1
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Chen KW, Bae GY. Working memory flips the direction of serial bias through memory-based decision. Cognition 2024; 250:105843. [PMID: 38850840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Reported perception of a new stimulus is either attracted toward or repelled away from task-irrelevant prior stimuli. While prevailing theories propose that the opposing serial biases may stem from distinct stages of information processing, the exact role of working memory (WM) in the serial bias remains unclear despite its consistent involvement in nearly all pertinent studies. Additionally, it is not well understood whether this bias is primarily driven by the biased representation itself or by the decision-making process for the new stimulus. In the present study, we used an orientation delayed estimation paradigm with an attention-demanding intervening task, designed to disrupt the maintenance of stimulus information to investigate the role of WM in serial bias. In the analysis, we scrutinized the trajectory of mouse reports and response time to investigate how the response unfolds over time. Our findings indicate that the serial bias went from repulsive to attractive when WM maintenance was interrupted by the intervening task, and that the associated response trajectories and response time exhibited patterns that cannot be explained by the biased representation alone. These results demonstrate that the task-irrelevant prior stimulus influences the decision for the new stimulus, with the direction of the bias being determined by attentional demand during WM maintenance, thereby placing significant constraints on existing theories on the serial bias effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Gi-Yeul Bae
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA.
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2
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Bae GY. Cardinal bias interacts with the stimulus history bias in orientation working memory. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:828-837. [PMID: 38443622 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Reports in a visual working memory(WM) task exhibit biases related to the categorical structure of the stimulus space (e.g., cardinal bias) as well as biases related to previously seen stumuli (e.g., serial bias). While these biases are common and can occur simultaneously, the extent to which they interact in WM remains unknown. In the present study, I used orientation delayed estimation tasks known to produce both cardinal and serial biases and found that the serial bias systematically varied based on the relative positions of the cardinal axis and the preceding stimulus in orientation space. When they were positioned in a way that generated cardinal and serial biases in the same direction (i.e., on the same side of the target orientation), reports for the target orientation exhibited a regular repulsive serial bias. However, when their positions resulted in the biases in the opposite directions (i.e., on the opposite side of the target orientation), no serial bias occurred. This absence of serial bias was replicated in a follow-up experiment where the locations of the stimulus orientation and the response probe were completely randomized, suggesting that the interaction occurs independently from location-based response preparation processes. Together, these results demonstrate that the prior stimulus and the cardinal axis impose interactive impact on the processing of new stimulus, producing differential patterns of serial bias depending on the specific stimulus being processed. These findings place significant implications on computational models addressing the nature of the stimulus history effect and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Yeul Bae
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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3
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Massironi A, Lazzari G, La Rocca S, Ronconi L, Daini R, Lega C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the right dorsal attention network modulates the center-surround profile of the attentional focus. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae015. [PMID: 38300180 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychophysical observations indicate that the spatial profile of visuospatial attention includes a central enhancement around the attentional focus, encircled by a narrow zone of reduced excitability in the immediate surround. This inhibitory ring optimally amplifies relevant target information, likely stemming from top-down frontoparietal recurrent activity modulating early visual cortex activations. However, the mechanisms through which neural suppression gives rise to the surrounding attenuation and any potential hemispheric specialization remain unclear. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate the role of two regions of the dorsal attention network in the center-surround profile: the frontal eye field and the intraparietal sulcus. Participants performed a psychophysical task that mapped the entire spatial attentional profile, while transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered either to intraparietal sulcus or frontal eye field on the right (Experiment 1) and left (Experiment 2) hemisphere. Results showed that stimulation of right frontal eye field and right intraparietal sulcus significantly changed the center-surround profile, by widening the inhibitory ring around the attentional focus. The stimulation on the left frontal eye field, but not left intraparietal sulcus, induced a general decrease in performance but did not alter the center-surround profile. Results point to a pivotal role of the right dorsal attention network in orchestrating inhibitory spatial mechanisms required to limit interference by surrounding distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Massironi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lazzari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania La Rocca
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Daini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Lega
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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4
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Kutter EF, Dehnen G, Borger V, Surges R, Mormann F, Nieder A. Distinct neuronal representation of small and large numbers in the human medial temporal lobe. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1998-2007. [PMID: 37783890 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether small numerical quantities are represented by a special subitizing system that is distinct from a large-number estimation system has been debated for over a century. Here we show that two separate neural mechanisms underlie the representation of small and large numbers. We performed single neuron recordings in the medial temporal lobe of neurosurgical patients judging numbers. We found a boundary in neuronal coding around number 4 that correlates with the behavioural transition from subitizing to estimation. In the subitizing range, neurons showed superior tuning selectivity accompanied by suppression effects suggestive of surround inhibition as a selectivity-increasing mechanism. In contrast, tuning selectivity decreased with increasing numbers beyond 4, characterizing a ratio-dependent number estimation system. The two systems with the coding boundary separating them were also indicated using decoding and clustering analyses. The identified small-number subitizing system could be linked to attention and working memory that show comparable capacity limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther F Kutter
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gert Dehnen
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valeri Borger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Mormann
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Teng C, Kaplan SM, Shomstein S, Kravitz DJ. Assessing the interaction between working memory and perception through time. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2196-2209. [PMID: 37740152 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Content maintained in visual working memory changes concurrent visual processing, suggesting that visual working memory may recruit an overlapping neural representation with visual perception. However, it remains unclear whether visual working memory representations persist as a sensory code through time, or are recoded later into an abstract code. Here, we directly contrasted a temporal decay + visual code account and a temporal decay + abstract code account within the temporal dynamics of the interaction between working memory and perception. By manipulating the ISI (inter-stimulus interval) between working memory encoding and a perceptual discrimination task, we found that task-relevant and therefore actively maintained perceptual information parametrically altered participants' ability to discriminate perceptual stimuli even 4 s after encoding, whereas task-irrelevant information caused only an acutely transient effect. While continuously present, the size of this shift in discrimination thresholds gradually decreased over time. Concomitantly, the size of the bias in working memory reports increased over time. The opposing directions of threshold and bias effects are consistent with the local maintenance of information in perceptual areas, explained by a temporal decay + visual code account. As the maintained representation decays over time, its ability to alter incoming perceptual signals decreases (reduced threshold effects) while its likelihood of being impacted by those same signals increases (increased bias effects). Altogether, these results suggest that the readout of working memory relies on a sensory representation at a cost of increased interference by ongoing perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Teng
- Department of Neuroscience, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI, USA.
