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Mercer MA, Davis JL, McKenzie HC. The Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Evaluation of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Adult Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101597. [PMID: 37238029 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review firstly examines the underlying pathophysiology of pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic disease and endotoxemia. Then, it reviews the clinical pharmacology (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) of both conventional and non-conventional NSAIDs in the adult horse, and finally provides an overview of different modalities to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of NSAIDs in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Bhat AA, Shakeel A, Rafiq S, Farooq I, Malik AQ, Alghuthami ME, Alharthi S, Qanash H, Alharthy SA. Juglans regia Linn.: A Natural Repository of Vital Phytochemical and Pharmacological Compounds. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020380. [PMID: 36836737 PMCID: PMC9962597 DOI: 10.3390/life13020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Juglans regia Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant that possesses the therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of diseases in humans. It has been known to have significant nutritional and curative properties since ancient times, and almost all parts of this plant have been utilized to cure numerous fungal and bacterial disorders. The separation and identification of the active ingredients in J. regia as well as the testing of those active compounds for pharmacological properties are currently of great interest. Recently, the naphthoquinones extracted from walnut have been observed to inhibit the enzymes essential for viral protein synthesis in the SARS-CoV-2. Anticancer characteristics have been observed in the synthetic triazole analogue derivatives of juglone, and the unique modifications in the parent derivative of juglone have paved the way for further synthetic research in this area. Though there are some research articles available on the pharmacological importance of J. regia, a comprehensive review article to summarize these findings is still required. The current review, therefore, abridges the most recent scientific findings about antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anticancer properties of various discovered and separated chemical compounds from different solvents and different parts of J. regia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeyaz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Adnan Shakeel
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sadaf Rafiq
- Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190025, India
| | - Iqra Farooq
- CSIR—Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Azad Quyoom Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | | | - Sarah Alharthi
- Center of Advanced Research in Science and Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Qanash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.Q.); (S.A.A.); Tel.: +966-165351752 (H.Q.); +966-555556291 (S.A.A.)
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Sciences Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.Q.); (S.A.A.); Tel.: +966-165351752 (H.Q.); +966-555556291 (S.A.A.)
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Tian M, Li N, Liu R, Li K, Du J, Zou D, Ma Y. The protective effect of licochalcone A against inflammation injury of primary dairy cow claw dermal cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1593. [PMID: 35102233 PMCID: PMC8803976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is one of the most important and intractable diseases in dairy cows, which can lead to enormous economic losses. Although many scholars have conducted a large number of studies on laminitis, the therapeutic test of medicinal plants in vitro is really rare. Licochalcone A is proved to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. But the effect of licochalcone A on LPS-induced inflammatory claw dermal cells has not been discovered yet. In this study, the primary dairy cow claw dermal cells were treated with gradient concentrations of licochalcone A (1, 5, 10 µg/mL) in the presence of 10 µg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The results indicated that licochalcone A reduced the concentrations of inflammation mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), increased the activity of SOD, reduced the levels of MDA and ROS, downregulated the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and MyD88, suppressed the protein levels of p-IκBα and p-p65, and upregulated the protein expression of PPARγ. In summary, licochalcone A protected dairy cow claw dermal cells against LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress through the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and PPARγ signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Tian
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Animal Science and Technology, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Li
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmin Zou
- Shanxi Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuzhong Ma
