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Murray MM, Middelmann NK, Federmeier KD. Animal cognition: Dogs build semantic expectations between spoken words and objects. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R348-R351. [PMID: 38714162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
A recent study has used scalp-recorded electroencephalography to obtain evidence of semantic processing of human speech and objects by domesticated dogs. The results suggest that dogs do comprehend the meaning of familiar spoken words, in that a word can evoke the mental representation of the object to which it refers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah M Murray
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Lausanne and Sion, Switzerland; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Naomi K Middelmann
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Lausanne and Sion, Switzerland; Pediopsychiatry Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kara D Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Departments of Linguistics and Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Program in Neuroscience and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Boros M, Magyari L, Morvai B, Hernández-Pérez R, Dror S, Andics A. Neural evidence for referential understanding of object words in dogs. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1750-1754.e4. [PMID: 38521063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Using words to refer to objects in the environment is a core feature of the human language faculty. Referential understanding assumes the formation of mental representations of these words.1,2 Such understanding of object words has not yet been demonstrated as a general capacity in any non-human species,3 despite multiple behavior-based case reports.4,5,6,7,8,9,10 In human event-related potential (ERP) studies, object word knowledge is typically tested using the semantic violation paradigm, where words are presented either with their referent (match) or another object (mismatch).11,12 Such mismatch elicits an N400 effect, a well-established neural correlate of semantic processing.12,13 Reports of preverbal infant N400 evoked by semantic violations14 assert the use of this paradigm to probe mental representations of object words in nonverbal populations. Here, measuring dogs' (Canis familiaris) ERPs to objects primed with matching or mismatching object words, we found a mismatch effect at a frontal electrode, with a latency (206-606 ms) comparable to the human N400. A greater difference for words that dogs knew better, according to owner reports, further supported a semantic interpretation of this effect. Semantic expectations emerged irrespective of vocabulary size, demonstrating the prevalence of referential understanding in dogs. These results provide the first neural evidence for object word knowledge in a non-human animal. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Boros
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Magyari
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Norwegian Centre for Reading Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Stavanger, Professor Olav Hanssens vei 10, 4021 Stavanger, Norway; Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Kjell Arholms gate 41, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Boglárka Morvai
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Raúl Hernández-Pérez
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shany Dror
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- Neuroethology of Communication Lab, Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Benjamin L, Sablé-Meyer M, Fló A, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Al Roumi F. Long-Horizon Associative Learning Explains Human Sensitivity to Statistical and Network Structures in Auditory Sequences. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1369232024. [PMID: 38408873 PMCID: PMC10993028 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1369-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Networks are a useful mathematical tool for capturing the complexity of the world. In a previous behavioral study, we showed that human adults were sensitive to the high-level network structure underlying auditory sequences, even when presented with incomplete information. Their performance was best explained by a mathematical model compatible with associative learning principles, based on the integration of the transition probabilities between adjacent and nonadjacent elements with a memory decay. In the present study, we explored the neural correlates of this hypothesis via magnetoencephalography (MEG). Participants (N = 23, 16 females) passively listened to sequences of tones organized in a sparse community network structure comprising two communities. An early difference (∼150 ms) was observed in the brain responses to tone transitions with similar transition probability but occurring either within or between communities. This result implies a rapid and automatic encoding of the sequence structure. Using time-resolved decoding, we estimated the duration and overlap of the representation of each tone. The decoding performance exhibited exponential decay, resulting in a significant overlap between the representations of successive tones. Based on this extended decay profile, we estimated a long-horizon associative learning novelty index for each transition and found a correlation of this measure with the MEG signal. Overall, our study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying human sensitivity to network structures and highlights the potential role of Hebbian-like mechanisms in supporting learning at various temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Benjamin
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Sablé-Meyer
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London W1T 4JG, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fló
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Fosca Al Roumi
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CNRS ERL 9003, INSERM U992, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
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Batterink LJ, Mulgrew J, Gibbings A. Rhythmically Modulating Neural Entrainment during Exposure to Regularities Influences Statistical Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:107-127. [PMID: 37902580 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to discover regularities in the environment, such as syllable patterns in speech, is known as statistical learning. Previous studies have shown that statistical learning is accompanied by neural entrainment, in which neural activity temporally aligns with repeating patterns over time. However, it is unclear whether these rhythmic neural dynamics play a functional role in statistical learning or whether they largely reflect the downstream consequences of learning, such as the enhanced perception of learned words in speech. To better understand this issue, we manipulated participants' neural entrainment during statistical learning using continuous rhythmic visual stimulation. Participants were exposed to a speech stream of repeating nonsense words while viewing either (1) a visual stimulus with a "congruent" rhythm that aligned with the word structure, (2) a visual stimulus with an incongruent rhythm, or (3) a static visual stimulus. Statistical learning was subsequently measured using both an explicit and implicit test. Participants in the congruent condition showed a significant increase in neural entrainment over auditory regions at the relevant word frequency, over and above effects of passive volume conduction, indicating that visual stimulation successfully altered neural entrainment within relevant neural substrates. Critically, during the subsequent implicit test, participants in the congruent condition showed an enhanced ability to predict upcoming syllables and stronger neural phase synchronization to component words, suggesting that they had gained greater sensitivity to the statistical structure of the speech stream relative to the incongruent and static groups. This learning benefit could not be attributed to strategic processes, as participants were largely unaware of the contingencies between the visual stimulation and embedded words. These results indicate that manipulating neural entrainment during exposure to regularities influences statistical learning outcomes, suggesting that neural entrainment may functionally contribute to statistical learning. Our findings encourage future studies using non-invasive brain stimulation methods to further understand the role of entrainment in statistical learning.
