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Ewelina SG, Anna Z, Rafał P, Maciej W. DNA Methylation and Its Effects on TRIM29 Gene Expression in the Equine Sarcoid Tissue. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38984644 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most frequently diagnosed dermatological tumour in horses. It is a disease that can affect various species of equids, such as donkeys, mules and zebras. This type of tumour can develop in all horse breeds, regardless of age and gender. Treatment options depend on many factors, such as the type of lesion, location, extent, owner preference and financial considerations. In the present study, we investigated the TRIM29 expression, the methylation status of its first exon and its involvement in the formation of equine sarcoids. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) was used to determine DNA methylation at CpG sites and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect TRIM29 expression level. Our results showed that TRIM29 is significantly downregulated in lesional samples (FC = -3.72; p < 0.001). Furthermore, TRIM29 expression was significantly correlated (R = -0.73; p < 0.001) with hypermethylation of its specific CpG sites in the first exon of this gene. Our research has demonstrated that the identification of increased methylation of CpG sequences in horse sarcoids, along with the decreased expression of the TRIM29 gene, is an important step towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. These findings can serve in the future as a diagnostic biomarker for horse sarcoids and help in detecting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semik-Gurgul Ewelina
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | | | - Pędziwiatr Rafał
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Equine Vet Clinic EQUI-VET, Stogniowice, Poland
| | - Witkowski Maciej
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Equine Hospital on the Racing Truck, Warszawa, Poland
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Beermann A, Clottu O, Reif M, Biegel U, Unger L, Koch C. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded study comparing oral and subcutaneous administration of mistletoe extract for the treatment of equine sarcoid disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1815-1824. [PMID: 38529853 PMCID: PMC11099770 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids (ES) are the most common cutaneous tumors in equids. Systemic treatment options are sparse. Subcutaneous (SC) injections of Viscum album extract (VAE) demonstrate efficacy as a systemic treatment directed against ES. OBJECTIVES/AIM To critically assess the therapeutic efficacy of orally administered VAE. ANIMALS Forty-five ES-affected, privately owned, 3-12 year-old horses. METHODS A 3-armed randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was conducted in a double-dummy design. Horses were subjected to oral administration and SC injections of either VAE or placebo (VAE oral/placebo SC, VAE SC/placebo oral, placebo oral/placebo SC) over a 7-month treatment period. Primary endpoint was the change of baseline of a composite index of ES number and ES area after 14 months. Second endpoint was the clinical response. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the composite endpoint between the 3 study arms was found. The primary endpoint showed 4 (27%) horses in the VAE oral group with complete ES regression, 3 (21%) in the VAE SC injection group, and 2 (13%) in the placebo group. The clinical response revealed complete or partial regression in 6 horses of the oral VAE group (40%), 4 of the SC injection group (29%), and 4 of the placebo group (25%). Direct comparison of oral VAE and placebo showed an odds ratio, stratified for prognosis of 2.16 (95%-CI: 0.45-10.42) and a P-value of 0.336. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Oral administration of VAE is well tolerated. No statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of systemic VAE versus placebo against ES was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Beermann
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Ophélie Clottu
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Reif
- Society of Clinical Research e.VBerlinGermany
| | - Ulrike Biegel
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Livestock SciencesFrickSwitzerland
| | - Lucia Unger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Gysens L, Martens A, Haspeslagh M. Longitudinal pilot study examining the effect of punch biopsy on equine sarcoid growth dynamics. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:148-155. [PMID: 38168049 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonexcisional tissue biopsies facilitate pre-operative confirmation of equine sarcoid yet fear of lesion deterioration currently limits its use in the diagnostic workup. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of a single punch biopsy on tumour growth dynamics [thickness, area, circumference, viral load (VL) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS)]. ANIMALS Six client-owned horses with 11 sarcoids of various classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth dynamics were recorded on a weekly basis, 12 weeks pre- and 24 weeks post-biopsy. The effect of a single punch biopsy on growth dynamics was estimated by linear mixed-effect models. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) was calculated to investigate correlations with the number of weeks before and after the intervention. RESULTS While statistically significant post-biopsy changes were recorded for all parameters except VL, no parameter was consistently increased after the biopsy intervention. In two of 11 sarcoids, the VL correlation pattern revealed significant strong correlations: sarcoid 6 (pre: r = -0.66, p < 0.05; post: r = 0.81, p < 0.001), increased VL; and sarcoid 8 (pre: r = 0.85, p < 0.001; post: r = 0.17, p > 0.05), no further increase after biopsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results indicate that post-biopsy lesion deterioration is not a general concept that applies to all sarcoids, and both deterioration or improvement are possible outcomes over a 24-week period. Further clinical studies with a larger sample size are needed before a definitive conclusion can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gysens L, Depuydt E, Patruno M, Haspeslagh M, Spaas JH, Martens A. Immunogenicity analysis of BPV-1 positive equine sarcoid-derived cultured fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 256:110547. [PMID: 36621059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumours Although they do not metastasize, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant clinical symptoms in affected horses. Despite being common, very little is known about the host immune response and the biological mechanisms underlying persistence and recurrence of equine sarcoids. The latter reflects the need for further research in this field. This in-vitro study used sarcoid explants from horses with naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 12) to evaluate the induction of a humoral immune response directed against equine sarcoid-derived bovine papilloma-virus (BPV)- 1 infected fibroblasts using a flow cytometric crossmatch assay. The presence of antibodies against exogenous bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibroblast-like mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) was also evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. The viral load in the sarcoid explants, the corresponding cultured sarcoid fibroblasts, and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from affected horses were determined by quantitative BPV-1/- 2 PCR analysis. Antibodies against autologous sarcoid cells were present in six out of twelve sarcoid-affected horses. Serum from all horses showed cross reactivity with allogeneic sarcoid cells, while only a part reacted with BSA or MSCs. Screening of host PBMCs demonstrated the absence of BPV E1 nucleic acids. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher mean viral load in the parental sarcoid tissue compared to the low passage fibroblasts (P < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that sarcoid-affected horses may develop antibodies recognizing tumour-specific antigens. In contrast to sarcoid explants, equine PBMCs do not seem to contain complete BPV genomes. These results provide a basis for future investigations on the clinical relevance of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Eva Depuydt
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Noorwegenstraat 4, 9940 Evergem, Belgium
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science BCA, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan H Spaas
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30606 Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Portenko M, Shchebentovska O. Patho-histological features of fibroblastic sarcoid in horses. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoid is one of the most common skin tumours, which is diagnosed in various breeds of horses at any age regardless of the animal’s sex. Such fibroblastic neoplasm manifests itself in several clinical ways with its specific morphological features. As a rule, it metastasizes rarely but can be locally invasive. The disease’setiology is multifactorial and includes the confirmed role of the bovine papillomavirus and genetic and environmental factors. The article introduces the results of a retrospective study of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed with a fibroblastic sarcoid type, which was localized mainly in the area of the external thoracic vein. Neoplasms were represented by two types. The first one included broad base neoplasms without a pronounced pedicle but with signs of hyperkeratosis. Massive rounded dense formations with an ulcerated surface refer to the second type. To verify the studied types of sarcoid, wide surgical excision of the lesion’svisible parts was performed, followed by the selection of fragments for the pathohistological diagnosis. Also, additional staining methods were used to detect the connective and muscle tissue (Van Gieson’s staining) and elastic fibers (Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin staining). Microscopically, the neoplasm without a visible pedicle showed signs of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in the peritumoral epidermal layer. Epidermis desquamation with a significant amount of oxyphilic detritus, diapedesis hemorrhages, and dilated vessels was also detected in some areas. Chaotic placement of fibroblasts and fibrocytes was noted, to a greater extent, subdermally. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were expressed moderately. Sarcoids, macroscopically presented in the form of massive dense formations with an ulcerated surface, were histologically characterized by the replacement of the epidermis with cellular elements, subdermal hemorrhages, and the characteristic perpendicular orientation of coarse collagen fibers towards the basement membrane. Closely spaced spindle-shaped cells with fibers forming moiré structures were visualized in the deep dermis layers. Nuclei were hyperchromic and elongated in shape, no atypical mitoses were noted. Pathohistological examination during the identification of a sarcoid type for diagnostic purposes can cause rapid growth and formation of an ulcer. The final diagnosis regarding equine sarcoid can be made based on a combination of clinical signs, histopathological examination, and molecular genetic testing with the isolation of BPV DNA.
