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Marsella R. Autoimmune Dermatopathies of Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:237-251. [PMID: 38821844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune dermatopathies are not common in horses. These autoimmune diseases can be idiopathic or triggered by an antigen such as drugs, vaccines, or neoplasia. The most common one is pemphigus foliaceus, which manifests as a pustular, crusting eruption. Other more common pustular diseases should be ruled out before considering pemphigus. Vasculitis is relatively common in horses and can be triggered by a variety of antigenic stimulations. Systemic lupus and true idiopathic autoimmune vasculitis are very rare in horses. Every effort should be made to reach a final diagnosis, as the prognosis for true idiopathic autoimmune skin diseases is poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Marsella
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Room VC-34, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Bozorgmanesh R. Immune-mediated Equine Vasculopathies. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:253-261. [PMID: 38789348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated vasculopathies occur secondary to infection or another noninfectious stimulus. Potential triggers include heterologous antigens including viruses, injected proteins and drugs; or auto-antigens including immunoglobulins or other endogenous proteins. Although these conditions are rare in horses, immune-mediated vasculopathies can cause considerable morbidity, with variable clinical signs depending on severity and organ system affected. Examples include purpura hemorrhagica, systemic lupus erythematosus, drug-induced vasculitis, paraneoplastic vasculitis, and idiopathic immune-mediated vasculitis. Diagnosis is presumptive or based on histopathology of skin biopsies if cutaneous signs are present. Treatment relies on removing the inciting cause, immunosuppression, and supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Bozorgmanesh
- UC Davis, UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Large Animal Clinic, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Burroughs DL, Lorch G, Guo Y, Hill K, Schroeder EL, Cole LK, Phelps MA. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics of three intravenous mycophenolate mofetil concentrations in healthy Standardbred mares. Vet Dermatol 2022; 34:222-234. [PMID: 35929548 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is the prodrug of mycophenolic acid (MPA) which acts as an immunosuppressive agent. During the biotransformation of MMF to MPA, additional metabolites including MPA phenol glucuronide (MPAG), MPA acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) and MPA phenol glucoside (MPG) are formed. OBJECTIVE To define the noncompartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of three single doses of intravenous (i.v.) MMF and its downstream metabolites in healthy horses. ANIMALS Six healthy Standardbred mares. MATERIALS AND METHODS Generic MMF (Par Pharmaceuticals; Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA) was reconstituted and administered as a single i.v. bolus at 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg with an eight day washout between treatments. Blood samples were collected immediately before MMF administration and over 24 h. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed following FDA guidance to determine plasma MMF, MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG concentrations. Plasma concentrations were analysed independently, followed by calculation of geometric mean and coefficient of variation. RESULTS Noncompartmental PK parameters were determined for MMF and all metabolites at all doses. MMF was rapidly converted to MPA in all horses. Each incremental dose of MMF resulted in increases in Cmax and AUCinf _obs for MPA and the three additional metabolites. Within the 10-fold dose range, the increase in Cmax and AUCinf _obs for MMF and its metabolites was nonlinear. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses biotransform MMF into MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG via the glucuronidation and glucosidation clearance pathways. Equine reference PK profiles for MPA and the metabolites, MPAG, AcMPAG and MPG were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L Burroughs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yizhen Guo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kasey Hill
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric L Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lynette K Cole
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Saadi A, Dalir‐Naghadeh B, Mohammadi R, Tehrani A. Successful treatment of a presumed autoimmune subepidermal bullous dermatosis in a horse. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Saadi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Bahram Dalir‐Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Rahim Mohammadi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Urmia Iran
| | - Aliasghar Tehrani
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University Urmia Iran
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Ehrmann C, Hartung S, Hirz M, Fey K. [Therapy of bullous pemphigoid in a Warmblood gelding]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE G, GROSSTIERE/NUTZTIERE 2021; 49:139-144. [PMID: 33902144 DOI: 10.1055/a-1395-6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old Warmblood gelding was presented with multiple large, ulcerative, and crusty dermal lesions that had been existing for 4 years. Histopathology of a skin biopsy revealed cleft formation at the dermal-epidermal junction beneath the basal cells and above the basement membrane leading to the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. Immunosuppressive therapy with dexamethasone and azathioprine was initiated and after 14 weeks full remission of the ulcers was achieved. Scar tissue formation was evident in the areas of the formerly affected lesions. Following medication tapering over a period of 5 months, long-term therapy was continued with a maintenance dose of 0.5 mg/kg azathioprine daily. The ulcerative lesions recurred after 63 weeks of disease stabilization. Additionally, adverse drug reactions (acute laminitis and increased susceptibility to infections) were evident and the gelding was euthanized due to animal welfare considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Ehrmann
