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Magnusson MMM, Gerk U, Schüpbach G, Rieger J, Plendl J, Marin I, Drews B, Kaessmeyer S. Microvascular changes following exposure to iodinated contrast media in vitro. A qualitative comparison to serum creatinine concentrations in post-cardiac catheterization patients. Microvasc Res 2024; 153:104659. [PMID: 38286222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is characterized as a loss of renal function following radiological contrast media administration. While all contrast media induce variable changes in microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, only few studies report clinical significance of their findings. A comprehensive assessment of the effect of iodinated contrast media on the renal function in vitro and in vivo is essential. The aim of our study was to morphometrically quantify the effect of two different contrast media (Iobitridol and Iodixanol) on vascular endothelial capillaries in vitro and to analyze their effect on the renal function of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization including the intra-arterial administration of contrast media, by measuring serum creatinine concentration (SCr), a byproduct of muscle metabolism, primarily excreted by the kidneys. Our hypothesis suggests that conducting a qualitative comparison of both outcomes will enable identification of differences and similarities between in vitro and in vivo exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, co-cultures of human dermal fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells forming capillary beds were exposed to a mixture of phosphate buffered saline and either Iobitridol, Iodixanol, or one of their supplements EDTA or Trometamol for 1.5 or 5 min. Negative control co-cultures were exposed exclusively to phosphate buffered saline. Co-cultures were either directly fixed or underwent a regeneration time of 1, 3 or 7 days. An artificial intelligence software was trained for detection of labeled endothelial capillaries (CD31) on light microscope images and measurements of morphometric parameters. In vivo, we retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent intra-arterial administration of contrast media and for whom SCr values were available pre- and post-contrast exposition (1, 3, and 7 days following procedure). Temporal development of SCr and incidence of CA-AKI were assessed. Both exposure types were qualitatively compared. RESULTS In vitro, Iobitridol, Iodixanol and EDTA induced a strong decrease of two morphometric parameters after 3 days of regeneration. In vivo, a significant increase of SCr and incidence of CA-AKI was observed 3 days following procedure in the post-contrast media patients. No difference was observed between groups. DISCUSSION Two of the morphometric parameters were inversely proportional to the SCr of the patients. If the endothelial damages observed in vitro occur in vivo, it may result in renal hypoxia, inducing a loss of kidney function clinically translated into an increase of SCr. Further development of our in vitro model could allow closer replication of the internal structure of a kidney and bridge the gap between in vitro studies and their clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine M M Magnusson
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Gerk
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Rieger
- Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilka Marin
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Drews
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Magnusson MMM, Schüpbach-Regula G, Rieger J, Plendl J, Marin I, Drews B, Kaessmeyer S. Application of an artificial intelligence for quantitative analysis of endothelial capillary beds in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242157. [PMID: 38640146 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Objective BACKGROUND: The use of endothelial cell cultures has become fundamental to study angiogenesis. Recent advances in artificial intelligences (AI) offer opportunities to develop automated assessment methods in medical research, analyzing larger datasets. Objective OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the application of AI with a manual method to morphometrically quantify in vitro angiogenesis. Objective METHODS: Co-cultures of human microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts were incubated mimicking endothelial capillary-beds. An AI-software was trained for segmentation of endothelial capillaries on anti-CD31-labeled light microscope crops. Number of capillaries and branches and average capillary diameter were measured by the AI and manually on 115 crops. Objective RESULTS: The crops were analyzed faster by the AI than manually (3 minutes vs 1 hour per crop). Using the AI, systematically more capillaries (mean 48/mm2 vs 27/mm2) and branches (mean 23/mm2 vs 11/mm2) were counted than manually. Both methods had a strong linear relationship in counting capillaries and branches (r-capillaries = 0.88, r-branches = 0.89). No correlation was found for measurements of the diameter (r-diameter = 0.15). Objective CONCLUSIONS: The present AI reduces the time required for quantitative analysis of angiogenesis on large datasets, and correlates well with manual analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine M M Magnusson