| | - Simon M Kaplan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Shomstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dwight J Kravitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA
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6
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Rhilinger JP, Xu C, Rose NS. Are irrelevant items actively deleted from visual working memory?: No evidence from repulsion and attraction effects in dual-retrocue tasks. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023:10.3758/s13414-023-02724-2. [PMID: 37226042 PMCID: PMC10208559 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some theories propose that working memory (WM) involves the active deletion of irrelevant information, including items that were retained in WM, but are no longer relevant for ongoing cognition. Considerable evidence suggests that active-deletion occurs for categorical representations, but whether it also occurs for recall of features that are typically bound together in an object, such as line orientations, is unclear. In two experiments, with or without binding instructions, healthy young adults maintained two orientations, focused attention to recall the orientation cued first, and then switched attention to recall the orientation cued second, at which point the uncued orientation was no longer relevant on the trial. In contrast to the active-deletion hypothesis, the results showed that the no-longer-relevant items exerted the strongest bias on participants' recall, which was either repulsive or attractive depending on both the degree of difference between the target and nontarget orientations and the proximity to cardinal axes. We suggest that visual WM can bind features like line orientations into chunked representations, and an irrelevant feature of a chunked object cannot be actively deleted - it biases recall of the target feature. Models of WM need to be updated to explain this and related dynamic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Rhilinger
- University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Chenlingxi Xu
- University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Nathan S Rose
- University of Notre Dame, 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Deutsch P, Czoschke S, Fischer C, Kaiser J, Bledowski C. Decoding of Working Memory Contents in Auditory Cortex Is Not Distractor-Resistant. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3284-3293. [PMID: 36944488 PMCID: PMC10162453 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1890-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory enables the temporary storage of relevant information in the service of behavior. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that sensory cortex is involved in maintaining contents in working memory. This raised the question of how sensory regions maintain memory representations during the exposure to distracting stimuli. Multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI signals in visual cortex has shown that the contents of visual working memory could be decoded concurrently with passively viewed distractors. The present fMRI study tested whether this finding extends to auditory working memory and to active distractor processing. We asked participants to memorize the pitch of a target sound and to compare it with a probe sound presented after a 13 s delay period. In separate conditions, we compared a blank delay phase (no distraction) with either passive listening to, or active processing of, an auditory distractor presented throughout the memory delay. Consistent with previous reports, pitch-specific memory information could be decoded in auditory cortex during the delay in trials without distraction. In contrast, decoding of target sounds in early auditory cortex dropped to chance level during both passive and active distraction. This was paralleled by memory performance decrements under distraction. Extending the analyses beyond sensory cortex yielded some evidence for memory content-specific activity in inferior frontal and superior parietal cortex during active distraction. In summary, while our findings question the involvement of early auditory cortex in the maintenance of distractor-resistant working memory contents, further research should elucidate the role of hierarchically higher regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Information about sensory features held in working memory can be read out from hemodynamic activity recorded in human sensory cortices. Moreover, visual cortex can in parallel store visual content and process newly incoming, task-irrelevant visual input. The present study investigated the role of auditory cortex for working memory maintenance under distraction. While memorized sound frequencies could be decoded in auditory cortex in the absence of distraction, auditory distraction during the delay phase impaired memory performance and prevented decoding of information stored in working memory. Apparently, early auditory cortex is not sufficient to represent working memory contents under distraction that impairs performance. However, exploratory analyses indicated that, under distraction, higher-order frontal and parietal regions might contribute to content-specific working memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Deutsch
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Stefan Czoschke
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Cora Fischer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Jochen Kaiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
| | - Christoph Bledowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60528, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Medical Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60528, Germany
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8
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Ronconi L, Florio V, Bronzoni S, Salvetti B, Raponi A, Giupponi G, Conca A, Basso D. Wider and Stronger Inhibitory Ring of the Attentional Focus in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020211. [PMID: 36831754 PMCID: PMC9954763 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomalies of attentional selection have been repeatedly described in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, a precise analysis of their ability to inhibit irrelevant visual information during attentional selection is not documented. Recent behavioral as well as neurophysiological and computational evidence showed that attentional search among different competing stimuli elicits an area of suppression in the immediate surrounding of the attentional focus. In the present study, the strength and spatial extension of this surround suppression were tested in individuals with schizophrenia and neurotypical controls. Participants were asked to report the orientation of a visual "pop-out" target, which appeared in different positions within a peripheral array of non-target stimuli. In half of the trials, after the target appeared, a probe circle circumscribed a non-target stimulus at various target-to-probe distances; in this case, participants were asked to report the probe orientation instead. Results suggest that, as compared to neurotypical controls, individuals with schizophrenia showed stronger and spatially more extended filtering of visual information in the areas surrounding their attentional focus. This increased filtering of visual information outside the focus of attention might potentially hamper their ability to integrate different elements into coherent percepts and influence higher order behavioral, affective, and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Florio
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Silvia Bronzoni
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Beatrice Salvetti
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Agnese Raponi
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Conca
- Psychiatric Service of the Health District of Bozen, 39100 Bozen, Italy
| | - Demis Basso
- CESLab, Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen, 39042 Brixen, Italy
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicologia y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Av. San Miguel, Talca 3480094, Chile
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9
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Alamoudi OA, Ilyas A, Pati S, Iasemidis L. Interictal localization of the epileptogenic zone: Utilizing the observed resonance behavior in the spectral band of surrounding inhibition. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:993678. [PMID: 36578827 PMCID: PMC9791262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.993678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gold standard for identification of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) continues to be the visual inspection of electrographic changes around seizures' onset by experienced electroencephalography (EEG) readers. Development of an epileptogenic focus localization tool that can delineate the EZ from analysis of interictal (seizure-free) periods is still an open question of great significance for improved diagnosis (e.g., presurgical evaluation) and treatment of epilepsy (e.g., surgical outcome). Methods We developed an EZ interictal localization algorithm (EZILA) based on novel analysis of intracranial EEG (iEEG) using a univariate periodogram-type power measure, a straight-forward ranking approach, a robust dimensional reduction method and a clustering technique. Ten patients with temporal and extra temporal lobe epilepsies, and matching the inclusion criteria of having iEEG recordings at the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) and being Engel Class I ≥12 months post-surgery, were recruited in this study. Results In a nested k-fold cross validation statistical framework, EZILA assigned the highest score to iEEG channels within the EZ in all patients (10/10) during the first hour of the iEEG recordings and up to their first typical clinical seizure in the EMU (i.e., early interictal period). To further validate EZILA's performance, data from two new (Engel Class I) patients were analyzed in a double-blinded fashion; the EZILA successfully localized iEEG channels within the EZ from interictal iEEG in both patients. Discussion Out of the sampled brain regions, iEEG channels in the EZ were most frequently and maximally active in seizure-free (interictal) periods across patients in specific narrow gamma frequency band (∼60-80 Hz), which we have termed focal frequency band (FFB). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the EZ may interictally be regulated (controlled) by surrounding inhibitory neurons with resonance characteristics within this narrow gamma band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alamoudi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Neurology Department, Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies (TIRN), University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Omar A. Alamoudi,
| | - Adeel Ilyas
- Neurology Department, Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies (TIRN), University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas (UT) Health Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sandipan Pati
- Neurology Department, Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies (TIRN), University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Leon Iasemidis
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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10
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Neural interactions in working memory explain decreased recall precision and similarity-based feature repulsion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17756. [PMID: 36272987 PMCID: PMC9588047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the study of working memory (WM) for simple visual features (e.g., colors, orientations) has been dominated by perspectives that assume items in WM are stored independently of one another. Evidence has revealed, however, systematic biases in WM recall which suggest that items in WM interact during active maintenance. In the present study, we report two experiments that replicate a repulsion bias between metrically similar colors during active storage in WM. We also observed that metrically similar colors were stored with lower resolution than a unique color held actively in mind at the same time. To account for these effects, we report quantitative simulations of two novel neurodynamical models of WM. In both models, the unique behavioral signatures reported here emerge directly from laterally-inhibitory neural interactions that serve to maintain multiple, distinct neural representations throughout the WM delay period. Simulation results show that the full pattern of empirical findings was only obtained with a model that included an elaborated spatial pathway with sequential encoding of memory display items. We discuss implications of our findings for theories of visual working memory more generally.