- Klinik für Pferde, Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Svenja Hartung
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Manuela Hirz
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Klinik für Pferde, Innere Medizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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Patel RS, Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, Van de Walle GR, Rosenberg BR. Single-cell resolution landscape of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals diverse cell types including T-bet + B cells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33482825 PMCID: PMC7820527 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional laboratory model organisms represent a small fraction of the diversity of multicellular life, and findings in any given experimental model often do not translate to other species. Immunology research in non-traditional model organisms can be advantageous or even necessary, such as when studying host-pathogen interactions. However, such research presents multiple challenges, many stemming from an incomplete understanding of potentially species-specific immune cell types, frequencies, and phenotypes. Identifying and characterizing immune cells in such organisms is frequently limited by the availability of species-reactive immunophenotyping reagents for flow cytometry, and insufficient prior knowledge of cell type-defining markers. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate the utility of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to characterize immune cells for which traditional experimental tools are limited. Specifically, we used scRNA-Seq to comprehensively define the cellular diversity of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses across different breeds, ages, and sexes. We identified 30 cell type clusters partitioned into five major populations: monocytes/dendritic cells, B cells, CD3+PRF1+ lymphocytes, CD3+PRF1- lymphocytes, and basophils. Comparative analyses revealed many cell populations analogous to human PBMC, including transcriptionally heterogeneous monocytes and distinct dendritic cell subsets (cDC1, cDC2, plasmacytoid DC). Remarkably, we found that a majority of the equine peripheral B cell compartment is comprised of T-bet+ B cells, an immune cell subpopulation typically associated with chronic infection and inflammation in human and mouse. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of scRNA-Seq for cellular analyses in non-traditional model organisms and form the basis for an immune cell atlas of horse peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosheel S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joy E Tomlinson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Cabezas J, Rojas D, Wong Y, Telleria F, Manriquez J, Mançanares ACF, Rodriguez-Alvarez LL, Castro FO. In vitro preconditioning of equine adipose mesenchymal stem cells with prostaglandin E 2, substance P and their combination changes the cellular protein secretomics and improves their immunomodulatory competence without compromising stemness. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 228:110100. [PMID: 32871408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are modern tools in regenerative therapies of humans and animals owed to their immunomodulatory properties, which are activated in a pro-inflammatory environment. Different preconditioning strategies had been devised to enhance the immunomodulatory properties of MSC. In this research, we evaluated the immunological attributes of equine adipose MSC (eAMSC) before and after preconditioning in vitro with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), substance P (SP), their combination and IFNγ. PGE2/SP was the best combination to keep or enhance the mesodermal lineage differentiation of eAMSC. Alongside with this, preconditioning of eMSC with PGE2 and SP did not affect expression of stemness MSC surface phenotype: CD90+, CD44+, MHC class I+, MHC class II- and CD45-, assessed by cytometry. Both naïve and preconditioned eAMSC expressed genes related with immune properties, such as MHC-I, PTGES, IL6, IL1A, TNFα and IL8 assessed by qPCR. Only TNFα was under expressed in treated cells, while the other markers were either overexpressed or not changed. In no cases MHC-II expression was detected. The antiproliferative effect of preconditioned eAMSC exposed to activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed that SP treatment significantly inhibited proliferation of LPS stimulated PBMC. When eAMSC were stimulated with Poly I:C, all the treatments significantly inhibited proliferation of stimulated PBMC (p < 0.05). Direct contact (coculture) between the preconditioned eAMSC and PBMC, induced a shift of significantly more (CD4/CD25/FOXP3)+ T-regulatory PBMC than naïve eAMSC. In the experiments of this research, we investigated the secreted proteomic profile of naïve and preconditioned eAMSC, 42 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated proteins were found in the proteomic assay. Our proteomic data revealed profound changes in the secretory pattern of MSC exposed to different treatments, compared to naïve eAMSC as well as among treatments. In overall, compared to naïve cells, the protein profile of preconditioned cells resembled the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Here we showed that the combined use of PGE2 and SP provoked in overall the highest expression of anti-inflammatory markers as well as lead to an increased acquisition of a T-regulatory phenotype in preconditioned eAMSC without affecting their "stemness".