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Juliane Rieger
- Department of Human Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine for Health Care Systems
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilka Marin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Drews
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Zabihi F, Tu Z, Kaessmeyer S, Schumacher F, Rancan F, Kleuser B, Boettcher C, Ludwig K, Plendl J, Hedtrich S, Vogt A, Haag R. Efficient skin interactions of graphene derivatives: challenge, opportunity or both? Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:5923-5931. [PMID: 37881716 PMCID: PMC10597544 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between graphene, with its wide deployment in consumer products, and skin, the body's largest organ and first barrier, are highly relevant with respect to toxicology and dermal delivery. In this work, interaction of polyglycerol-functionalized graphene sheets, with 200 nm average lateral size and different surface charges, and human skin was studied and their potential as topical delivery systems were investigated. While neutral graphene sheets showed no significant skin interaction, their positively and negatively charged counterparts interacted with the skin, remaining in the stratum corneum. This efficient skin interaction bears a warning but also suggests a new topical drug delivery strategy based on the sheets' high loading capacity and photothermal property. Therefore, the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus was loaded onto positively and negatively charged graphene sheets, and its release measured with and without laser irradiation using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Laser irradiation accelerated the release of tacrolimus, due to the photothermal property of graphene sheets. In addition, graphene sheets with positive and negative surface charges were loaded with Nile red, and their ability to deliver this cargo through the skin was investigated. Graphene sheets with positive surface charge were more efficient than the negatively charged ones in enhancing Nile red penetration into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zabihi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 Berlin 14195 Germany +49-030-8385-2633
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Zhaoxu Tu
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 Berlin 14195 Germany +49-030-8385-2633
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin Germany
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Boettcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 36a 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 36a 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia 2405 Wesbrook Mall V6T1Z3 Vancouver Canada
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Lindenberger Weg 80 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3 Berlin 14195 Germany +49-030-8385-2633
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Jucker S, Alsaaod M, Steiner A, Zingre T, Kaessmeyer S, Gurtner C, Friker B, Brandt S, Jensen TK, Hoby S. Treatment of digital dermatitis using salicylic acid in European bison (Bison bonasus) reveals promising results. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1012226. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1012226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) associated with the presence of multiple Treponema spp. was recently described for the first time in European bison (Bison bonasus). DD is characterized by skin inflammation in the distal foot area in various ungulates. The objective of this proof of concept study was to test a treatment protocol adopted from cattle for its applicability in this wildlife species using five animals. Keratolytic salicylic acid paste was administered topically under bandages for seven days to enable removal of the affected skin. All interventions were performed under general anesthesia. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, photographs and biopsies were taken pre- and post-treatment. The biopsies were examined histologically, by PCR for the presence of different bacterial species, by Treponema-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and by transmission electron microscopy. Based on photographs, complete clinical healing of the 15 feet with macroscopical DD lesions was achieved. Histological examination showed mild to moderate dermatitis in 17/20 feet before, and in 12/20 feet after treatment. 17/20 feet were Treponema spp. PCR positive before, and none was positive after treatment. Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Porphyromonas levii could not be detected in any of the samples. By FISH and electron microscopy, Treponema spp. could be visualized in the stratum corneum before, but not after treatment. These results suggest that this treatment method can be applied as standard practice prior to transporting DD affected European bison to prevent the spread of this contagious disease.
