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Rios MU, Bagnucka MA, Ryder BD, Ferreira Gomes B, Familiari NE, Yaguchi K, Amato M, Stachera WE, Joachimiak ŁA, Woodruff JB. Multivalent coiled-coil interactions enable full-scale centrosome assembly and strength. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306142. [PMID: 38456967 PMCID: PMC10921949 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The outermost layer of centrosomes, called pericentriolar material (PCM), organizes microtubules for mitotic spindle assembly. The molecular interactions that enable PCM to assemble and resist external forces are poorly understood. Here, we use crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to analyze PLK-1-potentiated multimerization of SPD-5, the main PCM scaffold protein in C. elegans. In the unassembled state, SPD-5 exhibits numerous intramolecular crosslinks that are eliminated after phosphorylation by PLK-1. Thus, phosphorylation induces a structural opening of SPD-5 that primes it for assembly. Multimerization of SPD-5 is driven by interactions between multiple dispersed coiled-coil domains. Structural analyses of a phosphorylated region (PReM) in SPD-5 revealed a helical hairpin that dimerizes to form a tetrameric coiled-coil. Mutations within this structure and other interacting regions cause PCM assembly defects that are partly rescued by eliminating microtubule-mediated forces, revealing that PCM assembly and strength are interdependent. We propose that PCM size and strength emerge from specific, multivalent coiled-coil interactions between SPD-5 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo U. Rios
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Małgorzata A. Bagnucka
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bryan D. Ryder
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Nicole E. Familiari
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kan Yaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Amato
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weronika E. Stachera
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Łukasz A. Joachimiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Woodruff
- Department of Cell Biology, Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Rios MU, Bagnucka MA, Ryder BD, Gomes BF, Familiari N, Yaguchi K, Amato M, Joachimiak ŁA, Woodruff JB. Multivalent coiled-coil interactions enable full-scale centrosome assembly and strength. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.15.540834. [PMID: 37293020 PMCID: PMC10245579 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.15.540834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During mitotic spindle assembly, microtubules generate tensile stresses on pericentriolar material (PCM), the outermost layer of centrosomes. The molecular interactions that enable PCM to assemble rapidly and resist external forces are unknown. Here we use cross-linking mass spectrometry to identify interactions underlying supramolecular assembly of SPD-5, the main PCM scaffold protein in C. elegans . Crosslinks map primarily to alpha helices within the phospho-regulated region (PReM), a long C-terminal coiled-coil, and a series of four N-terminal coiled-coils. PLK-1 phosphorylation of SPD-5 creates new homotypic contacts, including two between PReM and the CM2-like domain, and eliminates numerous contacts in disordered linker regions, thus favoring coiled-coil-specific interactions. Mutations within these interacting regions cause PCM assembly defects that are partly rescued by eliminating microtubule-mediated forces. Thus, PCM assembly and strength are interdependent. In vitro , self-assembly of SPD-5 scales with coiled-coil content, although there is a defined hierarchy of association. We propose that multivalent interactions among coiled-coil regions of SPD-5 build the PCM scaffold and contribute sufficient strength to resist microtubule-mediated forces.
