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Silva G, Queiroga FL, Cruz Z, Maia A, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Coagulation Profile of the Healthy Miranda's Donkey. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2031. [PMID: 39061493 PMCID: PMC11273550 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Miranda's donkey, originating in northern Portugal, is an autochthonous breed that is deeply intertwined with the region's culture and economy. Knowledge of the physiological characteristics of the breed is important for its preservation, and several studies have been carried out, but none have focused on its coagulation profile. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals (RIs) for coagulation in healthy Miranda's donkey and to assess the influence of sex and age. Blood samples from 75 clinically healthy animals were analyzed for seven coagulation parameters: four using IDEXX ProCyte Dx and three using Start® 4-Diagnostica-Stago. The RI values were calculated following the ASVCP guidelines and with the Reference Advisor V.2.1 software. To analyze the influence of sex and age, SPSS version 29 was used. No significant differences were found between sexes (p > 0.05), but statistically significant differences were found between ages (p < 0.05) for platelet count and plateletcrit (both higher in young animals). The RIs described here can help monitor health and guide the diagnosis and treatment of diseased Miranda's donkeys, contributing to their preservation. Our study encourages further research on coagulation in donkeys and the use of different methodologies to obtain information for veterinarians working with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiene Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L. Queiroga
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Zélia Cruz
- AEPGA-Associação para o Estudo e Proteção do Gado Asinino, Largo da Igreja, n° 48, 5225-011 Atenor, Portugal;
| | - Amana Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (G.S.); (F.L.Q.); (A.M.)
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária–AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Jamieson CA, Baillie SL, Johnson JP. Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172162. [PMID: 36077883 PMCID: PMC9454663 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transfusion medicine is an accessible, technically simple, and often lifesaving tool that can be used in both field and hospital settings, in cases of significant bleeding or anemia. A thorough understanding of the indications, methodology and complications of blood transfusion allows the practitioner to identify cases where administration of whole blood is necessary, and how to safely perform the transfusion. This review collects the current literature surrounding blood transfusion into one readily accessible document to allow clinicians a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of equine blood transfusion, while serving as a reference for performing these procedures. Abstract Transfusion medicine is a crucial part of equine intensive and critical care. Blood transfusions can save lives in both acute and chronic cases of anemia, hemorrhage, and hemolysis. It is vital to have a comprehensive theoretical and practical understanding of the techniques, implications, risks, and complications. This review covers the physiology and pathophysiology of conditions requiring transfusion, as well as step by step guidance for practitioners of all experience levels. This review is designed to serve as a practical reference for those who are treating horses in either the field or hospital setting. It aims to provide both theoretical background and easy to locate formulae with guidance that is easy to refer to in a critical situation. When risks and benefits are well understood, these techniques can be confidently employed in critical situations to improve outcomes and save lives.
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3
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Doerffel A, Reinert A, Böttcher D, Winter K, Brehm W, Gittel C. [Venous catheters in horses - early ultrasonographic venous abnormalities and evidence of biofilms]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:101-114. [PMID: 35523187 DOI: 10.1055/a-1809-6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complications associated with indwelling intravenous catheters vary from minor to severe. Changes in tissue architecture and vein structure may be detectable prior to clinical alterations. The aim of the study was to characterize and compare changes in a catheterized vein and surrounding tissue by clinical and ultrasonographic examination. Microbiological infestation of catheter specimens was assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective, observational, clinical study 55 horses with an indwelling intravenous catheter have been included. Subsequent to catheter placement, vein and surrounding tissue were daily examined clinically and by ultrasonographic examination at predetermined localizations. After sterile removal of the catheters, specimens underwent microbiological testing and scanning electron microscopy. Obtained data were analyzed via descriptive statistics. Thickness of the venous wall was compared at predetermined localizations and time points for several parameters with the help of non-parametric tests (level of significance at p < 0.05, post-hoc Bonferroni correction). RESULTS Overall, in 41.8 % of the horses transient alterations (swelling) of the surrounding tissue occurred during catheterization. Median catheterization was 69.5 hours (19 hour-10 days). With ultrasonography, venous valves and collateral vessels could be detected reliably. Significant alterations in wall thickness during catheterization were associated with various factors (location site [p ≤ 0.001], season [p = 0.006], anesthesia [p ≤ 0.001]).Microbiological analysis revealed a positive result in 23.5 %, 12 of the 51 samples; raster electron microscopy showed presence of bacteria in 25.0 %, 4 of the 16 investigated catheter samples. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Local tissue changes at the insertion site of the catheter are commonly associated with catheterization, and are easily detectable with ultrasonography. Despite the easy performance in a clinical setting, the benefit of routine ultrasonographic monitoring of catheterized veins might be questionable with regard to early identification and prediction of catheter-associated venous disease. Bacteria might be detectable morphologically on the catheter but frequently lack a positive result from standard bacterial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Doerffel
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Anja Reinert
- Veterinär-Anatomisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institut für Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Walter Brehm
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.,The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Universität Cambridge, Vereinigtes Königreich