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11
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Yoo SA, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Treue S, Tsotsos JK, Fallah M. Attention to visual motion suppresses neuronal and behavioral sensitivity in nearby feature space. BMC Biol 2022; 20:220. [PMID: 36199136 PMCID: PMC9535987 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feature-based attention prioritizes the processing of the attended feature while strongly suppressing the processing of nearby ones. This creates a non-linearity or “attentional suppressive surround” predicted by the Selective Tuning model of visual attention. However, previously reported effects of feature-based attention on neuronal responses are linear, e.g., feature-similarity gain. Here, we investigated this apparent contradiction by neurophysiological and psychophysical approaches. Results Responses of motion direction-selective neurons in area MT/MST of monkeys were recorded during a motion task. When attention was allocated to a stimulus moving in the neurons’ preferred direction, response tuning curves showed its minimum for directions 60–90° away from the preferred direction, an attentional suppressive surround. This effect was modeled via the interaction of two Gaussian fields representing excitatory narrowly tuned and inhibitory widely tuned inputs into a neuron, with feature-based attention predominantly increasing the gain of inhibitory inputs. We further showed using a motion repulsion paradigm in humans that feature-based attention produces a similar non-linearity on motion discrimination performance. Conclusions Our results link the gain modulation of neuronal inputs and tuning curves examined through the feature-similarity gain lens to the attentional impact on neural population responses predicted by the Selective Tuning model, providing a unified framework for the documented effects of feature-based attention on neuronal responses and behavior. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01428-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ah Yoo
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. .,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Stefan Treue
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Centre - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.,Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - John K Tsotsos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Vision: Science to Application, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Center for Innovation and Computing at Lassonde, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Vision: Science to Application, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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12
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Teng C, Fulvio JM, Jiang J, Postle BR. Flexible top-down control in the interaction between working memory and perception. J Vis 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 36205937 PMCID: PMC9578544 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.11.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful goal-directed behavior often requires continuous sensory processing while simultaneously maintaining task-related information in working memory (WM). Although WM and perception are known to interact, little is known about how their interactions are controlled. Here, we tested the hypothesis that WM perception interactions engage two distinct modes of control – proactive and reactive – in a manner similar to classic conflict-adaptation tasks (e.g. Stroop, flanker, and Simon). Participants performed a delayed recall-of-orientation WM task, plus a standalone visual discrimination-of-orientation task the occurred during the delay period, and with the congruity in orientation between the tasks manipulated. Proactive control was seen in the sensitivity of task performance to the previous trial's congruity (i.e. a Gratton effect). Reactive control was observed in a repulsive serial-dependence produced by incongruent discriminanda. Quantitatively, these effects were explained by parameters from a reinforcement learning-based model that tracks trial-to-trial fluctuations in control demand: reactive control by a phasic control prediction error (control PE), and proactive control by a tonic level of predicted conflict updated each trial by the control PE. Thus, WM-perception interactions may be controlled by the same mechanisms that govern conflict in other domains of cognition, such as response selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,
| | - Jacqueline M Fulvio
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,
| | - Bradley R Postle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,
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13
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The ERP correlates of color-based center-surround inhibition in working memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 181:160-169. [PMID: 36165962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The color-based center-surround inhibition (CSI) in working memory (WM) refers to that remembering a color inhibits the memory of similar colors but not of distinct colors. This study aimed to investigate the neural activity of color-based CSI in WM. Two WM items (distance 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, or 60° in color space) were displayed sequentially, then one of them was retrieved to compare with a later probe. Behavioral results revealed that participants showed longer RTs for distances 20° and 30° than distances 0° and 40°, suggesting a CSI between similar items. ERP results revealed that: 1) WM item-induced late positive component (LPC) was more positive for distance 30° than the other distances, suggesting an enhanced resource allocation process for encoding similar items; 2) Cue-induced LPC was more positive for distances 20° and 30° than distances 0° and 60°, suggesting a greater difficulty for retrieving similar items; Cue-induced contingent negative variation was less negative for distance 20° than distances 40°, 50°, and 60°, suggesting a reduced response preparation process during retrieving similar items; 3) Probe-induced LPC was more positive for distances 20° and 30° than distances 50° and 60°, suggesting a greater effort for comparing probe with one item retrieved from two similar items. These results revealed a colored-based CSI during WM encoding and retrieval processes. An enhanced top-down control might be required to resolve the greater interference between similar items than identical or distinct items conditions.