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Expression of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Proteins pRb, Cyclin D1, and p53 Is Not Associated with Recurrence Rates of Equine Sarcoids. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090474. [PMID: 36136690 PMCID: PMC9504470 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoids are among the most common tumors diagnosed in equids; their association with bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) infection has been widely reported, but the mechanism of carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. To verify whether BPV infection causes dysregulation of the pRb-Cyclin D1-p16CDKN2A-p53 pathway as reported for human papillomavirus (HPV), the study employed immunohistochemistry to test 55 equine sarcoid biopsies for the expression of pRb, Cyclin D1, and p53 cell cycle regulatory proteins and to evaluate the proliferative rate through Ki67. High Cyclin D1 and pRb expression were observed in 51% and 80% of cases, respectively, while low expression was observed in 49% and 20% of cases, respectively. Significantly higher Ki67 proliferation indexes were observed in fibroblastic, nodular, and mixed sarcoids compared to the occult and verrucous. High proliferation was significantly associated with high Cyclin D1 expression. In contrast with previous studies, p53 positivity was not observed in the cases examined in this study. Moreover, follow-up analysis revealed that fibroblastic, mixed sarcoids were associated with significantly higher local recurrence rates while the verrucous subtype was associated with higher rates of new sarcoid development at distant sites.
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Saba C, Eggleston R, Parks A, Peroni J, Sjoberg E, Rice S, Tyma J, Williams J, Grosenbaugh D, Leard AT. ALVAC-fIL2, a feline interleukin-2 immunomodulator, as a treatment for sarcoids in horses: A pilot study. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1179-1184. [PMID: 35416353 PMCID: PMC9151478 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcoid tumors are common in horses and may negatively impact the performance and value of the horse. No known treatment is reliably successful. Hypotheses/Objectives To determine tolerability, overall response rate, time to response, and progression‐free survival of horses with biopsy‐confirmed or suspected sarcoids treated with ALVAC‐fIL2. Animals Client‐owned horses with measurable, presumed‐ or biopsy‐confirmed sarcoid tumors. Methods Prospective pilot study. One milliliter of ALVAC‐fIL2 was injected into 4 to 5 areas of the sarcoid(s) in each horse (week 0); this treatment was repeated in weeks 1, 3, and 7. Sarcoids were measured at each visit, and response to treatment was determined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors for dogs (v1.0). After the final treatment, horses were reassessed and sarcoids remeasured every 3 months until tumor progression or for a minimum of 1 year if progression was not documented. Results Fourteen horses were included. Tumor size decreased in 86% of the horses, and the median time to first response was 89 days (range, 34‐406 days). Median time to best response was 211 days (range, 56‐406 days), but 3 of the sarcoids still were decreasing in size at the time of final evaluation. The median progression‐free interval was not reached. Adverse events were minimal and included transient focal inflammation in 2 horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Intratumoral injection of ALVAC‐fIL2 has promise as a well‐tolerated and effective, tissue‐sparing treatment for horses with sarcoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saba
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Randall Eggleston
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Parks
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Sjoberg
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Shelbe Rice
- Maggie's Menagerie Veterinary Services, Ila, Georgia, USA
| | - Jesse Tyma
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jarred Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Gysens L, Vanmechelen B, Haspeslagh M, Maes P, Martens A. New approach for genomic characterisation of equine sarcoid-derived BPV-1/-2 using nanopore-based sequencing. Virol J 2022; 19:8. [PMID: 34991633 PMCID: PMC8740336 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 play a central role in the etiology of the most common neoplasm in horses, the equine sarcoid. The unknown mechanism behind the unique variety in clinical presentation on the one hand and the host dependent clinical outcome of BPV-1 infection on the other hand indicate the involvement of additional factors. Earlier studies have reported the potential functional significance of intratypic sequence variants, along with the existence of sarcoid-sourced BPV variants. Therefore, intratypic sequence variation seems to be an important emerging viral factor. This study aimed to give a broad insight in sarcoid-sourced BPV variation and explore its potential association with disease presentation. METHODS In order to do this, a nanopore sequencing approach was successfully optimized for screening a wide spectrum of clinical samples. Specimens of each tumour were initially screened for BPV-1/-2 by quantitative real-time PCR. A custom-designed primer set was used on BPV-positive samples to amplify the complete viral genome in two multiplex PCR reactions, resulting in a set of overlapping amplicons. For phylogenetic analysis, separate alignments were made of all available complete genome sequences for BPV-1/-2. The resulting alignments were used to infer Bayesian phylogenetic trees. RESULTS We found substantial genetic variation among sarcoid-derived BPV-1, although this variation could not be linked to disease severity. Several of the BPV-1 genomes had multiple major deletions. Remarkably, the majority of them cluster within the region coding for late viral genes. Together with the extensiveness (up to 603 nucleotides) of the described deletions, this suggests an altered function of L1/L2 in disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By generating a significant amount of complete-length BPV genomes, we succeeded to introduce next-generation sequencing into veterinary research focusing on the equine sarcoid, thus facilitating the first report of both nanopore-based sequencing of complete sarcoid-sourced BPV-1/-2 and the simultaneous nanopore sequencing of multiple complete genomes originating from a single clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Tura G, Savini F, Gallina L, La Ragione RM, Durham AE, Mazzeschi M, Lauriola M, Avallone G, Sarli G, Brunetti B, Muscatello LV, Girone C, Bacci B. Fibroblast-associated protein-α expression and BPV nucleic acid distribution in equine sarcoids. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1044-1050. [PMID: 34128437 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211022696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous tumor of equids and are caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Different clinical subtypes of sarcoids are well characterized clinically but not histologically, and it is not known whether viral activity influences the clinical or histological appearance of the tumors. The aim of this study was to verify whether the development of different clinical types of sarcoids or the presence of certain histological features were associated with BPV distribution within the tumor. The presence of BPV was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and visualized in histological sections by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in 74 equine sarcoids. Furthermore, to better characterize the molecular features of neoplastic cells, immunohistochemistry for S100, smooth muscle actin-α (αSMA), and fibroblast-associated protein-α (FAPα) was performed. The presence of BPV was confirmed in all tissues examined by either or both PCR and CISH (72/74, 97% each). Of 70/74 CISH-positive cases, signal distribution appeared as either diffuse (61/70, 87%) or subepithelial (9/70, 13%); the latter was more frequently observed in the verrucous subtype. However, no statistically significant association was found between clinical subtypes and specific histological features or hybridization pattern. Moreover, CISH signal for BPV was not detected in the epidermis overlying sarcoids nor in the tissue surrounding the neoplasms. By immunohistochemistry, αSMA confirmed the myofibroblastic differentiation of neoplastic cells in 28/74 (38%) sarcoids. Using tissue microarrays, FAPα labelling was observed in neoplastic fibroblasts of all sarcoids, suggesting this marker as a potential candidate for the immunohistochemical diagnosis of sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Tura
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andy E Durham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 417508University of Surrey, UK.,Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, UK
| | - Martina Mazzeschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa V Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Girone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, 9296University of Bologna, Italy
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Jansson J, Knottenbelt D, Hennessy S. Use of random pattern skin flaps for wound closure in two horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Jansson
- Lisadell Equine Hospital Navan Co. Meath Ireland
| | | | - S. Hennessy
- Lisadell Equine Hospital Navan Co. Meath Ireland
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12
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Benvegnen J, De Breuyn B, Gerber V, Rottenberg S, Koch C. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression in Equine Sarcoids. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 97:103338. [PMID: 33478763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the expression of the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in equine sarcoids (ES). Programmed death-ligand 1 is expressed by various cancer cells to block T cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Antibodies targeting human PD-L1 were tested by immunohistochemistry for their cross-reactivity with equine PD-L1 using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Our results do not support an important role of PD-L1-mediated immune evasion in ES disease and hence do not offer a rationale for anti-PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy against ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Benvegnen
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bettina De Breuyn
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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De Ridder T, Ruppin M, Wheeless M, Williams S, Reddell P. Use of the Intratumoural Anticancer Drug Tigilanol Tiglate in Two Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:639. [PMID: 33033726 PMCID: PMC7509040 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tigilanol tiglate is a novel small molecule approved as a veterinary pharmaceutical in Europe for intratumoural treatment of non-metastatic, non-resectable canine mast cell tumors. The drug has a “tumor agnostic” mode of action associated with induction of an acute inflammatory response at the treatment site, immune cell recruitment, and disruption of tumor vasculature. Consequently, tigilanol tiglate has potential in treating a range of tumor types in humans and companion animals. However, it is likely that species-specific dosing and concomitant medication protocols will be required, especially to manage the drug-induced acute inflammatory response at the treatment site. As an initial step in evaluating tigilanol tiglate for treating cutaneous tumors in horses, we developed an equine-specific protocol involving (a) a 30% reduction in intratumoural tigilanol tiglate dose rate compared to that used in dogs, and (b) a regime of concomitant medications to manage the drug-induced acute inflammatory response at the treatment site. Here we report a preliminary study in two horses using the protocol to treat (i) an aggressive fibroblastic sarcoid that had recurred following surgical excision and (ii) a fast-growing