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4
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Wallace GE, McKaba VF, Reinhart JM, Li Z, Austin S, Fries RC. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral apixaban in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:724-732. [PMID: 34046920 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large vessel and microvascular thrombi are common complications in systemically ill horses contributing to patient morbidity and mortality. Apixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, shows excellent efficacy against stroke and deep vein thrombosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine serum apixaban concentrations and anti-factor Xa activity in horses after orally administered apixaban. Five horses received a single dose of intravenous (0.09 mg/kg) and oral (1 mg/kg) apixaban in a cross-over design. Serum apixaban concentrations and anti-Xa activity were measured serially via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a commercial assay, respectively, for 12 hr following oral administration. Apixaban was detected in all horses after both oral and intravenous administration. Oral administration yielded a mean maximum concentration of 60.3 ng/ml (59.4-111 ng/ml), mean time to maximum concentration of 0.5 hr (0.5-2), mean half-life of 6.2 hr (4.6-8.3), and mean oral bioavailability of 10% (3.8-17.4). After oral administration, anti-Xa activity had a strong positive relationship with serum apixaban and was best represented by a dose-response model with the following parameters: E0 = 5.00 ng/ml, EMAX = 311 ng/mL, EC50 = 267 ng/ml, and n = 1.58. Anti-Xa activity was significantly higher 2 hr post-administration compared with baseline (p = .032). Despite low oral bioavailability, administration of 1 mg/kg oral apixaban, in healthy horses, achieves serum concentrations similar to those reported in humans. Apixaban has potential clinical utility in horses and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle E Wallace
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Victoria F McKaba
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- The Metabolomics Center Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Scott Austin
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan C Fries
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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5
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Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. Effect of First Long-Term Training on Whole Blood Count and Blood Clotting Parameters in Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:447. [PMID: 33572086 PMCID: PMC7915801 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Training has a strong effect on the physiology of hematological parameters and blood coagulation, both in humans and in horses. Several blood changes have been reported after exercise in horses but available data differ. We aimed to investigate modifications in complete blood count and some hemostatic parameters induced by the first training period in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses to detect a possible labile blood coagulability in racehorses. Twenty-nine untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbreds were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times (T-30, T0, T30, T60 and T90), before and during the training period for measurement of complete blood count (CBC) and blood clotting parameters (prothrombin time-PT, activated partial prothrombin time-APTT, thrombin clotting time-TCT, fibrinogen-Fb, thrombin-antithrombin complex-TAT). Differences among the time points for each parameter were analyzed (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, p < 0.05). In Thoroughbreds, the first long-term exercise workout period was found to induce a statistical increase in red blood cell indexes and lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelet counts, as well as a hypercoagulability state evident at 30 days of training, which returned to basal levels after 90 days. Regular physical exercise seems to blunt the negative effects of acute efforts on hematological and clotting parameters, an effect that may be attributed to the training condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Emanuela Falcinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Mezzasoma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (K.C.); (S.M.); (M.T.A.)
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Corda A, Columbano N, Secchi V, Scanu A, Parpaglia MLP, Careddu GM, Passino ES. Use of saline contrast ultrasonography in the diagnosis of complete jugular vein occlusion in a horse. Open Vet J 2020; 10:308-316. [PMID: 33282702 PMCID: PMC7703613 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombophlebitis and thrombosis are the most common causes of jugular vein occlusion in horses. Medical and surgical treatments aim to recanalize the occluded vessel and reduce proximal venous congestion and edema. Case Description The present report describes a clinical case of equine jugular vein thrombosis (JVT) with complete vein occlusion diagnosed by saline contrast ultrasonography (SCU) and confirmed by contrast venography. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the SCU test can be easily performed and objectively interpreted using standard ultrasound equipment; it is not expensive and it does not require x-ray exposure. The SCU test is a valid tool to assess vessel patency and presence of collateral circulation in JVT. The test could therefore be used to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of therapy against JVT in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicolò Columbano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Secchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Pinna Parpaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mario Careddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eraldo Sanna Passino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Abstract
Horses with clinical signs of unprovoked or excessive hemorrhage should be evaluated for underlying platelet defects or coagulopathies. This article provides an overview of preliminary screening and definitive tests to assess coagulation and identify hemostatic defects in horses, as well as a review of the hemostatic disorders most frequently encountered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- SallyAnne L DeNotta
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Comparative Coagulation Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J. Human and equine endothelial cells in a live cell imaging scratch assay in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:495-509. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopperdietzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Ilka Slosarek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
| | - Ken Richardson
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
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9