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Blaettler C, Kaessmeyer S, Grabherr S, Koch C, Schweizer D, Van der Vekens E. Post-mortem Computed Tomographic Angiography in Equine Distal Forelimbs: A Feasibility Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:868390. [PMID: 35647108 PMCID: PMC9132589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.868390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth understanding of pathophysiological processes occurring in the vasculature of the equine distal limb is of great importance to improve both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to diseases. To gain further insights, a model allowing high-resolution 3D-visualization of the vasculature is necessary. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of restoring vascular perfusion in frozen-thawed distal equine cadaver limbs without prior preparation using computer tomographic imaging (CT). Five frozen-thawed, radiographically normal forelimbs were perfused with a lipophilic contrast agent through the median artery and radial vein in three phases (arterial, venous, and arterial-venous combined (AVC) dynamic). For comparison, one additional limb was perfused with a hydrosoluble contrast agent. The CT-studies (16-slice MDCT, 140 kV, 200 mA, 2 mm slice thickness, 1 mm increment, pitch 0.688) were evaluated at 11 specified regions for visualization of the vasculature and presence of artifacts or anatomic variations. The protocol used in this study proved to be feasible and provided good visualization (93.1%) of vasculature with low rates of artifacts. During the different phases, vascular visualization was similar, but while filling defects decreased in the later phases, extravasation worsened in the 2 limbs where it was observed. Subjectively, the best quality of angiographic images was achieved during the AVC dynamic phase. Perfusion with hydrosoluble contrast resulted in significantly lower vascular visualization (74.0%) and higher artifact rates. This study shows that reperfusion of frozen-thawed equine distal limbs with a lipophilic contrast agent allows for high-quality 3D-visualization of the vasculature and may serve as a model for in situ vascular evaluation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Blaettler
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- Centre Universitaire Roman (Lausanne-Geneva), University Centre of Legal Medicine (CURML), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schweizer
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elke Van der Vekens
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Elke Van der Vekens
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Kiener S, Apostolopoulos N, Schissler J, Hass PK, Leuthard F, Jagannathan V, Schuppisser C, Soto S, Welle M, Mayer U, Leeb T, Fischer NM, Kaessmeyer S. Independent COL5A1 Variants in Cats with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050797. [PMID: 35627182 PMCID: PMC9140822 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated four cats with similar clinical skin-related signs strongly suggestive of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Cases no. 1 and 4 were unrelated and the remaining two cases, no. 2 and 3, were reportedly siblings. Histopathological changes were characterized by severely altered dermal collagen fibers. Transmission electron microscopy in one case demonstrated abnormalities in the collagen fibril organization and structure. The genomes of the two unrelated affected cats and one of the affected siblings were sequenced and individually compared to 54 feline control genomes. We searched for private protein changing variants in known human EDS candidate genes and identified three independent heterozygous COL5A1 variants. COL5A1 is a well-characterized candidate gene for classical EDS. It encodes the proα1 chain of type V collagen, which is needed for correct collagen fibril formation and the integrity of the skin. The identified variants in COL5A1 are c.112_118+15del or r.spl?, c.3514A>T or p.(Lys1172*), and c.3066del or p.(Gly1023Valfs*50) for cases no. 1, 2&3, and 4, respectively. They presumably all lead to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, which results in haploinsufficiency of COL5A1 and causes the alterations of the connective tissue. The whole genome sequencing approach used in this study enables a refinement of the diagnosis for the affected cats as classical EDS. It further illustrates the potential of such experiments as a precision medicine approach in animals with inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kiener
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (F.L.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Neoklis Apostolopoulos
- Anicura Kleintierspezialisten Augsburg, 86157 Augsburg, Germany; (N.A.); (U.M.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Schissler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA;
| | - Pascal-Kolja Hass
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Fabienne Leuthard
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (F.L.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (F.L.); (V.J.)
| | | | - Sara Soto
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Mayer
- Anicura Kleintierspezialisten Augsburg, 86157 Augsburg, Germany; (N.A.); (U.M.)
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.K.); (F.L.); (V.J.)
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-684-2326
| | - Nina M. Fischer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Dermfocus, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (S.S.); (M.W.); (S.K.)