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3
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Mytlis A, Levy K, Elkouby YM. The many faces of the bouquet centrosome MTOC in meiosis and germ cell development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102158. [PMID: 36913831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic chromosomal pairing is facilitated by a conserved cytoskeletal organization. Telomeres associate with perinuclear microtubules via Sun/KASH complexes on the nuclear envelope (NE) and dynein. Telomere sliding on perinuclear microtubules contributes to chromosome homology searches and is essential for meiosis. Telomeres ultimately cluster on the NE, facing the centrosome, in a configuration called the chromosomal bouquet. Here, we discuss novel components and functions of the bouquet microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in meiosis, but also broadly in gamete development. The cellular mechanics of chromosome movements and the bouquet MTOC dynamics are striking. The newly identified zygotene cilium mechanically anchors the bouquet centrosome and completes the bouquet MTOC machinery in zebrafish and mice. We hypothesize that various centrosome anchoring strategies evolved in different species. Evidence suggests that the bouquet MTOC machinery is a cellular organizer, linking meiotic mechanisms with gamete development and morphogenesis. We highlight this cytoskeletal organization as a new platform for creating a holistic understanding of early gametogenesis, with direct implications to fertility and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishag Mytlis
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Karine Levy
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yaniv M Elkouby
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel; Institute for Medical Research - Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Ein-Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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4
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Ali A, Vineethakumari C, Lacasa C, Lüders J. Microtubule nucleation and γTuRC centrosome localization in interphase cells require ch-TOG. Nat Commun 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36702836 PMCID: PMC9879976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubule arrays requires spatio-temporal regulation of the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). MTOC-localized adapter proteins are thought to recruit and activate γTuRC, but the molecular underpinnings remain obscure. Here we show that at interphase centrosomes, rather than adapters, the microtubule polymerase ch-TOG (also named chTOG or CKAP5) ultimately controls γTuRC recruitment and activation. ch-TOG co-assembles with γTuRC to stimulate nucleation around centrioles. In the absence of ch-TOG, γTuRC fails to localize to these sites, but not the centriole lumen. However, whereas some ch-TOG is stably bound at subdistal appendages, it only transiently associates with PCM. ch-TOG's dynamic behavior requires its tubulin-binding TOG domains and a C-terminal region involved in localization. In addition, ch-TOG also promotes nucleation from the Golgi. Thus, at interphase centrosomes stimulation of nucleation and γTuRC attachment are mechanistically coupled through transient recruitment of ch-TOG, and ch-TOG's nucleation-promoting activity is not restricted to centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Chithran Vineethakumari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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5
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Tian L, Zhou W, Wu X, Hu Z, Qiu L, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang S, Lu Z. CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:967679. [PMID: 36389159 PMCID: PMC9645434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.967679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens have evolved a range of capabilities to evade host immune defense mechanisms and to survive and multiply in host cells. The presence of host intracellular bacteria makes it difficult for specific antibodies to function. After the intracellular bacteria escape the attack of the innate immune system, such as phagocytes, they survive in cells, and then adaptive immunity comes into play. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in eliminating intracellular bacteria. The regulation of key transcription factors could promote CD4+/CD8+ T cells to acquire cytolytic ability. The TCR-CD3 complex transduces activation signals generated by TCR recognition of antigen and promotes CTLs to generate multiple pathways to kill intracellular bacteria. In this review, the mechanism of CD4/CD8 CTLs differentiation and how CD4/CD8 CTLs kill intracellular bacteria are introduced. In addition, their application and prospects in the treatment of bacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuannan Hu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Al-Warhi T, Abualnaja M, Abu Ali OA, Althobaiti F, Alharthi F, Elsaid FG, Shati AA, Fayad E, Elghareeb D, Abu Almaaty AH, Zaki I. Synthesis and Biological Activity Screening of Newly Synthesized Trimethoxyphenyl-Based Analogues as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144621. [PMID: 35889493 PMCID: PMC9322052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A group of novel trimethoxyphenyl (TMP)-based analogues were synthesized by varying the azalactone ring of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)oxazolone 1 and characterized using NMR spectral data as well as elemental microanalyses. All synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic activity utilizing the hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Compounds 9, 10 and 11 exhibited good cytotoxic potency with IC50 values ranging from 1.38 to 3.21 μM compared to podophyllotoxin (podo) as a reference compound. In addition, compounds 9, 10 and 11 exhibited potent inhibition of β-tubulin polymerization. DNA flow cytometry analysis of compound 9 shows cell cycle disturbance at the G2/M phase and a significant increase in Annexin-V-positive cells compared with the untreated control. Compound 9 was further studied regarding its apoptotic potential in HepG2 cells; it decreased the level of MMP and Bcl-2 as well as boosted the level of p53 and Bax compared with the control HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Matokah Abualnaja
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al Mukarrama 24381, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ola A. Abu Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (E.F.)
| | - Fahad Alharthi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahmy G. Elsaid
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (F.G.E.); (A.A.S.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Science College, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (F.G.E.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Eman Fayad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (E.F.)