- Hebei Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Mouithys-Mickalad A, Storms N, Franck T, Ceusters J, de la Rebière de Pouyade G, Deby-Dupont G, Serteyn D. Effects of Juglone on Neutrophil Degranulation and Myeloperoxidase Activity Related to Equine Laminitis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:677675. [PMID: 34336974 PMCID: PMC8322847 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.677675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental laminitis, characterized by a failure of the dermal-epidermal interface of the foot, can be induced in horses by the oral administration of a black walnut extract (BWE). In the early phase of this severe and painful disease, an activation of neutrophil occurs, with the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a pro-oxidant enzyme of neutrophils, in plasma, skin, and laminar tissue. Juglone, a naphthoquinone derivative endowed with redox properties, is found in walnuts and has been incriminated in this neutrophil activation. We report for the first time the inhibitory activity of juglone on the degranulation of neutrophils induced by cytochalasin B and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine as monitored by the MPO release (>90% inhibition for 25 and 50 μM). Moreover, it also acts on the peroxidase activity of MPO by interacting with the intermediate "π cation radical," as evidenced by the classical and specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) assays. These results are confirmed by a docking study showing the perfect positioning of juglone in the MPO enzyme active site and its interaction with one of the amino acids (Arg-239) of MPO apoprotein. By chemiluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance techniques, we demonstrated that juglone inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anion free radical produced from phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). These results indicate that juglone is not the trigger for equine laminitis, at least if we focus on the modulation of neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazaré Storms
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Surgery, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- Centre for Oxygen R&D, Institute of Chemistry, B6a, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Ceusters
- Centre for Oxygen R&D, Institute of Chemistry, B6a, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ginette Deby-Dupont
- Centre for Oxygen R&D, Institute of Chemistry, B6a, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre for Oxygen R&D, Institute of Chemistry, B6a, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Surgery, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Seabra IJ, Braga ME, Oliveira RA, de Sousa HC. Two-step high pressure solvent extraction of walnut (Juglans regia L.) husks: scCO2 + CO2/ethanol/H2O. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tian MY, Fan JH, Zhuang ZW, Dai F, Wang CY, Hou HT, Ma YZ. Effects of silymarin on p65 NF-κB, p38 MAPK and CYP450 in LPS-induced hoof dermal inflammatory cells of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:127. [PMID: 31039823 PMCID: PMC6492397 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminitis is considered as one of the most important causes of hoof lameness in dairy cows, which can lead to enormous economic losses. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis have not been clarified yet. Besides, it is of great significant to find alternative herbs for the prevention and treatment of dairy hooves to avoid the antibiotic abuse. In this study, the primary hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were isolated, the inflammatory model was induced by LPS, and treated with silymarin to find whether silymarin has protective effect on the inflammatory dermal cells. The viability of dermal cells, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, the degree of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, the expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 were measured. Results Hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were successfully isolated and cultured by tissue adherent culture method. Certain concentrations of LPS can increase the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, promote the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and inhibit the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1. The optimal concentration for LPS to establish a hoof dermal cells inflammatory model was 10 μg/mL. Certain concentrations of silymarin can markedly decrease the secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α, inhibit the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and promote the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 in LPS-induced dermal inflammatory model. Conclusions LPS can be used for inducing the hoof dermal cells inflammatory model of dairy cows. Silymarin has protective effects on the LPS-induced inflammatory model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhuang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Ting Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Watts MR, Hegedus OC, Eades SC, Belknap JK, Burns TA. Association of sustained supraphysiologic hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory signaling within the digital lamellae in light-breed horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1483-1492. [PMID: 30912229 PMCID: PMC6524466 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperinsulinemia is associated with equine laminitis, and digital lamellar inflammation in equine metabolic syndrome‐associated laminitis (EMSAL) is modest when compared with sepsis‐associated laminitis. Objectives To characterize digital lamellar inflammation in horses in a euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) model of laminitis. Animals Sixteen healthy adult Standardbred horses. Methods Prospective experimental study. Horses underwent EHC or saline infusion (CON) for 48 hours or until the onset of Obel grade 1 laminitis. Horses were euthanized, and digital lamellar tissue was collected and analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (pro‐inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes—CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL‐6, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, IL‐1β, IL11, cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α], E‐selectin, and ICAM‐1), immunoblotting (phosphorylated and total signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1], STAT3, and p38MAPK), and immunohistochemistry (markers of leukocyte infiltration: CD163, MAC387). Results Lamellar mRNA concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐11, COX‐2, and E‐selectin were increased; the concentration of COX‐1 was decreased; and concentrations of CXCL1, CXCL6, MCP‐1, MCP‐2, IL‐8, TNF‐α and ICAM‐1 were not significantly different in the EHC group compared to the CON group (P ≤ .003). Lamellar concentrations of phosphorylated STAT proteins (P‐STAT1 [S727], P‐STAT1 [Y701], P‐STAT3 [S727], and P‐STAT3 [Y705]) were increased in the EHC group compared to the CON group, with phosphorylated STAT3 localizing to nuclei of lamellar basal epithelial cells. There was no change in the lamellar concentration of P‐p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), but the concentration of total p38 MAPK was decreased in the EHC samples. There was no evidence of notable lamellar leukocyte emigration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results establish a role for lamellar inflammatory signaling under conditions associated with EMSAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauria R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Olivia C Hegedus
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan C Eades
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
| | - James K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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Cassimeris L, Engiles JB, Galantino-Homer H. Detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in naturally-occurring endocrinopathic equine laminitis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:24. [PMID: 30630474 PMCID: PMC6327420 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminitis is often associated with endocrinopathies that cause hyperinsulinemia and is also induced experimentally by hyperinsulinemia, suggesting that insulin initiates laminitis pathogenesis. Hyperinsulinemia is expected to activate pro-growth and anabolic signaling pathways. We hypothesize that chronic over-stimulation of these pathways in lamellar tissue results in endoplasmic reticulum stress, contributing to tissue pathology, as it does in human metabolic diseases. We tested this hypothesis by asking whether lamellar tissue from horses with naturally-occurring endocrinopathic laminitis showed expression of protein markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Results Three markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, spliced XBP1, Grp78/BiP and Grp94, were upregulated 2.5–9.5 fold in lamellar tissues of moderately to severely laminitic front limbs (n = 12) compared to levels in controls (n = 6–7) measured by immunoblotting and densitometry. Comparing expression levels between laminitic front limbs and less affected hind limbs from the same horses (paired samples from 7 to 8 individual horses) demonstrated significantly higher expression for both spliced XBP1 and Grp78/BiP in the laminitic front limbs, and a similar trend for Grp94. Expression levels of the 3 markers were minimal in all samples of the control (n = 6–7) or hind limb groups (n = 7–8). Immunofluorescent localizations were used to identify cell types expressing high levels of Grp78/BiP, as an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Grp78/BiP expression was highly elevated in suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes and only observed in laminitic front limbs (10/12 laminitic samples, compared to 0/7 in sections from the hind limbs and 0/5 of controls). Conclusions These data demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway is active in naturally occurring cases of laminitis and is most active within a subset of epidermal keratinocytes. These data provide the rationale for further study of endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental models of laminitis and the links between laminitis and human diseases sharing activation of this stress pathway. Pharmacological options to manipulate the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway under investigation for human disease could be applicable to laminitis treatment and prevention should this pathway prove to be a driver of disease progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1748-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Cassimeris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,Department of Pathobiology/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Galantino-Homer
- Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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10
