUC1 kidney disease, MKD), a disorder with no available therapies. Recent studies have identified the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive MKD disease pathogenesis. Armed with patient-derived cell lines and pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived kidney organoids, it was found that MKD is a toxic proteinopathy caused by the intracellular accumulation of misfolded MUC1 protein in the early secretory pathway. We discuss the advantages of studying rare monogenic kidney diseases, describe effective patient-derived model systems, and highlight recent mechanistic insights into protein quality control that have implications for additional proteinopathies beyond rare kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Dvela-Levitt
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jillian L Shaw
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Stancheva VG, Li XH, Hutchings J, Gomez-Navarro N, Santhanam B, Babu MM, Zanetti G, Miller EA. Combinatorial multivalent interactions drive cooperative assembly of the COPII coat. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202007135. [PMID: 32997735 PMCID: PMC7594496 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion is initiated at the endoplasmic reticulum by the COPII coat, which self-assembles to form vesicles. Here, we examine the mechanisms by which a cargo-bound inner coat layer recruits and is organized by an outer scaffolding layer to drive local assembly of a stable structure rigid enough to enforce membrane curvature. An intrinsically disordered region in the outer coat protein, Sec31, drives binding with an inner coat layer via multiple distinct interfaces, including a newly defined charge-based interaction. These interfaces combinatorially reinforce each other, suggesting coat oligomerization is driven by the cumulative effects of multivalent interactions. The Sec31 disordered region could be replaced by evolutionarily distant sequences, suggesting plasticity in the binding interfaces. Such a multimodal assembly platform provides an explanation for how cells build a powerful yet transient scaffold to direct vesicle traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua Hutchings
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Zanetti
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
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16
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Gomez-Navarro N, Boulanger J, Miller EA. The Ubp3/Bre5 deubiquitylation complex modulates COPII vesicle formation. Traffic 2020; 21:702-711. [PMID: 32975860 PMCID: PMC7711842 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate delivery of secretory proteins to the correct subcellular destination is an essential cellular process. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory proteins are captured into COPII vesicles that generally exclude ER resident proteins and misfolded proteins. We previously characterized a collection of yeast mutants that fail to enforce this sorting stringency and improperly secrete the ER chaperone, Kar2 (Copic et al., Genetics 2009). Here, we used the emp24Δ mutant strain that secretes Kar2 to identify candidate proteins that might regulate ER export, reasoning that loss of regulatory proteins would restore sorting stringency. We find that loss of the deubiquitylation complex Ubp3/Bre5 reverses all of the known phenotypes of the emp24Δ mutant, and similarly reverses Kar2 secretion of many other ER retention mutants. Based on a combination of genetic interactions and live cell imaging, we conclude that Ubp3 and Bre5 modulate COPII coat assembly at ER exit sites. Therefore, we propose that Ubp3/Bre5 influences the rate of vesicle formation from the ER that in turn can impact ER quality control events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Export of GPI-Anchored Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143506. [PMID: 31319476 PMCID: PMC6678536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential process in all eukaryotes driven by the cytosolic coat complex COPII, which forms vesicles at ER exit sites for transport of correctly assembled secretory cargo to the Golgi apparatus. The COPII machinery must adapt to the existing wide variety of different types of cargo proteins and to different cellular needs for cargo secretion. The study of the ER export of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), a special glycolipid-linked class of cell surface proteins, is contributing to address these key issues. Due to their special biophysical properties, GPI-APs use a specialized COPII machinery to be exported from the ER and their processing and maturation has been recently shown to actively regulate COPII function. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms by which GPI-APs are assembled and selectively exported from the ER.