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
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Canbolat P, Kaessmeyer S, Sampson M, Mägert HJ, Bäumer W. 27366 LEKTI domain 6 reduces an inflammatory response induced by KLK5 in reconstructed skin and dendritic cells. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rieger J, Kaessmeyer S, Al Masri S, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Endothelial cells and angiogenesis in the horse in health and disease-A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:656-678. [PMID: 32639627 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is the first functional organ in the embryo, and its blood vessels form a widespread conductive network within the organism. Blood vessels develop de novo, by the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis) or by angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the horse including studies on equine endothelial cells. Principal study fields in equine angiogenesis research were identified: equine endothelial progenitor cells; equine endothelial cells and angiogenesis (heterogeneity, markers and assessment); endothelial regulatory molecules in equine angiogenesis; angiogenesis research in equine reproduction (ovary, uterus, placenta and conceptus, testis); angiogenesis research in pathological conditions (tumours, ocular pathologies, equine wound healing, musculoskeletal system and laminitis). The review also includes a table that summarizes in vitro studies on equine endothelial cells, either describing the isolation procedure or using previously isolated endothelial cells. A particular challenge of the review was that results published are fragmentary and sometimes even contradictory, raising more questions than they answer. In conclusion, angiogenesis is a major factor in several diseases frequently occurring in horses, but relatively few studies focus on angiogenesis in the horse. The challenge for the future is therefore to continue exploring new therapeutic angiogenesis strategies for horses to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Al Masri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liebe F, Liebe H, Kaessmeyer S, Sponder G, Stumpff F. The TRPV3 channel of the bovine rumen: localization and functional characterization of a protein relevant for ruminal ammonia transport. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:693-710. [PMID: 32458085 PMCID: PMC7293678 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Large quantities of ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) are absorbed from the gut, associated with encephalitis in hepatic disease, poor protein efficiency in livestock, and emissions of nitrogenous climate gasses. Identifying the transport mechanisms appears urgent. Recent functional and mRNA data suggest that absorption of ammonia from the forestomach of cattle may involve TRPV3 channels. The purpose of the present study was to sequence the bovine homologue of TRPV3 (bTRPV3), localize the protein in ruminal tissue, and confirm transport of NH4+. After sequencing, bTRPV3 was overexpressed in HEK-293 cells and Xenopus oocytes. An antibody was selected via epitope screening and used to detect the protein in immunoblots of overexpressing cells and bovine rumen, revealing a signal of the predicted ~ 90 kDa. In rumen only, an additional ~ 60 kDa band appeared, which may represent a previously described bTRPV3 splice variant of equal length. Immunohistochemistry revealed staining from the ruminal stratum basale to stratum granulosum. Measurements with pH-sensitive microelectrodes showed that NH4+ acidifies Xenopus oocytes, with overexpression of bTRPV3 enhancing permeability to NH4+. Single-channel measurements revealed that Xenopus oocytes endogenously expressed small cation channels in addition to fourfold-larger channels only observed after expression of bTRPV3. Both endogenous and bTRPV3 channels conducted NH4+, Na+, and K+. We conclude that bTRPV3 is expressed by the ruminal epithelium on the protein level. In conjunction with data from previous studies, a role in the transport of Na+, Ca2+, and NH4+ emerges. Consequences for calcium homeostasis, ruminal pH, and nitrogen efficiency in cattle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Liebe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Liebe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Jevtić M, Löwa A, Nováčková A, Kováčik A, Kaessmeyer S, Erdmann G, Vávrová K, Hedtrich S. Impact of intercellular crosstalk between epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts on skin homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118722. [PMID: 32302667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts seem critical for epidermal maturation and differentiation and recent work demonstrated that diseased fibroblasts may drive pathophysiological processes. Nevertheless, still very little is known about the actual crosstalk between epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and the impact of dermal fibroblasts on epidermal maturation and differentiation. Aiming for a more fundamental understanding of the impact of the cellular crosstalk between keratinocytes and fibroblasts on the skin homeostasis, we generated full-thickness skin equivalents with and without fibroblasts and subsequently analysed them for the expression of skin differentiation markers, their barrier function, skin lipid content and epidermal cell signalling. Skin equivalents without fibroblasts consistently showed an impaired differentiation and dysregulated expression of skin barrier and tight junction proteins, increased skin permeability, and a decreased skin lipid/protein ratio. Most interestingly, impaired Ras/Raf/ERK/MEK signalling was evident in skin equivalents without fibroblasts. Our data clearly indicate that the epidermal-dermal crosstalk between keratinocytes and fibroblasts is critical for adequate skin differentiation and that fibroblasts orchestrate epidermal differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Jevtić