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Panth N, Paudel KR, Karki R. Phytochemical profile and biological activity of Juglans regia. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 14:359-73. [PMID: 27641607 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(16)60274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Juglans regia Linn. (Juglandaceae), popularly known as English or Persian walnut, is a valuable medicinal plant with a potency to cure various diseases in traditional medicine. Since ancient time, different local ethnic groups have used various part of J. regia for a wide array of ailments including helminthiasis, diarrhea, sinusitis, stomach ache, arthritis, asthma, eczema, scrofula, skin disorders, diabetes mellitus, anorexia, thyroid dysfunction, cancer and infectious diseases. Biological activities of J. regia have been reported in several peer review journals and scientific attention is increasing. The present review attempts to provide comprehensive information on plant description, ethnobotanical use, toxicity, phytochemical profile, pharmacology, clinical studies and current research prospective of the J. regia. Currently, there is an immense interest on isolation/identification of active constituents from walnut and screening those active compounds for pharmacological activities. In addition, researchers are performing clinical trials as well as screening various solvent extracts or fractions of J. regia in several animal diseases models to identify promising therapeutic benefits. In the present work, we review the latest information based on published scientific investigations of J. regia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Panth
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, South Korea
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resource, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 534-729, South Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resource, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 534-729, South Korea
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11
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The role of neutrophils in equine laminitis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:541-550. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Martin EM, Messenger KM, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Misoprostol Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production by Equine Leukocytes. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:160. [PMID: 29034249 PMCID: PMC5624997 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are potent immune mediators that exacerbate multiple equine diseases such as sepsis and laminitis. Unfortunately, safe and effective cytokine-targeting therapies are lacking in horses; therefore, novel mechanisms of inhibiting cytokine production are critically needed. One potential mechanism for inhibiting cytokine synthesis is elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). In human leukocytes, intracellular cAMP production is induced by activation of E-prostanoid (EP) receptors 2 and 4. These receptors can be targeted by the EP2/4 agonist and prostaglandin E1 analog, misoprostol. Misoprostol is currently used as a gastroprotectant in horses but has not been evaluated as a cytokine-targeting therapeutic. Thus, we hypothesized that misoprostol treatment would inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine leukocytes in an in vitro inflammation model. To test this hypothesis, equine leukocyte-rich plasma (LRP) was collected from 12 healthy adult horses and used to model LPS-mediated inflammatory signaling. LRP was treated with varying concentrations of misoprostol either before (pretreated) or following (posttreated) LPS stimulation. LRP supernatants were assayed for 23 cytokines using an equine-specific multiplex bead immunoassay. Leukocytes were isolated from LRP, and leukocyte mRNA levels of four important cytokines were evaluated via RT-PCR. Statistical differences between treatments were determined using one-way RM ANOVA (Holm-Sidak post hoc testing) or Friedman's RM ANOVA on Ranks (SNK post hoc testing), where appropriate (p < 0.05, n = 3-6 horses). These studies revealed that misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 protein production in equine leukocytes but had no effect on IL-8 protein. Interestingly, misoprostol pretreatment enhanced IL-1β protein synthesis following 6 h of LPS stimulation, while misoprostol posttreatment inhibited IL-1β protein production after 24 h of LPS stimulation. At the mRNA level, misoprostol pre- and posttreatment inhibited LPS-induced TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA production but did not affect IL-8 mRNA. These results indicate that misoprostol exerts anti-inflammatory effects on equine leukocytes when applied before or after a pro-inflammatory stimulus. However, the effects we observed were cytokine-specific and sometimes differed at the mRNA and protein levels. Further studies are warranted to establish the inhibitory effects of misoprostol on equine cytokine production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Medlin Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L. Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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13
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Godman JD, Burns TA, Kelly CS, Watts MR, Leise BS, Schroeder EL, van Eps AW, Belknap JK. The effect of hypothermia on influx of leukocytes in the digital lamellae of horses with oligofructose-induced laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 178:22-8. [PMID: 27496739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-related laminitis (SRL) is a common complication in the septic/endotoxemic critically-ill equine patient, in which lamellar injury and failure commonly lead to crippling distal displacement of the distal phalanx. Similar to organ injury in human sepsis, lamellar injury in SRL has been associated with inflammatory events, including the influx of leukocytes into the lamellar tissue and markedly increased expression of a wide array of inflammatory mediators at the onset of Obel grade 1 (OG1) laminitis. The only treatment reported both clinically and experimentally to protect the lamellae in SRL, local hypothermia ("cryotherapy"), has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit lamellar expression of multiple inflammatory mediators when initiated at the time of administration of a carbohydrate overload in experimental