peri-ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical response to tigilanol tiglate treatment in these cases was similar to that observed in canine and human patients. Localized inflammation and bruising developed rapidly at the treatment site with haemorrhagic necrosis of the tumor evident within 24 h. Slough of necrotic tumor mass occurred within 6–16 days followed by infill of the tissue defect and full re-epithelialisation of the treatment site with good functional outcome. Drug-induced inflammation and oedema at the treatment site were well controlled by the concomitant medications and largely resolved within 3 days, while the wound that formed following tumor slough healed uneventfully. Both patients displayed minor lethargy during the first 36 h after treatment and localized treatment-site discomfort was apparent over the first 3–5 days. There was no evidence of recurrence of the sarcoid at 93 days, or the squamous cell carcinoma at 189 days. The results from this study support continued development and evaluation of tigilanol tiglate as a potential future treatment option for cutaneous equine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mick Ruppin
- Tableland Veterinary Service, Malanda, QLD, Australia
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Frandsen SK, Gehl J, Tramm T, Thoefner MS. Calcium Electroporation of Equine Sarcoids. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E517. [PMID: 32204512 PMCID: PMC7143334 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoids are common equine skin tumors where the risk of recurrence after treatment is high, and better treatment options are warranted. Calcium electroporation is a novel anti-cancer treatment where lethally high calcium concentrations are introduced into the cells by electroporation, a method where short high-voltage pulses induce transient permeabilization of the cell membrane. This study investigated the safety and long-term response of calcium electroporation on sarcoids. Thirty-two sarcoids in eight horses were included. The study suggested that calcium electroporation is a safe and feasible treatment for sarcoids, including inoperable sarcoids. Horses were treated once (2/8) or twice (6/8) under general anesthesia, where sarcoids were injected with 220 mM calcium chloride followed by electroporation with 8 pulses of 100 μs, 1 kV/cm, and 1 Hz. Biopsies were taken prior to treatment. The sarcoid size was monitored for 12-38 weeks after the first treatment. Complete response was observed in 22% (6/27) of treated sarcoids, and partial response in 22% (6/27), giving a 44% total response. Treatment efficacy did not appear to be related to location, type, or size. In all non-biopsied lesions, a complete response was seen (4/4). In conclusion, in this small study, 44% of sarcoids responded with 22% of sarcoids disappearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine K. Frandsen
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Restucci B, Carella F, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Evaluation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) in Equine Sarcoid: An Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:E58. [PMID: 31947661 PMCID: PMC7168668 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND equine sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors in equidae worldwide. It is well known that delta bovine papillomaviruses are their causative agents. We have recently shown the presence in equine sarcoids of abnormal vessel structures, which could cause a hypoxic condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a subset of BPV positive equine sarcoids and explore the relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS 80% of equine sarcoids showed strong cytoplasmic staining in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while 20% of samples showed a moderate cytoplasmic staining in 40-60% of neoplastic fibroblasts for HIF-1α. Results of Western blotting (WB) were consistent with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, a positive correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) was observed. CONCLUSION we have shown that HIF-1α was strongly expressed in equine sarcoid. The upregulation of HIF-1α has been described in numerous tumors and can be modulated by many proteins encoded by transforming viruses. Thus, it is also possible that BPV could have a relevant role in HIF-1α pathway regulation, contributing to the development of equine sarcoids by promoting HIF-1α/VEGF mediated tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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16
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Pratscher B, Hainisch EK, Sykora S, Brandt S, Jindra C. No evidence of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 infection in healthy equids. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:612-616. [PMID: 30560998 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large body of evidence supporting bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1; BPV2) as aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. However, there is conflicting data regarding BPV1/2 infection in sarcoid-free equids. OBJECTIVES Data obtained between 2007 and 2017 by BPV1/2 screening of sarcoids and nonsarcoid tumours vs. samples from healthy equids are presented to help clarify this issue. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Tumour material obtained from horses, donkeys and mules with confirmed sarcoids (n = 130), suspected sarcoids (n = 120), or nonsarcoid lesions (n = 70), skin biopsies from 102 tumour-free horses and dandruff/hair roots from 35 tumour-free donkeys and mules were screened for BPV1/2 infection. Sample DNA was extracted and validated by equine β-actin PCR. BPV1/2 screening was performed by BPV1/2 E5-specific PCR allowing for the detection of less than 10 viral DNA molecules. Twenty-six amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced and compared to known E5 variants using BLAST program. RESULTS BPV1/2 E5 PCR scored positive for 130/130 diagnosed sarcoids, 63/120 suspected sarcoids and 13/70 nonsarcoid lesions, whereas 137/137 DNA aliquots derived from tumour-free equids tested negative. On predicted E5 protein level, six different BPV1 E5 variants were identified. MAIN LIMITATIONS The diagnosis of equine sarcoid was not confirmed in 120 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of BPV1/2 E5 DNA in tumour-free equids and the prevalence of sarcoid disease in young adult individuals suggest that the time span between initial infection and sarcoid development is short. This contrasts with the long phase of virus latency characterising infection of humans by carcinogenic papillomaviruses. Presence of BPV1/2 DNA in several cases of poor wound healing/hypergranulation and dermatitis points to these skin disorders being possibly co-induced by BPV1/2. PCR screening of tumour tissue/scrapings for BPV1/2 DNA represents a reliable tool for the rapid validation of a clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pratscher
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Small Animals, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Horses, Vienna, Austria
| | - E K Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Daudt C, Da Silva FRC, Lunardi M, Alves CBDT, Weber MN, Cibulski SP, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, Canal CW. Papillomaviruses in ruminants: An update. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1381-1395. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Daudt
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza; Universidade Federal do Acre; Rio Branco AC Brazil
| | - F. R. C. Da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza; Universidade Federal do Acre; Rio Branco AC Brazil
| | - M. Lunardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Veterinária; Hospital Escola Veterinário; Universidade de Cuiabá; Várzea Grande MT Brazil
| | - C. B. D. T. Alves
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - M. N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - S. P. Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - A. F. Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - A. A. Alfieri
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário em Saúde Animal; Unidade de Biologia Molecular; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - C. W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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18
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Koch C, Ramsauer AS, Drögemüller M, Ackermann M, Gerber V, Tobler K. Genomic comparison of bovine papillomavirus 1 isolates from bovine, equine and asinine lesional tissue samples. Virus Res 2017; 244:6-12. [PMID: 29113823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts have been made to categorize equid- and bovid-specific bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) isolates based on sequence tags. This study includes newly determined sequence information from 33 BPV1 isolates of equine, asinine and bovine origin and investigates sequence bias due to host species. Twenty of the viral genomes were sequenced over their entire length and a further thirteen were sequenced, including flanking sequences, at two specific sites, the LCR and the E5 ORF. Alignment and analyses of the sequences did not reveal statistically significant site differences between the sequences of bovine and equid origin. None of the proposed sites of divergence noted by other authors demonstrated significant species-specific characteristics. Our results suggest that BPV1 is shared between equine, asinine and bovine host species, and that viral transfer between bovines and equids is a repeated and ongoing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - A S Ramsauer
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - K Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Haspeslagh M, Jordana Garcia M, Vlaminck LEM, Martens AM. Topical use of 5% acyclovir cream for the treatment of occult and verrucous equine sarcoids: a double-blinded placebo-controlled study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:296. [PMID: 28985733 PMCID: PMC6389201 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies mention the use of topical acyclovir for the treatment of equine sarcoids. Success rates vary and since the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) lacks the presence of a kinase necessary to activate acyclovir, there is no proof of its activity against equine sarcoids. RESULTS Twenty-four equine sarcoids were topically treated with acyclovir cream and 25 with a placebo. Both creams were applied twice daily during 6 months. Before the start of the treatment and further on a monthly basis, photographs and swabs were obtained. On the photographs, sarcoid diameter and surface area were measured and verrucosity of the tumours was quantified using a visual analog scale (VAS). The swabs were analysed by PCR for the presence of BPV DNA and positivity rates were calculated as the number of positive swabs divided by the total number of swabs for each treatment group at each time point. Success rates were not significantly different between both treatment groups. There was also no significant effect of treatment on sarcoid diameter, surface area or VAS score. For the swabs, a significantly higher BPV positivity rate was found for acyclovir treated tumours compared to placebo treated sarcoids only after 1 month of treatment and not at other time points. CONCLUSIONS None of the results indicate that treatment with acyclovir yields any better results compared to placebo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mireia Jordana Garcia
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven E M Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ann M Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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20