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14
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Ji H, Yuan T, Yu Y, Wang L, Jiang Y. Internal Social Attention: Gaze Cues Stored in Working Memory Trigger Involuntary Attentional Orienting. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1532-1540. [PMID: 35994624 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221094628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that social cues, including eye gaze, can readily guide our focus of attention-a phenomenon referred to as social attention. Here, we demonstrated that internally maintained social cues in working memory (WM) can produce an analogous attentional effect (N = 57). Using the delayed-match-to-sample paradigm combined with the dot-probe task, we found that holding irrelevant gaze cues in WM can induce attentional orienting in college-age adults. Importantly, this WM-induced attention effect could not be explained simply by the perceptual-attentional process, because the identical gaze cues that were only passively viewed and not memorized in WM could not trigger attentional orienting beyond the typical time window of social attention. Furthermore, nonsocial cues (i.e., arrows) held in WM failed to elicit the attentional-orienting effect. These findings provide new evidence for the conceptualization of WM as internally directed attention and highlight the uniqueness of social attention compared with nonsocial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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15
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Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, Dubljević V, Fecteau S, Ferreri F, Flöel A, Hallett M, Hamilton RH, Herrmann CS, Lavidor M, Loo C, Lustenberger C, Machado S, Miniussi C, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Seeck M, Thut G, Turi Z, Ugawa Y, Venkatasubramanian G, Wenderoth N, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Paulus W. Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:146-165. [PMID: 35734582 PMCID: PMC9207555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science. This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of older individuals worldwide and the predicted rise of age-associated cognitive decline in brain functions. Transcranial brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic (TMS) and transcranial electric (tES) stimulation, have been extensively used in an effort to improve cognitive functions in humans. Here we summarize the available data on low-intensity tES for this purpose, in comparison to repetitive TMS and some pharmacological agents, such as caffeine and nicotine. There is no single area in the brain stimulation field in which only positive outcomes have been reported. For self-directed tES devices, how to restrict variability with regard to efficacy is an essential aspect of device design and function. As with any technique, reproducible outcomes depend on the equipment and how well this is matched to the experience and skill of the operator. For self-administered non-invasive brain stimulation, this requires device designs that rigorously incorporate human operator factors. The wide parameter space of non-invasive brain stimulation, including dose (e.g., duration, intensity (current density), number of repetitions), inclusion/exclusion (e.g., subject's age), and homeostatic effects, administration of tasks before and during stimulation, and, most importantly, placebo or nocebo effects, have to be taken into account. The outcomes of stimulation are expected to depend on these parameters and should be strictly controlled. The consensus among experts is that low-intensity tES is safe as long as tested and accepted protocols (including, for example, dose, inclusion/exclusion) are followed and devices are used which follow established engineering risk-management procedures. Devices and protocols that allow stimulation outside these parameters cannot claim to be "safe" where they are applying stimulation beyond that examined in published studies that also investigated potential side effects. Brain stimulation devices marketed for consumer use are distinct from medical devices because they do not make medical claims and are therefore not necessarily subject to the same level of regulation as medical devices (i.e., by government agencies tasked with regulating medical devices). Manufacturers must follow ethical and best practices in marketing tES stimulators, including not misleading users by referencing effects from human trials using devices and protocols not similar to theirs.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s Disease
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- Cognitive enhancement
- DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- DIY stimulation
- DIY, Do-It-Yourself
- DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EMG, electromyography
- FCC, Federal Communications Commission
- FDA, (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration
- Home-stimulation
- IFCN, International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MDD, Medical Device Directive
- MDR, Medical Device Regulation
- MEP, motor evoked potential
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NIBS, noninvasive brain stimulation
- Neuroenhancement
- OTC, Over-The-Counter
- PAS, paired associative stimulation
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PPC, posterior parietal cortex
- QPS, quadripulse stimulation
- RMT, resting motor threshold
- SAE, serious adverse event
- SMA, supplementary motor cortex
- TBS, theta-burst stimulation
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Transcranial brain stimulation
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- tACS
- tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation
- tDCS
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tES, transcranial electric stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marom Bikson
- Biomedical Engineering at the City College of New York (CCNY) of the City University of New York (CUNY), NY, USA
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- Departamento de Clínica Médica e de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Veljko Dubljević
- Science, Technology and Society Program, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology, Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy H. Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Collen Loo
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales; The George Institute; Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados-RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC and Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Vera Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU, Dortmund, Germany
- Dept. Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo M. Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Brain Connectivity Lab, IRCCS-San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, EEG & Epolepsy Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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16
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Son G, Walther DB, Mack ML. Scene wheels: Measuring perception and memory of real-world scenes with a continuous stimulus space. Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:444-456. [PMID: 34244986 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precisely characterizing mental representations of visual experiences requires careful control of experimental stimuli. Recent work leveraging such stimulus control has led to important insights; however, these findings are constrained to simple visual properties like color and line orientation. There remains a critical methodological barrier to characterizing perceptual and mnemonic representations of realistic visual experiences. Here, we introduce a novel method to systematically control visual properties of natural scene stimuli. Using generative adversarial networks (GANs), a state-of-the-art deep learning technique for creating highly realistic synthetic images, we generated scene wheels in which continuously changing visual properties smoothly transition between meaningful realistic scenes. To validate the efficacy of scene wheels, we conducted two behavioral experiments that assess perceptual and mnemonic representations attained from the scene wheels. In the perceptual validation experiment, we tested whether the continuous transition of scene images along the wheel is reflected in human perceptual similarity judgment. The perceived similarity of the scene images correspondingly decreased as distances between the images increase on the wheel. In the memory experiment, participants reconstructed to-be-remembered scenes from the scene wheels. Reconstruction errors for these scenes resemble error distributions observed in prior studies using simple stimulus properties. Importantly, perceptual similarity judgment and memory precision varied systematically with scene wheel radius. These findings suggest our novel approach offers a window into the mental representations of naturalistic visual experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeun Son
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Dirk B Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael L Mack
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St George St, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Martin A, Becker SI. A relational account of visual short-term memory (VSTM). Cortex 2021; 144:151-167. [PMID: 34666299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is an important resource that allows temporarily storing visual information. Current theories posit that elementary features (e.g., red, green) are encoded and stored independently of each other in VSTM. However, they have difficulty explaining the similarity effect, that similar items can be remembered better than dissimilar items. In Experiment 1, we tested (N = 20) whether the similarity effect may be due to storing items in a context-dependent manner in VSTM (e.g., as the reddest/yellowest item). In line with a relational account of VSTM, we found that the similarity effect is not due to feature similarity, but to an enhanced sensitivity for detecting changes when the relative colour of a to-be-memorised item changes (e.g., from reddest to not-reddest item; than when an item underwent the same change but retained its relative colour; e.g., still reddest). Experiment 2 (N = 20) showed that VSTM load, as indexed by the CDA amplitude in the EEG, was smaller when the colours were ordered so that they all had the same relationship than when the same colours were out-of-order, requiring encoding different relative colours. With this, we report two new effects in VSTM - a relational detection advantage that describes an enhanced sensitivity to relative changes in change detection, and a relational CDA effect, which reflects that VSTM load, as indexed by the CDA, scales with the number of (different) relative features between the memory items. These findings support a relational account of VSTM and question the view that VSTM stores features such as colours independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Martin
- The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, QLD, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Stefanie I Becker
- The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, QLD, Brisbane, Australia.
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18
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Breaking the cardinal rule: The impact of interitem interaction and attentional priority on the cardinal biases in orientation working memory. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 84:2186-2194. [PMID: 34658001 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it is not typically assumed in influential models of visual working memory (WM), representations in WM are systematically biased by multiple factors. Orientation representations are biased away from the cardinal axis (i.e., cardinal bias) and they are biased away from or toward the other orientation simultaneously held in WM (i.e., interitem interaction). The present study investigated the extent to which these two bias mechanisms interact in WM. In Experiment 1, participants remembered two sequentially presented orientations and reproduced both orientations after a short delay. Cardinal biases were assessed separately for the trials where the two mechanisms produce biases in the same direction (i.e., congruent trials) and the trials where they produce biases in the opposite direction (i.e., incongruent trials). Whereas congruent trials exhibited a typical cardinal bias, incongruent trials exhibited no cardinal bias, demonstrating that the cardinal bias was canceled out by the interitem interaction. Follow-up experiments extended these results by manipulating attentional priority for the two orientations by means of precue (Experiment 2) and postcue (Experiment 3). In both experiments, attentionally prioritized items exhibited a typical cardinal bias irrespective of the congruency whereas attentionally unprioritized items exhibited a reversal of the cardinal bias in the incongruent trials, demonstrating that selective attention modulates the influence of the interitem interaction. Together, these results suggest that WM leverages information about specific stimuli and their relationship to support a given behavioral goal.