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Sweet SJ, Van Hedger SC, Batterink LJ. Of words and whistles: Statistical learning operates similarly for identical sounds perceived as speech and non-speech. Cognition 2024; 242:105649. [PMID: 37871411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Statistical learning is an ability that allows individuals to effortlessly extract patterns from the environment, such as sound patterns in speech. Some prior evidence suggests that statistical learning operates more robustly for speech compared to non-speech stimuli, supporting the idea that humans are predisposed to learn language. However, any apparent statistical learning advantage for speech could be driven by signal acoustics, rather than the subjective perception per se of sounds as speech. To resolve this issue, the current study assessed whether there is a statistical learning advantage for ambiguous sounds that are subjectively perceived as speech-like compared to the same sounds perceived as non-speech, thereby controlling for acoustic features. We first induced participants to perceive sine-wave speech (SWS)-a degraded form of speech not immediately perceptible as speech-as either speech or non-speech. After this induction phase, participants were exposed to a continuous stream of repeating trisyllabic nonsense words, composed of SWS syllables, and then completed an explicit familiarity rating task and an implicit target detection task to assess learning. Critically, participants showed robust and equivalent performance on both measures, regardless of their subjective speech perception. In contrast, participants who perceived the SWS syllables as more speech-like showed better detection of individual syllables embedded in speech streams. These results suggest that speech perception facilitates processing of individual sounds, but not the ability to extract patterns across sounds. Our findings suggest that statistical learning is not influenced by the perceived linguistic relevance of sounds, and that it may be conceptualized largely as an automatic, stimulus-driven mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra J Sweet
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen C Van Hedger
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Huron University College, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura J Batterink
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Szabó D, Janosov M, Czeibert K, Gácsi M, Kubinyi E. Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:831-843. [PMID: 36995432 PMCID: PMC10147816 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the field of human fMRI, knowledge about functional networks in dogs is scarce. In this paper, we present the first anatomically-defined ROI (region of interest) based functional network map of the companion dog brain. We scanned 33 awake dogs in a "task-free condition". Our trained subjects, similarly to humans, remain willingly motionless during scanning. Our goal is to provide a reference map with a current best estimate for the organisation of the cerebral cortex as measured by functional connectivity. The findings extend a previous spatial ICA (independent component analysis) study (Szabo et al. in Sci Rep 9(1):1.25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51752-2 , 2019), with the current study including (1) more subjects and (2) improved scanning protocol to avoid asymmetric lateral distortions. In dogs, similarly to humans (Sacca et al. in J Neurosci Methods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109084 , 2021), ageing resulted in increasing framewise displacement (i.e. head motion) in the scanner. Despite the inherently different approaches between model-free ICA and model-based ROI, the resulting functional networks show a remarkable similarity. However, in the present study, we did not detect a designated auditory network. Instead, we identified two highly connected, lateralised multi-region networks extending to non-homotropic regions (Sylvian L, Sylvian R), including the respective auditory regions, together with the associative and sensorimotor cortices and the insular cortex. The attention and control networks were not split into two fully separated, dedicated networks. Overall, in dogs, fronto-parietal networks and hubs were less dominant than in humans, with the cingulate gyrus playing a central role. The current manuscript provides the first attempt to map whole-brain functional networks in dogs via a model-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Szabó
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Milán Janosov
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Momentum Companion Animal Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Kőszegi H, Fugazza C, Magyari L, Iotchev IB, Miklósi Á, Andics A. Investigating responses to object-labels in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Sci Rep 2023; 13:3150. [PMID: 36823218 PMCID: PMC9950079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of comparative cognitive research, dogs were suspected to possess some capacity for responding to human spoken language. Neuroimaging studies have supported the existence of relevant mechanisms, but convincing behavioral performance is rare, with only few exceptional dogs worldwide demonstrating a lexicon of object-labels they respond to. In the present study we aimed to investigate if and how a capacity for processing verbal stimuli is expressed in dogs (N = 20), whose alleged knowledge of verbal labels is only backed-up by owner reports taken at face value, and concerning only a few words (on average 5). Dogs were tested in a two-choice paradigm with familiar objects. The