models of SRL. However, the effect of hypothermia on leukocyte influx into affected tissue has not been assessed. We hypothesized that cryotherapy inhibits leukocyte emigration into the digital lamellae in SRL. Immunohistochemical staining using leukocyte markers MAC387 (marker of neutrophils, activated monocytes) and CD163 (monocyte/macrophage-specific marker) was performed on archived lamellar tissue samples from an experimental model of SRL in which one forelimb was maintained at ambient temperature (AMB) and one forelimb was immersed in ice water (ICE) immediately following enteral oligofructose administration (10g/kg, n=14 horses). Lamellae were harvested at 24h post-oligofructose administration (DEV, n=7) or at the onset of OG1 laminitis (OG1, n=7). Both MAC387-positive and CD163-positive cells were counted by a single blinded investigator on images [n=10 (40× fields/digit for MAC387 and 20x fields/digit for CD163)] obtained using Aperio microscopy imaging analysis software. Data were assessed for normality and analyzed with a paired t-test and one-way ANOVA with significance set at p<0.05. MAC387-positive cells were present in low numbers in the lamellar tissue and were decreased in the hypothermic limbs (vs. AMB limbs, p<0.05) in the OG1 group; no change in CD163-positive cell numbers was noted across the conditions of the model. This study demonstrated that hypothermia of the distal limbs instituted early in the disease process in the horse at risk of SRL significantly attenuates the increase of MAC387-positive leukocytes in the digital lamellae, but has minimal effect on increases in lamellar concentrations of the major leukocyte cell type present in that tissue, CD163-positive mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Godman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Carlin S Kelly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Mauria R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Britta S Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Eric L Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - James K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Expression of purinergic P2X receptor subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 7 in equine laminitis. Vet J 2013; 198:472-8. [PMID: 24080476 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue sensitisation and chronic pain have been described in chronic-active laminitis in the horse, making treatment of such cases difficult. Purinergic P2X receptors are linked to chronic pain and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of purinergic P2X receptor subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 7 in the hoof, palmar digital vessels and nerve, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in horses with chronic-active laminitis (n=5) compared to non-laminitic horses (n=5). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue sections using antibodies against P2X receptor subtypes 1-3 and 7. In horses with laminitis, there was a reduction in the thickness of the tunica media layer of the palmar digital vein as a proportion of the whole vessel diameter (0.48±0.05) compared to the non-laminitic group (0.57±0.04; P=0.02). P2X receptor subtype 3 was expressed in the smooth muscle layer (tunica media) of the palmar digital artery of horses with laminitis, but was absent in horses without laminitis. There was strong expression of P2X receptor subtype 7 in the proliferating, partially keratinised, epidermal cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae in the hooves of horses with laminitis, but no immunopositivity in horses without laminitis.
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Lima LRD, Mendes HM, Magalhães JF, Markowicz LC, Cavalcanti CB, Leme FOP, Teixeira MM, Faleiros RR. Avaliação clínica e hematológica de equinos submetidos ao modelo de laminite por oligofructose, tratados ou não com um agente antagonista de receptores CXCR1/2. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O recrutamento de leucócitos aos tecidos é uma parte essencial da resposta imune inata e esse processo de forma desregulada pode resultar em lesões aos tecidos. Assim, a infiltração de leucócitos tem sido implicada na patogênese de laminite aguda em equinos. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram verificar a ação da ICXCR1/2 sobre os sinais clínicos e parâmetros hematológicos de cavalos com laminite induzida por oligofrutose. Doze equinos receberam oligofrutose (10g/kg de peso vivo PO) no tempo 0 e foram divididos em 2 grupos: tratados (30mg/kg p.v. ICXCR1/2 IV, nos tempos 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) e não tratados. As frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, coloração de membranas mucosas, presença e intensidade de pulso digital, sensibilidade ao exame com pinça de casco e grau de claudicação segundo Obel, bem como parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (hemograma e as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, uréia, creatinina, ALT, AST, FA, GGT, bilirrubina total e proteína total) foram aferidos nos tempos 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 horas . O modelo usando oligofructose foi adequado para induzir sinais de laminite e de sinais de endotoxemia, como diarreia, febre e leucocitose em cavalos sem raça definida de origem nacional. Também, não foram observadas quaisquer reações adversas clínicas ou hematológicas relacionadas ao uso intravenoso do antagonista de CXCR1/2, contudo essa substância, quando administrada na dose de 30mg/kg de peso vivo, 4 vezes ao dia, por 4 aplicações, não foi capaz de prevenir os sinais clínicos e as alterações hematológicas causadas pela administração de oligofructose nos equinos deste estudo.