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19
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Teng C, Postle BR. Understanding occipital and parietal contributions to visual working memory: Commentary on Xu (2020). VISUAL COGNITION 2021; 29:401-408. [PMID: 34335071 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1883171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In her commentary, Xu (2020) admonishes the reader that "To have a full understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying VWM [visual working memory], both behavioral and neural evidence needs to be taken into account. This is a must, and not a choice, for any study that attempts to capture the nature of VWM" (p. 11). Although we don't disagree with this statement, our overall assessment of this commentary is that it, itself, fails to satisfy several "musts" and, consequently, does not pose a serious challenge for the sensory recruitment framework for understanding visual working memory. These "musts" include accurately characterizing the framework being critiqued, not favoring verbal models and intuition at the expense of formal quantitative models, and providing even-handed interpretation of the work of others. We'll conclude with a summary of how the sensory recruitment framework can be incorporated into a broader working model of visual working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Bradley R Postle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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20
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Adam KCS, Chang L, Rangan N, Serences JT. Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials and Feature-based Attention: Preregistered Null Results and a Focused Review of Methodological Considerations. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:695-724. [PMID: 33416444 PMCID: PMC8354379 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Feature-based attention is the ability to selectively attend to a particular feature (e.g., attend to red but not green items while looking for the ketchup bottle in your refrigerator), and steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) measured from the human EEG signal have been used to track the neural deployment of feature-based attention. Although many published studies suggest that we can use trial-by-trial cues to enhance relevant feature information (i.e., greater SSVEP response to the cued color), there is ongoing debate about whether participants may likewise use trial-by-trial cues to voluntarily ignore a particular feature. Here, we report the results of a preregistered study in which participants either were cued to attend or to ignore a color. Counter to prior work, we found no attention-related modulation of the SSVEP response in either cue condition. However, positive control analyses revealed that participants paid some degree of attention to the cued color (i.e., we observed a greater P300 component to targets in the attended vs. the unattended color). In light of these unexpected null results, we conducted a focused review of methodological considerations for studies of feature-based attention using SSVEPs. In the review, we quantify potentially important stimulus parameters that have been used in the past (e.g., stimulation frequency, trial counts) and we discuss the potential importance of these and other task factors (e.g., feature-based priming) for SSVEP studies.
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21
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Kang Z, Spitzer B. Concurrent visual working memory bias in sequential integration of approximate number. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5348. [PMID: 33674642 PMCID: PMC7935854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown bidirectional crosstalk between Working Memory (WM) and perception such that the contents of WM can alter concurrent percepts and vice versa. Here, we examine WM-perception interactions in a new task setting. Participants judged the proportion of colored dots in a stream of visual displays while concurrently holding location- and color information in memory. Spatiotemporally resolved psychometrics disclosed a modulation of perceptual sensitivity consistent with a bias of visual spatial attention towards the memorized location. However, this effect was short-lived, suggesting that the visuospatial WM information was rapidly deprioritized during processing of new perceptual information. Independently, we observed robust bidirectional biases of categorical color judgments, in that perceptual decisions and mnemonic reports were attracted to each other. These biases occurred without reductions in overall perceptual sensitivity compared to control conditions without a concurrent WM load. The results conceptually replicate and extend previous findings in visual search and suggest that crosstalk between WM and perception can arise at multiple levels, from sensory-perceptual to decisional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Kang
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spitzer
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Lorenc ES, Mallett R, Lewis-Peacock JA. Distraction in Visual Working Memory: Resistance is Not Futile. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:228-239. [PMID: 33397602 PMCID: PMC7878345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over half a century of research focused on understanding how working memory is capacity constrained has overshadowed the fact that it is also remarkably resistant to interference. Protecting goal-relevant information from distraction is a cornerstone of cognitive function that involves a multifaceted collection of control processes and storage mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent advances in cognitive psychology and neuroscience that have produced new insights into the nature of visual working memory and its ability to resist distraction. We propose that distraction resistance should be an explicit component in any model of working memory and that understanding its behavioral and neural correlates is essential for building a comprehensive understanding of real-world memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Lorenc
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Remington Mallett
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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The extent of center-surround inhibition for colored items in working memory. Mem Cognit 2020; 49:733-746. [PMID: 33196981 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Remembering a color suppresses the representations of similar colors, but not of distinct colors, producing a center-surround inhibition (CSI) to resolve the competition between similar colors. In this study, three probe experiments were conducted to investigate the extent of CSI for colored items in working memory (WM). In Experiments 1 and 2, two WM items (distance 0°, 20°, 40°, or 60° in color space) were presented sequentially, one of which was cued to compare with the probe (matched or non-matched). The probe distance between the non-matched probe (NP) and cued WM item was 30° in Experiment 1 and 30°, 60°, or 90° in Experiment 2. Results for matched probe (MP) revealed that two WM items might produce a maximal CSI at distance 20°, and fall outside each other's inhibitory surround at distance 40°. However, the CSI was not found in the NP conditions (i.e., distance 30°, 60°, or 90°) in both Experiments 1 and 2, suggesting that the NP might be unsuitable for investigating the CSI in WM. In Experiment 3, participants were asked to discriminate which WM item was matched with the probe (no NP conditions). RTs were slowest at distance 20°, but were almost equal across distance 30°, 40°, 50°, or 60°. These results demonstrated that two WM items might produce a maximal CSI at distance 20°, and begin to fall outside each other's inhibitory surround at distance 30°.