| | - Doaa Elghareeb
- Department of Biology, Jumum College University, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo 12619, Egypt
| | - Ali H. Abu Almaaty
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt;
| | - Islam Zaki
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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7
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Palacios Martínez S, Greaney J, Zenker J. Beyond the centrosome: The mystery of microtubule organising centres across mammalian preimplantation embryos. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102114. [PMID: 35841745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian preimplantation embryogenesis depends on the spatio-temporal dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton to enable exceptionally fast changes in cell number, function, architecture, and fate. Microtubule organising centres (MTOCs), which coordinate the remodelling of microtubules, are therefore of fundamental significance during the first days of a new life. Despite its indispensable role during early mammalian embryogenesis, the origin of microtubule growth remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarise the most recent discoveries on microtubule organisation and function during early human embryogenesis and compare these to innovative studies conducted in alternative mammalian models. We emphasise the differences and analogies of centriole inheritance and their role during the first cleavage. Furthermore, we highlight the significance of non-centrosomal MTOCs for embryo viability and discuss the potential of novel in vitro models and light-inducible approaches towards unravelling microtubule formation in research and assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Greaney
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zenker
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Chen F, Wu J, Iwanski MK, Jurriens D, Sandron A, Pasolli M, Puma G, Kromhout JZ, Yang C, Nijenhuis W, Kapitein LC, Berger F, Akhmanova A. Self-assembly of pericentriolar material in interphase cells lacking centrioles. eLife 2022; 11:77892. [PMID: 35787744 PMCID: PMC9307276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells, the centrosome, comprises a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM), which nucleates and anchors microtubules. Centrosome assembly depends on PCM binding to centrioles, PCM self-association and dynein-mediated PCM transport, but the self-assembly properties of PCM components in interphase cells are poorly understood. Here, we used experiments and modeling to study centriole-independent features of interphase PCM assembly. We showed that when centrioles are lost due to PLK4 depletion or inhibition, dynein-based transport and self-clustering of PCM proteins are sufficient to form a single compact MTOC, which generates a dense radial microtubule array. Interphase self-assembly of PCM components depends on γ-tubulin, pericentrin, CDK5RAP2 and ninein, but not NEDD1, CEP152, or CEP192. Formation of a compact acentriolar MTOC is inhibited by AKAP450-dependent PCM recruitment to the Golgi or by randomly organized CAMSAP2-stabilized microtubules, which keep PCM mobile and prevent its coalescence. Linking of CAMSAP2 to a minus-end-directed motor leads to the formation of an MTOC, but MTOC compaction requires cooperation with pericentrin-containing self-clustering PCM. Our data reveal that interphase PCM contains a set of components that can self-assemble into a compact structure and organize microtubules, but PCM self-organization is sensitive to motor- and microtubule-based rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Chen
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Jurriens
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Sandron
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasolli
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gianmarco Puma
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Nijenhuis
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Berger
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the advancement of modern technology, the role(s) of microtubules in the pathogenesis of heart disease has become increasingly apparent, though currently there are limited treatments targeting microtubule-relevant mechanisms. Here, we review the functions of microtubules in the cardiovascular system and their specific adaptive and pathological phenotypes in cardiac disorders. We further explore the use of microtubule-targeting drugs and highlight promising druggable therapeutic targets for the future treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Warner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China (Y.L.)