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18
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Starr TL, Gonçalves AP, Meshgin N, Glass NL. The major cellulases CBH-1 and CBH-2 of Neurospora crassa rely on distinct ER cargo adaptors for efficient ER-exit. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:229-248. [PMID: 29131484 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are native secretors of lignocellulolytic enzymes and are used as protein-producing factories in the industrial biotechnology sector. Despite the importance of these organisms in industry, relatively little is known about the filamentous fungal secretory pathway or how it might be manipulated for improved protein production. Here, we use Neurospora crassa as a model filamentous fungus to interrogate the requirements for trafficking of cellulase enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. We characterized the localization and interaction properties of the p24 and ERV-29 cargo adaptors, as well as their role in cellulase enzyme trafficking. We find that the two most abundantly secreted cellulases, CBH-1 and CBH-2, depend on distinct ER cargo adaptors for efficient exit from the ER. CBH-1 depends on the p24 proteins, whereas CBH-2 depends on the N. crassa homolog of yeast Erv29p. This study provides a first step in characterizing distinct trafficking pathways of lignocellulolytic enzymes in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L Starr
- The Energy Biosciences Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Pedro Gonçalves
- The Energy Biosciences Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biology Department, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Neeka Meshgin
- The Energy Biosciences Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - N Louise Glass
- The Energy Biosciences Institute, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biology Department, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Geva Y, Crissman J, Arakel EC, Gómez-Navarro N, Chuartzman SG, Stahmer KR, Schwappach B, Miller EA, Schuldiner M. Two novel effectors of trafficking and maturation of the yeast plasma membrane H + -ATPase. Traffic 2017; 18:672-682. [PMID: 28727280 PMCID: PMC5607100 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry site of proteins into the endomembrane system. Proteins exit the ER via coat protein II (COPII) vesicles in a selective manner, mediated either by direct interaction with the COPII coat or aided by cargo receptors. Despite the fundamental role of such receptors in protein sorting, only a few have been identified. To further define the machinery that packages secretory cargo and targets proteins from the ER to Golgi membranes, we used multiple systematic approaches, which revealed 2 uncharacterized proteins that mediate the trafficking and maturation of Pma1, the essential yeast plasma membrane proton ATPase. Ydl121c (Exp1) is an ER protein that binds Pma1, is packaged into COPII vesicles, and whose deletion causes ER retention of Pma1. Ykl077w (Psg1) physically interacts with Exp1 and can be found in the Golgi and coat protein I (COPI) vesicles but does not directly bind Pma1. Loss of Psg1 causes enhanced degradation of Pma1 in the vacuole. Our findings suggest that Exp1 is a Pma1 cargo receptor and that Psg1 aids Pma1 maturation in the Golgi or affects its retrieval. More generally our work shows the utility of high content screens in the identification of novel trafficking components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Geva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Crissman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Silvia G Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kyle R Stahmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology Division, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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20
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Wang X, Li S, Wang H, Shui W, Hu J. Quantitative proteomics reveal proteins enriched in tubular endoplasmic reticulum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28287394 PMCID: PMC5358975 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tubular network is a critical part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The network is shaped by the reticulons and REEPs/Yop1p that generate tubules by inducing high membrane curvature, and the dynamin-like GTPases atlastin and Sey1p/RHD3 that connect tubules via membrane fusion. However, the specific functions of this ER domain are not clear. Here, we isolated tubule-based microsomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae via classical cell fractionation and detergent-free immunoprecipitation of Flag-tagged Yop1p, which specifically localizes to ER tubules. In quantitative comparisons of tubule-derived and total microsomes, we identified a total of 79 proteins that were enriched in the ER tubules, including known proteins that organize the tubular ER network. Functional categorization of the list of proteins revealed that the tubular ER network may be involved in membrane trafficking, lipid metabolism, organelle contact, and stress sensing. We propose that affinity isolation coupled with quantitative proteomics is a useful tool for investigating ER functions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23816.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haicheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules and CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institue of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Abstract
Approximately one third of a cell's proteins are destined to function outside the cell's boundaries or while embedded within cellular membranes. Ensuring these proteins reach their diverse final destinations with temporal and spatial accuracy is essential for cellular physiology. In eukaryotes, a set of interconnected organelles form the secretory pathway, which encompasses the terrain that these proteins must navigate on their journey from their site of synthesis on the ribosome to their final destinations. Traffic of proteins within the secretory pathway is directed by cargo-bearing vesicles that transport proteins from one compartment to another. Key steps in vesicle-mediated trafficking include recruitment of specific cargo proteins, which must collect locally where a vesicle forms, and release of an appropriate cargo-containing vessel from the donor organelle (Figure 1). The newly formed vesicle can passively diffuse across the cytoplasm, or can catch a ride on the cytoskeleton to travel directionally. Once the vesicle arrives at its precise destination, the membrane of the carrier merges with the destination membrane to deliver its cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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22