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Haspeslagh M, Vlaminck LEM, Martens AM. Treatment of sarcoids in equids: 230 cases (2008-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:311-8. [PMID: 27439349 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes following treatment of sarcoids in equids and to identify risk factors for treatment failure in these patients. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 230 equids with 614 sarcoids. PROCEDURES Records were searched to identify equids treated for ≥ 1 sarcoid between 2008 and 2013. A standardized protocol was used to determine treatment choice (electrosurgery, electrosurgery with intralesional placement of cisplatin-containing beads, topical administration of imiquimod or acyclovir, cryosurgery, bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine injection, or intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs). Data regarding animal, tumor, treatment, and outcome variables were collected. Complete tumor regression without recurrence for ≥ 6 months was considered a successful outcome. Success rates were calculated; binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for treatment failure and to compare effects of the 2 topical treatments. A χ(2) test was used to compare effects of the number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine or cisplatin-containing drug injections on outcome. RESULTS The overall success rate was 460 of 614 (74.9%). Electrosurgical excision resulted in the highest treatment success rate (277/319 [86.8%]); odds of treatment failure were significantly greater for intralesional injection of platinum-containing drugs, cryosurgery, and topical acyclovir treatment. Odds of treatment failure were also significantly greater for sarcoids on equids with multiple tumors than for solitary lesions, and significantly lower for sarcoids on equids that received concurrent immunostimulating treatment for another sarcoid than for those on patients that did not receive such treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Selection bias for treatments was inherent to the study design; however, results may assist clinicians in selecting treatments and in determining prognosis for equids with sarcoids treated according to the described methods.
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21
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Módolo DG, Araldi RP, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Pereira A, Pimenta DC, Zanphorlin LM, Beçak W, Menossi M, de Cassia Stocco R, de Carvalho RF. Integrated analysis of recombinant BPV-1 L1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus VLP vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1590-1593. [PMID: 28222997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease that is caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which results in important economic losses. However, no BPV vaccines or effective treatment methods are commercially available to date. Moreover, the absence of papillomavirus replication in vitro makes the use of recombinant protein a promising candidate for vaccine formulations. Hence, we developed an integrated study on the L1 capsid protein of BPV-1, obtained from a bacterial expression system, regarding its purification, biosafety, thermostability and immunogenicity. The results indicated an absence of genotoxicity of the purified recombinant L1 protein, β-sheet prevalence of secondary structure folding, protein stability under high temperatures as well as the presence of capsomeres and VLPs. In addition, preliminary experimental vaccination of calves showed the production of specific antibodies against BPV-1 L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Letícia Maria Zanphorlin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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22
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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Geisshüsler H, Marti E, Stoffel M, Kühni K, Stojiljkovic A, von Tscharner C, Vidondo B, Gerber V, Koch C. Quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2-positive cells in equine sarcoids. Vet J 2016; 216:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Epperson ED, Castleman WL. Bovine Papillomavirus DNA and S100 Profiles in Sarcoids and Other Cutaneous Spindle Cell Tumors in Horses. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:44-52. [PMID: 27312364 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816653169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histopathologic differentiation between deep dermal or subcuticular equine sarcoids (ie, nodular sarcoids) and other spindle cell tumors in the dermis and subcutis such as peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) can be challenging based on morphologic criteria alone. It has been proposed that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA and S100 immunohistochemistry be used as diagnostic tests to separate equine sarcoids from PNSTs. We reviewed 197 skin-associated spindle cell tumors (ie, soft tissue sarcomas), including PNSTs and sarcoids, received at the University of Florida between 1995 and 2013 and performed BPV PCR and S100 immunohistochemistry on archived paraffin-embedded tissues. We found that BPV DNA was demonstrable in 70% of the sarcoids, 59% of the PNSTs, 37% of the fibrosarcomas, and 22% of other tumors (myxosarcomas, fibromas, and other sarcomas) diagnosed on histomorphologic characteristics. Positive S100 staining was only seen in 12 tumors in the study (5 fibrosarcomas, 3 sarcoids, 2 PNSTs, and 2 other sarcomas). The results demonstrate that BPV is associated with many skin-associated spindle cell soft tissue tumors in horses in addition to sarcoids. S100 was rarely expressed in equine soft tissue sarcomas in the skin but was expressed in many tumor types, including PNSTs and sarcoids. Because 41% of the PNSTs classified by histomorphology in this study were BPV negative and 94% were S100 negative, it is reasonable to classify these as soft tissue sarcomas with nerve sheath tumor histomorphology rather than as either PNSTs or sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Epperson