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
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10
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Mittal A, Sharma R, Sardana S, Goyal PK, Piplani M, Pandey A. A Systematic Review of updated mechanistic insights towards Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-123335. [PMID: 35538829 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220510144127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disorder that impairs memory, cognitive abilities, and the ability to do even most everyday activities. This neurodegenerative disease is growing increasingly common as the world's population ages. Here we reviewed some of the key findings that have shown the function of Aβ peptide, oxidative stress, free radical damage Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2), Nitric Oxide (NO), and gut microbiota in the aetiology of AD. METHODOLOGY The potentially relevant online medical databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and JSTOR were exhaustively researched. In addition, the data reported in the present study were primarily intervened on the basis of the timeline selected from 1 January 2000 to 31 October 2021. The whole framework was designed substantially based on key terms and studies selected by virtue of their relevance to our investigations. RESULTS Findings suggested that channels of free radicals, such as transition metal accumulation, and genetic factors are mainly accountable for the redox imbalance that assist to understand better the pathogenesis of AD and incorporate new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, TREM2 might elicit a protective function for microglia in AD. NO causes an increase in oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, compromising cellular integrity and viability. The study also explored that the gut and CNS communicate with one another and that regulating gut commensal flora might be a viable therapeutic for neurodegenerative illnesses like AD. CONCLUSION There are presently no viable therapies for Alzheimer's disease, but recent breakthroughs in our knowledge of the disease's pathophysiology may aid in the discovery of prospective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Mittal
- Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana
| | | | | | | | - Mona Piplani
- Maharaja Agarsen University, Solan, Himachal Pardesh
| | - Anima Pandey
- Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand
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11
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Vineethakumari C, Lüders J. Microtubule Anchoring: Attaching Dynamic Polymers to Cellular Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867870. [PMID: 35309944 PMCID: PMC8927778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic, filamentous polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin. Arrays of microtubules that have a specific polarity and distribution mediate essential processes such as intracellular transport and mitotic chromosome segregation. Microtubule arrays are generated with the help of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). MTOCs typically combine two principal activities, the de novo formation of microtubules, termed nucleation, and the immobilization of one of the two ends of microtubules, termed anchoring. Nucleation is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which, in cooperation with its recruitment and activation factors, provides a template for α- and β-tubulin assembly, facilitating formation of microtubule polymer. In contrast, the molecules and mechanisms that anchor newly formed microtubules at MTOCs are less well characterized. Here we discuss the mechanistic challenges underlying microtubule anchoring, how this is linked with the molecular activities of known and proposed anchoring factors, and what consequences defective microtubule anchoring has at the cellular and organismal level.
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12
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Abstract
Transport of intracellular components relies on a variety of active and passive mechanisms, ranging from the diffusive spreading of small molecules over short distances to motor-driven motion across long distances. The cell-scale behavior of these mechanisms is fundamentally dependent on the morphology of the underlying cellular structures. Diffusion-limited reaction times can be qualitatively altered by the presence of occluding barriers or by confinement in complex architectures, such as those of reticulated organelles. Motor-driven transport is modulated by the architecture of cytoskeletal filaments that serve as transport highways. In this review, we discuss the impact of geometry on intracellular transport processes that fulfill a broad range of functional objectives, including delivery, distribution, and sorting of cellular components. By unraveling the interplay between morphology and transport efficiency, we aim to elucidate key structure-function relationships that govern the architecture of transport systems at the cellular scale. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Agrawal
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Zubenelgenubi C Scott
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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13
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Buchwalter RA, Ogden SC, York SB, Sun L, Zheng C, Hammack C, Cheng Y, Chen JV, Cone AS, Meckes DG, Tang H, Megraw TL. Coordination of Zika Virus Infection and Viroplasm Organization by Microtubules and Microtubule-Organizing Centers. Cells 2021; 10:3335. [PMID: 34943843 PMCID: PMC8699624 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a global health concern in 2016 due to its links to congenital microcephaly and other birth defects. Flaviviruses, including ZIKV, reorganize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form a viroplasm, a compartment where virus particles are assembled. Microtubules (MTs) and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) coordinate structural and trafficking functions in the cell, and MTs also support replication of flaviviruses. Here we investigated the roles of MTs and the cell's MTOCs on ZIKV viroplasm organization and virus production. We show that a toroidal-shaped viroplasm forms upon ZIKV infection, and MTs are organized at the viroplasm core and surrounding the viroplasm. We show that MTs are necessary for viroplasm organization and impact infectious virus production. In addition, the centrosome and the Golgi MTOC are closely associated with the viroplasm, and the centrosome coordinates the organization of the ZIKV viroplasm toroidal structure. Surprisingly, viroplasm formation and virus production are not significantly impaired when infected cells have no centrosomes and impaired Golgi MTOC, and we show that MTs are anchored to the viroplasm surface in these cells. We propose that the viroplasm is a site of MT organization, and the MTs organized at the viroplasm are sufficient for efficient virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Sarah C. Ogden
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Sara B. York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Christy Hammack
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Jieyan V. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Timothy L. Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
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