experiment was divided into a cue-control condition (objects visible to the owner vs. shielded by a panel, thereby controlling the owner's ability to emit cues to the dog) and a response type condition (fetching vs. looking). Above chance performance in fetching and looking at the named object emerged on the level of the sample as a whole. Only one individual performed reliably above chance, but the group-level effect did not depend on this data point. The presence of the panel also had no influence, which supports that performance was not driven by non-verbal cues from the owners. The group-level effect suggests that in typical dogs object-label learning is an instable process, either due to the animals primarily engaging in contextual learning or possibly analogous to the early stages of implicit, statistical learning of words in humans and opposed to the rapid mapping reported in exceptional dogs with larger passive vocabulary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kőszegi
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.483037.b0000 0001 2226 5083Department of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, 1078 Hungary
| | - Claudia Fugazza
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELTE NAP Comparative Ethology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
| | - Lilla Magyari
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.18883.3a0000 0001 2299 9255Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway ,grid.18883.3a0000 0001 2299 9255Centre for Reading Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway ,grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE “Lendület” Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
| | - Ivaylo Borislavov Iotchev
- Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary. .,MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Companion Animal Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELTE NAP Comparative Ethology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Ethology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE “Lendület” Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276ELTE NAP Comparative Ethology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
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Ruba AL, Pollak SD, Saffran JR. Acquiring Complex Communicative Systems: Statistical Learning of Language and Emotion. Top Cogn Sci 2022; 14:432-450. [PMID: 35398974 PMCID: PMC9465951 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the early postnatal years, most infants rapidly learn to understand two naturally evolved communication systems: language and emotion. While these two domains include different types of content knowledge, it is possible that similar learning processes subserve their acquisition. In this review, we compare the learnable statistical regularities in language and emotion input. We then consider how domain-general learning abilities may underly the acquisition of language and emotion, and how this process may be constrained in each domain. This comparative developmental approach can advance our understanding of how humans learn to communicate with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Ruba
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Seth D. Pollak
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison
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Sleeping neonates track transitional probabilities in speech but only retain the first syllable of words. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4391. [PMID: 35292694 PMCID: PMC8924158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting statistical regularities from the environment is a primary learning mechanism that might support language acquisition. While it has been shown that infants are sensitive to transition probabilities between syllables in speech, it is still not known what information they encode. Here we used electrophysiology to study how full-term neonates process an artificial language constructed by randomly concatenating four pseudo-words and what information they retain after a few minutes of exposure. Neural entrainment served as a marker of the regularities the brain was tracking during learning. Then in a post-learning phase, evoked-related potentials (ERP) to different triplets explored which information was retained. After two minutes of familiarization with the artificial language, neural entrainment at the word rate emerged, demonstrating rapid learning of the regularities. ERPs in the test phase significantly differed between triplets starting or not with the correct first syllables, but no difference was associated with subsequent violations in transition probabilities. Thus, our results revealed a two-step learning process: neonates segmented the stream based on its statistical regularities, but memory encoding targeted during the word recognition phase entangled the ordinal position of the syllables but was still incomplete at that age.
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Townsend SW, Hervais-Adelman A. Speech segmentation: New dogs, old tricks? Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1580-R1582. [PMID: 34932968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new study using electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging suggests that dogs and humans may segment speech in similar ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Townsend
- Department of Comparative Language Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Alexis Hervais-Adelman
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution (ISLE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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