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - W L Castleman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Roperto S, Munday JS, Corrado F, Goria M, Roperto F. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 14 DNA sequences in urinary bladder tumors in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2016; 190:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Souza C, Villarino NF, Farnsworth K, Black ME. Enhanced cytotoxicity of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on equine sarcoid cells following electroporation-mediated delivery in vitro. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:97-100. [PMID: 27287308 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is a method used to deliver poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of drugs and overall clinical response. Despite existing evidence of the potential benefits of electroporation to enhance the antitumoral effects of drugs, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of electroporation on equine tumor cells. This study investigated the combined effects of electroporation and bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on an equine sarcoid cell line (EqS04b). The use of electroporation increases the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on the equine sarcoid cell line by 5-fold, 4-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. These very promising findings demonstrate proof of principle for future preclinical studies on different tumor cells to investigate the in vivo effects of electroporation in sarcoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - N F Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Farnsworth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - M E Black
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Wilson AD, Hicks C. Both tumour cells and infiltrating T-cells in equine sarcoids express FOXP3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment. Vet Res 2016; 47:55. [PMID: 27160146 PMCID: PMC4862206 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infections of equine species have a central role in the aetiology of equine sarcoids; a common benign skin tumour of horses, zebras and donkeys. Within the lesions, all of the early papillomavirus genes are expressed and promote the excessive replication of fibroblasts which characterise these tumours. Equine sarcoids differ from BPV induced fibro-papillomas of cattle (the natural host of BPV), in that they do not produce high amounts of virus particles, do not usually regress spontaneously and do not sero-convert to BPV; features which suggest that affected horses lack an effective anti-viral immune response to BPV. Equine sarcoids contain large numbers of CD4+ CD8+ dual positive T-cells which uniformly express FOXP3, the key transcription factor of regulatory T-cells, and FOXP3 is also expressed within the BPV infected fibroblasts. Compared to healthy skin, sarcoids showed increased mRNA transcription for FOXP3 and the regulatory cytokine TGFβ. Transcription of IL17, which has been shown to have a regulatory function in human papillomavirus-associated tumours, was also elevated in equine sarcoids compared to spleen. In contrast, the levels of mRNA transcripts for effector T cell cytokines IL2, IL4 and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were not elevated in sarcoids compared to healthy skin or spleen. Similarly neither interferon-alpha (IFNα), interferon-beta (IFNβ) nor IL12 family members were elevated in sarcoids compared to normal skin. We suggest that the regulatory cytokine micro-environment within sarcoids enables the persistence of the lesions by preventing an effective anti-viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Douglas Wilson
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Chelsea Hicks
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Martano M, Corteggio A, Restucci B, De Biase ME, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Extracellular matrix remodeling in equine sarcoid: an immunohistochemical and molecular study. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:24. [PMID: 26838095 PMCID: PMC4736642 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine sarcoids are locally invasive, fibroblastic benign skin tumors. Bovine papillomavirus type-1 (BPV-1) and/or Bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) are believed to be the causative agent of sarcoids, although the mechanisms by which the virus induce the tumor are still poorly understood. We hypothesized that in genetically predisposed equines latent BPV infection may be reactivated by immunosoppression and/or mechanical injury leading to a form of pathologic wound which may transform into a sarcoid. In this study, we investigated in 25 equine sarcoids and in five normal skin samples the histological features and evaluated the immunohistochemical and molecular expression of type I and type III Collagen, vimentin (VIM), alfa Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMPs) -2, 9, 14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2). RESULTS In 64% of investigated sarcoids, type I collagen staining was stronger than that of type III collagen. In 80% of sarcoids, SFs were strongly positive for vimentin and negative for α-SMA; the remaining sarcoid samples (20%) showed 70-80% of SFs labeled for vim and approximately 20-30% labeled for α-SMA. Moreover, all sarcoid specimen showed a variable staining pattern (weak to moderate) for MMP-9 and MMP-14, and a moderate to strong staining for MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Biochemical analysis confirmed immunohistochemical results and showed in sarcoids, for the first time, the cleaved form of MMP9, the 35 KDa active species for MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that in equine sarcoids exhibit an altered turnover of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation, as result of an altered expression of MMPs and TIMPs. Therefore, these observations seem to confirm that the basic mechanism for growth of equine sarcoids could be a neoplastic transformation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Present Address: Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP) National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Ester De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
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