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Stokol T, Serpa PBS, Brooks MB, Divers T, Ness S. Subcutaneous Administration of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin to Horses Inhibits Ex Vivo Equine Herpesvirus Type 1-Induced Platelet Activation. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:106. [PMID: 29892605 PMCID: PMC5985713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major cause of infectious respiratory disease, abortion and neurologic disease. Thrombosis in placental and spinal vessels and subsequent ischemic injury in EHV-1-infected horses manifests clinically as abortion and myeloencephalopathy. We have previously shown that addition of heparin anticoagulants to equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can abolish ex vivo EHV-1-induced platelet activation. The goal of this study was to test whether platelets isolated from horses treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) were resistant to ex vivo EHV-1-induced activation. In a masked, block-randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial, 9 healthy adult horses received 4 subcutaneous injections at q. 12 h intervals of one of the following treatments: UFH (100 U/kg loading dose, 3 maintenance doses of 80 U/kg), 2 doses of LMWH (enoxaparin) 80 U/kg 24 h apart with saline at the intervening 12 h intervals, or 4 doses of saline. Blood samples were collected before treatment and after 36 h, 40 h (4 h after the last injection) and 60 h (24 h after the last injection). Two strains of EHV-1, Ab4 and RacL11, were added to PRP ex vivo and platelet membrane expression of P selectin was measured as a marker of platelet activation. Drug concentrations were monitored in a Factor Xa inhibition (anti-Xa) bioassay. We found that LMWH, but not UFH, inhibited platelet activation induced by low concentrations (1 × 106 plaque forming units/mL) of both EHV-1 strains at 40 h. At this time point, all horses had anti-Xa activities above 0.1 U/ml (range 0.15-0.48 U/ml) with LMWH, but not UFH. By 60 h, a platelet inhibitory effect was no longer detected and anti-Xa activity had decreased (range 0.03 to 0.07 U/ml) in LMWH-treated horses. Neither heparin inhibited platelet activation induced by high concentrations (5 × 106 plaque forming units/mL) of the RacL11 strain. We found substantial between horse variability in EHV-1-induced platelet activation at baseline and after treatment. Minor injection site reactions developed in horses given either heparin. These results suggest that LMWH therapy may prevent thrombotic sequelae of EHV-1, however further evaluation of dosage regimens is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Priscila B S Serpa
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sally Ness
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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10
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Bianco AW, Moore GE, Cooper BR, Taylor SD. In vitro anti-LPS dose determination of ketorolac tromethamine and in vivo safety of repeated dosing in healthy horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:98-104. [PMID: 28600856 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - G. E. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - B. R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - S. D. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
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11
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PROPOSAL AND APPLICATION OF A NOVEL DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION SCORING SYSTEM IN THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:152-158. [PMID: 28363081 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) is an acquired disorder of hemostasis resulting in activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. It is reported secondarily to multiple disease processes and can be associated with increased mortality. Previous research at Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo (LPZ) demonstrated that Florida manatees ( Trichechus manatus latirostris) with cold stress syndrome (CSS) demonstrated thromboembolic disease. The object of this retrospective study was to establish the presence and clinical relevance of DIC in Florida manatees admitted to LPZ for rehabilitation from 07 March 2010 to 15 August 2015. A coagulation panel, including prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, fibrinogen level, and D-dimer level was used to diagnose DIC. There were 100 cases identified in the study period: 35 trauma, 43 CSS, 17 secondary to harmful algae blooms (HAB), and five miscellaneous. Manatees with CSS had the highest incidence of DIC with 24 of 43 cases (56%) affected, followed by trauma with 18 of 35 cases (52%) affected. None of the manatees with HAB were found to have DIC. Manatees that developed DIC during rehabilitation or when DIC progressed did not survive. Due to the clinical implications of DIC, identifying its presence and recognizing its severity could improve clinical outcomes by enabling more intensive treatment protocols.
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12
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Abstract
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, systemic inflammatory response to infection and is a common condition in horses. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with bacterial infection is a hallmark of sepsis. Sepsis in neonatal foals is a common sequela of failure of passive transfer and, in addition to development of SIRS, may be characterised by bacteraemia, pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis or arthritis. Sepsis in mature horses is most commonly observed secondary to gastrointestinal lesions that result in disrupted mucosa and bacterial translocation into circulation (endotoxaemia). Pleuropneumonia and metritis may also cause sepsis in mature horses. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on SIRS criteria as well as suspected or confirmed infection. Due to the relatively low sensitivity of microbial culture and the subjectivity of sepsis scoring, many sepsis biomarkers are being studied for their usefulness in diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in horses. Treatment of sepsis requires an intensive care approach that includes antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia and coagulopathy. Early recognition of sepsis and prompt antimicrobial drug treatment are critical for a successful outcome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may occur in severe cases of sepsis, with common manifestations including laminitis and coagulopathies. Although prognosis for septic mature horses depends highly on the primary disease process, the overall survival rate in septic neonatal foals ranges from 26 to 86%, with most studies indicating a survival rate of 45-60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taylor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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