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Pastor-Cantizano N, Montesinos JC, Bernat-Silvestre C, Marcote MJ, Aniento F. p24 family proteins: key players in the regulation of trafficking along the secretory pathway. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:967-985. [PMID: 26224213 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
p24 family proteins have been known for a long time, but their functions have remained elusive. However, they are emerging as essential regulators of protein trafficking along the secretory pathway, influencing the composition, structure, and function of different organelles in the pathway, especially the ER and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, they appear to modulate the transport of specific cargos, including GPI-anchored proteins, G-protein-coupled receptors, or K/HDEL ligands. As a consequence, they have been shown to play specific roles in signaling, development, insulin secretion, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The search of new putative ligands may open the way to discover new functions for this fascinating family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pastor-Cantizano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Montesinos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - César Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Derganc J, Čopič A. Membrane bending by protein crowding is affected by protein lateral confinement. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1152-9. [PMID: 26969088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Crowding of asymmetrically-distributed membrane proteins has been recently recognized as an important factor in remodeling of biological membranes, for example during transport vesicle formation. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the effect of protein crowding on membrane bending and examine its dependence on protein size, shape, transmembrane asymmetry and lateral confinement. We consider three scenarios of protein lateral organization, which are highly relevant for cellular membranes in general: freely diffusing membrane proteins without lateral confinement, the presence of a diffusion barrier and interactions with a vesicular coat. We show that protein crowding affects vesicle formation even if the proteins are distributed symmetrically across the membrane and that this effect depends significantly on lateral confinement. The largest crowding effect is predicted for the proteins that are confined to the forming vesicle by a diffusion barrier. We calculate the bending properties of a crowded membrane and find that its spontaneous curvature depends primarily on the degree of transmembrane asymmetry, and its effective bending modulus on the type of lateral confinement. Using the example of COPII vesicle formation from the endoplasmic reticulum, we analyze the energetic cost of vesicle formation. The results provide a novel insight into the effects of lateral and transmembrane organization of membrane proteins, and can guide data interpretation and future experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alenka Čopič
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France.
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24
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Kinoshita T, Fujita M. Biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins: special emphasis on GPI lipid remodeling. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:6-24. [PMID: 26563290 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r063313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) act as membrane anchors of many eukaryotic cell surface proteins. GPIs in various organisms have a common backbone consisting of ethanolamine phosphate (EtNP), three mannoses (Mans), one non-N-acetylated glucosamine, and inositol phospholipid, whose structure is EtNP-6Manα-2Manα-6Manα-4GlNα-6myoinositol-P-lipid. The lipid part is either phosphatidylinositol of diacyl or 1-alkyl-2-acyl form, or inositol phosphoceramide. GPIs are attached to proteins via an amide bond between the C-terminal carboxyl group and an amino group of EtNP. Fatty chains of inositol phospholipids are inserted into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. More than 150 different human proteins are GPI anchored, whose functions include enzymes, adhesion molecules, receptors, protease inhibitors, transcytotic transporters, and complement regulators. GPI modification imparts proteins with unique characteristics, such as association with membrane microdomains or rafts, transient homodimerization, release from the membrane by cleavage in the GPI moiety, and apical sorting in polarized cells. GPI anchoring is essential for mammalian embryogenesis, development, neurogenesis, fertilization, and immune system. Mutations in genes involved in remodeling of the GPI lipid moiety cause human diseases characterized by neurological abnormalities. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has >60 GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). GPI is essential for growth of yeast. In this review, we discuss biosynthesis of GPI-APs in mammalian cells and yeast with emphasis on the lipid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taroh Kinoshita
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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25
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Muñiz M, Riezman H. Trafficking of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:352-60. [PMID: 26450970 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r062760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, many cell surface proteins are attached to the plasma membrane via a glycolipid glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) receive the GPI anchor as a conserved posttranslational modification in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After anchor attachment, the GPI anchor is structurally remodeled to function as a transport signal that actively triggers the delivery of GPI-APs from the ER to the plasma membrane, via the Golgi apparatus. The structure and composition of the GPI anchor confer a special mode of interaction with membranes of GPI-APs within the lumen of secretory organelles that lead them to be differentially trafficked from other secretory membrane proteins. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which GPI-APs are selectively transported through the secretory pathway, with special focus on the recent progress made in their actively regulated export from the ER and the trans-Golgi network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Muñiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Howard Riezman
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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