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24
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Bansal S, Bae GY, Frankovich K, Robinson BM, Leonard CJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ. Increased repulsion of working memory representations in schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 129:845-857. [PMID: 32881536 PMCID: PMC7606631 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Computational neuroscience models propose that working memory (WM) involves recurrent excitatory feedback loops that maintain firing over time along with lateral inhibition that prevents the spreading of activity to other feature values. In behavioral paradigms, this lateral inhibition appears to cause a repulsion of WM representations away from each other and from other strong sources of input. Recent computational models of schizophrenia have proposed that reduction in the strength of inhibition relative to strength of excitation may underlie impaired cognition, and this leads to the prediction that repulsion effects should be reduced in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (PSZ) relative to healthy control subjects (HCS). We tested this hypothesis in 2 experiments measuring WM repulsion effects. In Experiment 1, 45 PSZ and 32 HCS remembered the location of a single object relative to a centrally presented visual landmark and reported this location after a short delay. The reported location was repelled away from the landmark in both groups, but this repulsion effect was increased rather than decreased in PSZ relative to HCS. In Experiment 2, 41 PSZ and 34 HCS remembered 2 sequentially presented orientations and reported each orientation after a short delay. The reported orientations were biased away from each other in both groups, and this repulsion effect was again more pronounced in PSZ than in HCS. Contrary to the widespread hypothesis of reduced inhibition in schizophrenia, we provide robust evidence from 2 experiments showing that the behavioral performance of PSZ exhibited an exaggeration rather than a reduction of competitive inhibition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bansal
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center
| | - Gi-Yeul Bae
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
| | - Kyle Frankovich
- Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - James M. Gold
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center
| | - Steven J. Luck
- Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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25
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Liang T, Cheng Z, Hu W, Ye C, Zhang J, Liu Q. Limitations of concurrently representing objects within view and in visual working memory. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5351. [PMID: 32210299 PMCID: PMC7093397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Representing visibly present stimuli is as limited in capacity as representing invisible stimuli in visual working memory (WM). In this study, we explored whether concurrently representing stimuli within view affects representing objects in visual WM, and if so, whether this effect is modulated by the storage states (active and silent state) of memory contents? In experiment 1, participants were asked to perform the change-detect task in a simultaneous-representing condition in which WM content and the continuously-visible stimuli in view were simultaneously represented, as well as a baseline condition in which only the representations of visual WM content were maintained. The results showed that the representations in visual WM would be impaired when the continuously-visible stimuli in view were concurrently represented, revealed by the reduced CDA amplitude and the lower behavior performance. In experiment 2, a dual-serial retro-cue paradigm was adopted to guide participants to maintain memory items in two different storage states, and the results revealed that simultaneously representing the continuously-visible stimuli and the WM content would only impair the WM representations in the active state. These evidences demonstrated that only the visual WM representations that were maintained in the active state would definitely share the limited resources with the representations of continuously-visible information, and further supported the dissociation between the active state and silent state of visual WM storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Zijian Cheng
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Chaoxiong Ye
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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26
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Jeye BM, McCarthy CR, Slotnick SD. Long-term memory specificity depends on inhibition of related items. Memory 2020; 28:261-269. [PMID: 31914856 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1711129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term memory relies on both accurately retrieving specific details and inhibiting competing information. In the current investigation, we evaluated the specificity of long-term memory representations for faces. During each study phase, participants were presented with neutral Caucasian male and female faces. During the corresponding test phase, old faces, related faces, and new faces were presented and participants made "old"-"new" recognition judgments. Related faces were created by morphing along a continuum in steps of 20% (i.e., 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% morphs) between old faces and new faces (independent ratings indicated that the pairs of to-be-morphed old faces and new faces were perceptually dissimilar). In two experiments, memory representations were very specific as the "old" response rate for old faces was significantly higher than closely related faces (i.e., 20% morphs). Furthermore, there was evidence of memory inhibition, as the "old" response rate for 20% morphs was significantly lower than 40% morphs (the identical pattern of results was observed with a d' analysis). These findings may reflect an evolutionary advantage for recognising specific faces, which may require inhibition of closely related faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Jeye
- Department of Psychology, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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27
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Fang MWH, Liu T. The profile of attentional modulation to visual features. J Vis 2019; 19:13. [PMID: 31747691 PMCID: PMC6871543 DOI: 10.1167/19.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that feature-based attention (FBA) can enhance an attended feature, how it modulates unattended features remains less clear. Previous studies have generally supported either a graded profile as predicted by the feature-similarity gain model or a nonmonotonic profile predicted by the surround suppression model. To reconcile these different views, we systematically measured the attentional profile in three basic feature dimensions-orientation, motion direction, and spatial frequency. In three experiments, we instructed participants to detect a coherent feature signal against noise under attentional or neutral condition. Our results support a nonmonotonic hybrid model of attentional modulation consisting of feature-similarity gain and surround suppression for orientation and motion direction. For spatial frequency, we also found a similar nonmonotonic profile for higher frequencies than the attended frequency, but a lack of attentional modulation for lower frequencies than the attended frequency. The current findings can reconcile the discrepancies in the literature and suggest the hybrid model as a new framework for attentional modulation in feature space. In addition, a computational model incorporating known properties of spatial frequency channels and attentional modulations at the neural level reproduced the asymmetric attentional modulation, thus revealing a connection between surround suppression and the basic neural architecture of an early visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming W H Fang
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Taosheng Liu
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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28
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Liang T, Chen X, Ye C, Zhang J, Liu Q. Electrophysiological evidence supports the role of sustained visuospatial attention in maintaining visual WM contents. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:54-62. [PMID: 31639381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent empirical and theoretical work suggests that there is a close relationship between visual working memory (WM) and visuospatial attention. Here, we investigated whether visuospatial attention was involved in maintaining object representations in visual WM. To this end, the alpha lateralization and contralateral delay activity (CDA) were analyzed as neural markers for visuospatial attention and visual WM storage, respectively. In the single-task condition, participants performed a grating change-detection task. To probe the role of visuospatial attention in maintaining WM contents, two color squares were presented above and below the fixation point during the retention interval, which remained visible until the detection display was present. In the dual-task condition, participants were required to maintain lateralized gratings while staring at the center-presented color squares, to detect possible subsequent color change. With this task, sustained visuospatial attention that guided to individual memory representations was disrupted. The behavioral data showed that, the insertion of secondary task significantly deteriorated WM performance. For electrophysiological data, we divided the retention interval into two stages, the early stage and late stage, bounded by the onset of the secondary task. We found that CDA amplitude was lower under the dual-task condition than the single-task condition during the late stage, but not the early stage, and the extent to which CDA reduced tracked the impaired memory performance at the individual level. Also, alpha lateralization only could be observed in the single-task condition of the late stage, and completely disappeared in the dual-task condition, indicating the disruption of visuospatial attention directed to memory representations. Individuals who experienced greater visuospatial attention disruption, as indicated by the alpha lateralization, had lower maintenance-associated neural activity (CDA), and suffered greater impairment of memory performance. These findings confirm that sustained visuospatial attention continues improving visual WM processing after the initial encoding phase, and most likely participates in this process by supporting the maintenance of representations in an active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China; Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Chaoxiong Ye
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China; Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China; Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
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29
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Abstract
A vast and diverse literature describes the relationship between working memory and attention. That literature encompasses tests of the interactions between the two functions, comparisons of the processes underlying them, and theoretical formulations of the cognitive constructs. In a recent review, Oberauer (2019) reins in this varied work to create a roadmap for future research. Here, I delineate several additional considerations to guide the evaluation and development of research into working memory and attention. Namely, working memory is a complex construct that can entail many processes and take on several meanings. Research and theory about working memory-and its relation to attention-must consider what particular demands are being tapped, what type of information is being operated on, and what goal is ultimately at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kiyonaga