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabezas
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - D Rojas
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, Chile.
| | - Y Wong
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - F Telleria
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - J Manriquez
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - A C F Mançanares
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - L L Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
| | - F O Castro
- Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillan, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Animal Science, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Animal, Chile.
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Wotman KL, Johnson AL. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:563-582. [PMID: 29103562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systemic diseases have ocular manifestations. In some cases, ocular abnormalities are the most obvious or first recognized sign of disease that prompts veterinary evaluation. In other cases, the systemic disease leads to secondary ocular changes that might lead to loss of vision or globe if not addressed. Therefore, recognition of ocular abnormalities that might result from systemic diseases is an essential skill for the equine practitioner. This article provides practitioners with information regarding the most common systemic diseases of horses in North America that have ocular manifestations, organized by ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wotman
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Goodale EC, White SD, Outerbridge CA, Everett AD, Affolter VK. A retrospective review of hyperaesthetic leucotrichia in horses in the USA. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:294-e72. [PMID: 27374470 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperaesthetic leucotrichia (HL) rarely affects horses and causes painful lesions on the dorsum that result in leucotrichia. This may be a variant of erythema multiforme (EM), but there are no studies investigating this condition. OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical and histological features of HL and compare them to the histological features of EM. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records from 1985 to 2015 identified 15 horses with HL. Thirteen biopsies of HL and five of EM were evaluated and compared. RESULTS Arabian horses and their crosses (χ(2) (1) = 8.56, P < 0.01) and American paint horses (χ(2) (1) = 6.64, P < 0.05) were over represented. The onset of clinical signs was between April and September (14 of 15). The most common clinical signs were pain (15 of 15), leucotrichia (11 of 15), crusting (10 of 15) and alopecia (8 of 15) limited to darkly pigmented skin. The lesions recurred seasonally in 6 of 12 horses and unpredictably in 1 of 12 horse. The most common histological features were the presence of large stellate cells (13 of 13) and oedema (12 of 13) in the superficial dermis, perivascular to diffuse lymphocytic inflammation (13 of 13), pigmentary incontinence (12 of 13), apoptotic keratinocytes (9 of 13) and vesicle formation (8 of 13). Horses with EM (n = 5) had significantly more acanthosis (z = -2.40, P < 0.02) and lymphocytic exocytosis (z = -3.1, P < 0.004), satellitosis (Fisher's exact P = 0.02) and inflammation (z = -2.91, P < 0.004). Horses with HL had significantly more pigmentary incontinence (z = 2.13, P < 0.04) and superficial dermal oedema (z = 2.56, P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS HL affects primarily Arabian horses and American paint horses. It occurs mainly in summer and may recur. Histologically HL shares features with EM, but there are significant differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Goodale
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine A Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Angela D Everett
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Verena K Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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