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16
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Cellular and humoral immunity in chronic equine laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 153:217-26. [PMID: 23521925 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic equine laminitis causes persistent pain and lameness in affected animals and often necessitates euthanasia when pain management strategies become ineffective. Published studies as well as anecdotal reports suggest that this chronic inflammatory disease is associated with systemic alterations in immune responsiveness, perhaps involving an autoimmune component. We investigated this broad hypothesis by measuring a variety of immune indicators in healthy control horses (CON) and horses with chronic laminitis (LMN). We found that white blood cells from LMN horses produced more IFNγ than did cells from CON horses when stimulated in vitro with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], possibly due to an elevated number of circulating monocytes. No differences between groups were observed in plasma concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, or rheumatoid factor. Laminar tissue from LMN horses expressed elevated levels of keratinocyte damage-related genes as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which corresponded with a modest amount of neutrophil infiltration as shown by histological staining of fixed tissue and accumulation of neutrophil elastase protein. Taken together, our results do not support the hypothesis of an autoimmune component in chronic laminitis, although the strong induction of neutrophil chemokines and the presence of tissue neutrophils suggests that this cell type is likely involved in perpetuating the inflammation and tissue damage associated with this disease.
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Tadros EM, Frank N. Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1394-402. [PMID: 22924721 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the method of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (intermittent vs continuous) affects the magnitude and duration of the systemic inflammatory response in horses and whether prolonged (48 hours) endotoxemia induces laminitis. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult horses (10 mares and 2 geldings). PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive LPS (total dose, 80 μg; n = 4) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80 mL/h; 4) via constant rate infusion or 8 bolus IV injections of LPS (10 μg, q 6 h;4) during a 48-hour period. Physical examinations were performed every 4 hours, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined for blood samples obtained every 8 hours, and IV glucose tolerance tests were performed. RESULTS All LPS-treated horses had signs of depression and mild colic; those signs abated as the study progressed. Administration of LPS increased expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, but results were not significantly different between LPS treatment groups. Cytokine expression was significantly higher on the first day versus the second day of LPS treatment. Interleukin-1β expression was positively correlated with rectal temperature and expression of other cytokines. Glucose and insulin dynamics for both LPS groups combined did not differ significantly from those of the saline solution group. Signs of laminitis were not detected in any of the horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses developed LPS tolerance within approximately 24 hours after administration was started, and the method of LPS administration did not affect the magnitude or duration of systemic inflammation. Laminitis was not induced in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tadros
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Leise B, Watts M, Tanhoff E, Johnson P, Black S, Belknap J. Laminar Regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 in Black Walnut Extract and Carbohydrate Overload Induced Models of Laminitis. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:996-1004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH
| | - E. Tanhoff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH
| | - P.J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; The University of Missouri-Columbia; Columbia; MO
| | - S.J. Black
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; University of Massachusetts; Amherst; MA
| | - J.K. Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus; OH
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Leise BS, Faleiros RR, Watts M, Johnson PJ, Black SJ, Belknap JK. Hindlimb laminar inflammatory response is similar to that present in forelimbs after carbohydrate overload in horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:633-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Divers TJ. Clinical Application of Current Research Findings Toward the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Laminitis in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: An Internist’s Perspective. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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