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, US
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30
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Teng C, Kravitz DJ. Visual working memory directly alters perception. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:827-836. [PMID: 31285620 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM), the ability to temporarily maintain and manipulate information, underlies a variety of critical high-level behaviours from directing attention1-4 to making complex decisions5. Here we show that its impact extends to even the most basic levels of perceptual processing, directly interacting with and even distorting the physical appearance of visual features. This interference results from and can be predicted by the recruitment of posterior perceptual cortices to maintain information in VWM6-9, which causes an overlap with the neuronal populations supporting perceptual processing10-15. Across three sets of experiments, we demonstrated bidirectional interference between VWM and low-level perception. Specifically, for both maintained colours and orientations, presenting a distractor created bias in VWM representation depending on the similarity between incoming and maintained information, consistent with the known tuning curves for these features. Moreover, holding an item in mind directly altered the appearance of new stimuli, demonstrated by changes in psychophysical discrimination thresholds. Thus, as a consequence of sharing the early visual cortices, what you see and what you are holding in mind are intertwined at even the most fundamental stages of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Teng
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Dwight J Kravitz
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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31
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Bouchacourt F, Buschman TJ. A Flexible Model of Working Memory. Neuron 2019; 103:147-160.e8. [PMID: 31103359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is fundamental to cognition, allowing one to hold information "in mind." A defining characteristic of working memory is its flexibility: we can hold anything in mind. However, typical models of working memory rely on finely tuned, content-specific attractors to persistently maintain neural activity and therefore do not allow for the flexibility observed in behavior. Here, we present a flexible model of working memory that maintains representations through random recurrent connections between two layers of neurons: a structured "sensory" layer and a randomly connected, unstructured layer. As the interactions are untuned with respect to the content being stored, the network maintains any arbitrary input. However, in our model, this flexibility comes at a cost: the random connections overlap, leading to interference between representations and limiting the memory capacity of the network. Additionally, our model captures several other key behavioral and neurophysiological characteristics of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Bouchacourt
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Timothy J Buschman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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32
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Sahan MI, Dalmaijer ES, Verguts T, Husain M, Fias W. The Graded Fate of Unattended Stimulus Representations in Visuospatial Working Memory. Front Psychol 2019; 10:374. [PMID: 30863347 PMCID: PMC6399423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As in visual perception, information can be selected for prioritized processing at the expense of unattended representations in visual working memory (VWM). However, what is not clear is whether and how this prioritization degrades the unattended representations. We addressed two hypotheses. First, the representational quality of unattended items could be degraded as a function of the spatial distance to attended information in VWM. Second, the strength with which an item is bound to its location is degraded as a function of the spatial distance to attended information in VWM. To disentangle these possibilities, we designed an experiment in which participants performed a continuous production task in which they memorized a visual array with colored discs, one of which was spatially retro-cued, informing the target location of an impending probe that was to be recalled (Experiment 1). We systematically varied the spatial distance between the cued and probed locations and obtained model-based estimates of the representational quality and binding strengths at varying cue-probe distances. Although the representational quality of the unattended representations remained unaffected by the cue-probe distance, spatially graded binding strengths were observed, as reflected in more spatial confusions at smaller cue-probe distances. These graded binding strengths were further replicated with a model-free approach in a categorical version of the production task in which stimuli and responses consisted of easily discriminable colors (Experiment 2). These results demonstrate that unattended representations are prone to spatial confusions due to spatial degradation of binding strengths in WM, even though they are stored with the same representational quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet I Sahan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edwin S Dalmaijer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Verguts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Fias
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Nassar MR, Helmers JC, Frank MJ. Chunking as a rational strategy for lossy data compression in visual working memory. Psychol Rev 2019; 125:486-511. [PMID: 29952621 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nature of capacity limits for visual working memory has been the subject of an intense debate that has relied on models that assume items are encoded independently. Here we propose that instead, similar features are jointly encoded through a "chunking" process to optimize performance on visual working memory tasks. We show that such chunking can: (a) facilitate performance improvements for abstract capacity-limited systems, (b) be optimized through reinforcement, (c) be implemented by center-surround dynamics, and (d) increase effective storage capacity at the expense of recall precision. Human performance on a variant of a canonical working memory task demonstrated performance advantages, precision detriments, interitem dependencies, and trial-to-trial behavioral adjustments diagnostic of performance optimization through center-surround chunking. Models incorporating center-surround chunking provided a better quantitative description of human performance in our study as well as in a meta-analytic dataset, and apparent differences in working memory capacity across individuals were attributable to individual differences in the implementation of chunking. Our results reveal a normative rationale for center-surround connectivity in working memory circuitry, call for reevaluation of memory performance differences that have previously been attributed to differences in capacity, and support a more nuanced view of visual working memory capacity limitations: strategic tradeoff between storage capacity and memory precision through chunking contribute to flexible capacity limitations that include both discrete and continuous aspects. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Nassar
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
| | - Julie C Helmers
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University
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34
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Dowd EW, Nag S, Golomb JD. Working memory-driven attention towards a distractor does not interfere with target feature perception. VISUAL COGNITION 2019; 27:714-731. [PMID: 33013176 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2019.1659895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The contents of working memory (WM) can influence where we attend-but can it also interfere with what we see? Active maintenance of visual items in WM biases attention towards WM-matching objects, and also enhances early perceptual processing of WM-matching items (e.g., more accurate perceptual discrimination). Here, we asked whether a WM-matching distractor interferes with perceptual processing of a target's features. In a dual-task paradigm, participants maintained a shape in WM across an intervening visual search task, during which they had to reproduce the colour of a designated target item using a continuous-report technique. Importantly, the WM shape could match the target item, a distractor item, or no item in the search array. When the WM shape matched a distractor, we found no evidence of systematic perceptual interference (i.e., swapping or mixing with the distractor colour), but observed only general disruptions in target processing (i.e., decreased target accuracy). These results suggest that when visual attention is inadvertently drawn to a WM-matching distractor, any resultant automatic perceptual processing may be too transient or weak to significantly interfere with perceptual processing of the target's features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wu Dowd
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
| | - Samoni Nag
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University
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35
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Yoo SA, Tsotsos JK, Fallah M. The Attentional Suppressive Surround: Eccentricity, Location-Based and Feature-Based Effects and Interactions. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:710. [PMID: 30349452 PMCID: PMC6186833 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Selective Tuning model of visual attention (Tsotsos, 1990) has proposed that the focus of attention is surrounded by an inhibitory zone, eliciting a center-surround attentional distribution. This attentional suppressive surround inhibits irrelevant information which is located close to attended information in physical space (e.g., Cutzu and Tsotsos, 2003; Hopf et al., 2010) or in feature space (e.g., Tombu and Tsotsos, 2008; Störmer and Alvarez, 2014; Bartsch et al., 2017). In Experiment 1, we investigate the interaction between location-based and feature-based surround suppression and hypothesize that the attentional surround suppression would be maximized when spatially adjacent stimuli are also represented closely within a feature map. Our results demonstrate that perceptual discrimination is worst when two similar orientations are presented in proximity to each other, suggesting the interplay of the two surround suppression mechanisms. The Selective Tuning model also predicts that the size of the attentional suppressive surround is determined by the receptive field size of the neuron which optimally processes the attended information. The receptive field size of the processing neurons is tightly associated with stimulus size and eccentricity. Therefore, Experiment 2 tested the hypothesis that the size of the attentional suppressive surround would become larger as stimulus size and eccentricity increase, corresponding to an increase in the neuron's receptive field size. We show that stimulus eccentricity but not stimulus size modulates the size of the attentional suppressive surround. These results are consistent for both low- and high-level features (e.g., orientation and human faces). Overall, the present study supports the existence of the attentional suppressive surround and reveals new properties of this selection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ah Yoo
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John K. Tsotsos
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Active and Attentive Vision Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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36
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Bloem IM, Watanabe YL, Kibbe MM, Ling S. Visual Memories Bypass Normalization. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:845-856. [PMID: 29596038 PMCID: PMC5945309 DOI: 10.1177/0956797617747091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How distinct are visual memory representations from visual perception? Although evidence suggests that briefly remembered stimuli are represented within early visual cortices, the degree to which these memory traces resemble true visual representations remains something of a mystery. Here, we tested whether both visual memory and perception succumb to a seemingly ubiquitous neural computation: normalization. Observers were asked to remember the contrast of visual stimuli, which were pitted against each other to promote normalization either in perception or in visual memory. Our results revealed robust normalization between visual representations in perception, yet no signature of normalization occurring between working memory stores-neither between representations in memory nor between memory representations and visual inputs. These results provide unique insight into the nature of visual memory representations, illustrating that visual memory representations follow a different set of computational rules, bypassing normalization, a canonical visual computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona M. Bloem
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Boston University
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston
University
| | - Yurika L. Watanabe
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Boston University
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston
University
| | - Melissa M. Kibbe
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Boston University
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston
University
| | - Sam Ling
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Boston University
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston
University
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and
Behaviour, Radboud University
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37
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Reaffirming the Sensory Recruitment Account of Working Memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:190-192. [PMID: 29475635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Ronconi L, Gori S, Federici A, Devita M, Carna S, Sali ME, Molteni M, Casartelli L, Facoetti A. Weak surround suppression of the attentional focus characterizes visual selection in the ventral stream in autism. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:912-922. [PMID: 29876276 PMCID: PMC5988461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysiological findings in the typical population demonstrate that spatial scrutiny for visual selection determines a center-surround profile of the attentional focus, which is the result of recurrent processing in the visual system. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) manifest several anomalies in their visual selection, with strengths in detail-oriented tasks, but also difficulties in distractor inhibition tasks. Here, we asked whether contradictory aspects of perception in ASD might be due to a different center-surround profile of their attentional focus. In two experiments, we tested two independent samples of children with ASD, comparing them with typically developing (TD) peers. In Experiment 1, we used a psychophysical task that mapped the entire spatial profile of the attentional focus. In Experiment 2, we used dense-array electroencephalography (EEG) to explore its neurophysiological underpinnings. Experiment 1 results showed that the suppression, surrounding the attentional focus, was markedly reduced in children with ASD. Experiment 2 showed that the center-surround profile in TD children resulted in a modulation of the posterior N2 ERP component, with cortical sources in the lateral-occipital and medial/inferior temporal areas. In contrast, children with ASD did not show modulation of the N2 and related activations in the ventral visual stream. Furthermore, behavioural and neurophysiological measures of weaker suppression predicted more severe autistic symptomatology. The present findings, showing an altered center-surround profile during attentional selection, give an important insight to understand superior visual processing in autism as well as the experiencing of sensory overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Italy; Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy.
| | - Simone Gori
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy; Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Federici
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maria Devita
- Department of Human and Social Science, University of Bergamo, Italy
| | - Serena Carna
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maria E Sali
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Luca Casartelli
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy.
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39
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Yang L, Mo L. The Effects of Similarity on High-Level Visual Working Memory Processing. Adv Cogn Psychol 2018; 13:296-305. [PMID: 29362645 PMCID: PMC5771247 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarity has been observed to have opposite effects on visual working memory (VWM) for complex images. How can these discrepant results be reconciled? To answer this question, we used a change-detection paradigm to test visual working memory performance for multiple real-world objects. We found that working memory for moderate similarity items was worse than that for either high or low similarity items. This pattern was unaffected by manipulations of stimulus type (faces vs. scenes), encoding duration (limited vs. self-paced), and presentation format (simultaneous vs. sequential). We also found that the similarity effects differed in strength in different categories (scenes vs. faces). These results suggest that complex real-world objects are represented using a centre-surround inhibition organization. These results support the category-specific cortical resource theory and further suggest that centre-surround inhibition organization may differ by category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal
University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Centre for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal
University, Guangzhou, China
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40
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van Ede F. Mnemonic and attentional roles for states of attenuated alpha oscillations in perceptual working memory: a review. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 48:2509-2515. [PMID: 29068095 PMCID: PMC6220786 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha oscillations are often reported to be amplified during working memory (WM) retention, serving to disengage sensory areas to protect internal representations from external interference. At the same time, contemporary views of WM postulate that sensory areas may often also be recruited for retention. I here review recent evidence that during such 'perceptual' WM, alpha oscillations in mnemonically relevant sensory areas are not amplified but attenuated instead. I will argue that such attenuated alpha states serve a mnemonic role and, further, that larger attenuation may support item-specific attentional prioritisation within perceptual WM. In critically evaluating this role, I also consider (and argue against) four alternatives to a strictly mnemonic account of the available data that may also prove useful to consider in future research. Finally, I highlight key implications of these data for the study of WM and for our understanding of the functional roles of states of attenuated alpha oscillations in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek van Ede
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yang L, Mo L, Wang X, Yu M. The effects of categorical similarity and feature-space proximity on visual working memory processing. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1390515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Mo
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Wang
- The Center of Internet + Social Psychology, Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM) representations can be strengthened by pre-cues presented before, and retro-cues presented after, the memory display, providing evidence that attentional orienting plays a role in memory encoding and maintenance. It is unknown whether attentional orienting to VWM stimuli can also have adverse effects (known as inhibition of return; IOR), as has been found for perceptual-cueing tasks. If so, this would provide further evidence for common attentional orienting mechanisms for mnemonic and perceptual representations. In Experiment 1, we used pre-cueing and demonstrated an increased encoding probability, but not precision, at short SOAs, but probability decreased at long SOAs, reminiscent of the classic IOR findings. In Experiment 2, we used retro-cueing and showed that it improved memory performance, unless attention was cued back to the center of the display by a second cue. In this case, the deleterious effects were on precision, indicating that the item was still retained, but its quality of representation suffered. Together, these results provide further evidence for universal spatial attentional mechanisms operating on perceptual as well as mnemonic representations.
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Pertzov Y, Manohar S, Husain M. Rapid forgetting results from competition over time between items in visual working memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2016; 43:528-536. [PMID: 27668485 PMCID: PMC5377990 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is now established as a fundamental cognitive process across a range of species. Loss of information held in working memory has the potential to disrupt many aspects of cognitive function. However, despite its significance, the mechanisms underlying rapid forgetting remain unclear, with intense recent debate as to whether it is interference between stored items that leads to loss of information or simply temporal decay. Here we show that both factors are essential and interact in a highly specific manner. Although a single item can be maintained in memory with high fidelity, multiple items compete in working memory, progressively degrading each other’s representations as time passes. Specifically, interaction between items is associated with both worsening precision and increased reporting errors of object features over time. Importantly, during the period of maintenance, although items are no longer visible, maintenance resources can be selectively redeployed to protect the probability to recall the correct feature and the precision with which cued items can be recalled, as if it was the only item in memory. These findings reveal that the biased competition concept could be applied not only to perceptual processes but also to active maintenance of working memory representations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Sanjay Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital
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