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Löwa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Nováčková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Löwa A, Graff P, Kaessmeyer S, Hedtrich S. Fibroblasts from atopic dermatitis patients trigger inflammatory processes and hyperproliferation in human skin equivalents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:e262-e265. [PMID: 31990408 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Löwa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Graff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hedtrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Pavulraj S, Eschke K, Prahl A, Flügger M, Trimpert J, van den Doel PB, Andreotti S, Kaessmeyer S, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Infection of Two Young Asian Elephants. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100396. [PMID: 31561506 PMCID: PMC6843339 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause a devastating haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants worldwide. Here, we report the death of two young Asian elephants after suffering from acute haemorrhagic disease due to EEHV-1A infection. We detected widespread distribution of EEHV-1A in various organs and tissues of the infected elephants. Enveloped viral particles accumulated within and around cytoplasmic electron-dense bodies in hepatic endothelial cells were detected. Attempts to isolate the virus on different cell cultures showed limited virus replication; however, late viral protein expression was detected in infected cells. We further showed that glycoprotein B (gB) of EEHV-1A possesses a conserved cleavage site Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg that is targeted by the cellular protease furin, similar to other members of the Herpesviridae. We have determined the complete 180 kb genome sequence of EEHV-1A isolated from the liver by next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly. As virus isolation in vitro has been unsuccessful and limited information is available regarding the function of viral proteins, we have attempted to take the initial steps in the development of suitable cell culture system and virus characterization. In addition, the complete genome sequence of an EEHV-1A in Europe will facilitate future studies on the epidemiology and diagnosis of EEHV infection in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Eschke
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Adriane Prahl
- Tierpark Hagenbeck gem. GmbH, Lokstedter Grenzstraße 2, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Flügger
- Tierpark Hagenbeck gem. GmbH, Lokstedter Grenzstraße 2, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra B van den Doel
- ViroScience Lab, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Room Ee1714, dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, 3015, GE, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandro Andreotti
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J. Human and equine endothelial cells in a live cell imaging scratch assay in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:495-509. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopperdietzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Ilka Slosarek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
| | - Ken Richardson
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Germany
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14
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Khiao In M, Richardson KC, Loewa A, Hedtrich S, Kaessmeyer S, Plendl J. Histological and functional comparisons of four anatomical regions of porcine skin with human abdominal skin. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:207-217. [PMID: 30648762 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of the shortage of human skin for research purposes, porcine skin has been used as a model of human skin. The aim of this study was to identify the region of German Landrace pig skin that could be used as the best possible substitute for human abdominal skin. Porcine samples were collected from the ear, flank, back and caudal abdomen; human abdominal skin samples were excised during plastic surgery. Histological and ultrastructural assessments were carried out on the epidermis and dermis, with emphasis on the dermo-epidermal interface length, dermo-epidermal thickness ratio as well as densities of; hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, blood vessels and sweat glands. In the pig, the barrier function of the four anatomical regions was assessed. Results showed that both histologically and ultrastructurally, all four regions of porcine skin were similar to human skin. These include the shapes of keratinocytes, structure of cell contacts and presence of Weibel Palade bodies in endothelial cells. Other parameters such as the thickness of epidermis, the thickness of stratum basale, spinosum and granulosum and the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum were similar in human abdominal and in all four regions of porcine skin. However, there were also significant differences especially in the thickness of the stratum corneum, the dermo-epidermal interface length and the blood vessel density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneenooch Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth C Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Loewa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Balansin Rigon R, Kaessmeyer S, Wolff C, Hausmann C, Zhang N, Sochorová M, Kováčik A, Haag R, Vávrová K, Ulrich M, Schäfer-Korting M, Zoschke C. Ultrastructural and Molecular Analysis of Ribose-Induced Glycated Reconstructed Human Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113521. [PMID: 30413126 PMCID: PMC6275002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging depicts one of the major challenges in pharmacology owing to its complexity and heterogeneity. Thereby, advanced glycated end-products modify extracellular matrix proteins, but the consequences on the skin barrier function remain heavily understudied. Herein, we utilized transmission electron microscopy for the ultrastructural analysis of ribose-induced glycated reconstructed human skin (RHS). Molecular and functional insights substantiated the ultrastructural characterization and proved the relevance of glycated RHS beyond skin aging. In particular, electron microscopy mapped the accumulation and altered spatial orientation of fibrils and filaments in the dermal compartment of glycated RHS. Moreover, the epidermal basement membrane appeared thicker in glycated than in non-glycated RHS, but electron microscopy identified longitudinal clusters of the finest collagen fibrils instead of real thickening. The stratum granulosum contained more cell layers, the morphology of keratohyalin granules decidedly differed, and the stratum corneum lipid order increased in ribose-induced glycated RHS, while the skin barrier function was almost not affected. In conclusion, dermal advanced glycated end-products markedly changed the epidermal morphology, underlining the importance of matrix⁻cell interactions. The phenotype of ribose-induced glycated RHS emulated aged skin in the dermis, while the two to three times increased thickness of the stratum granulosum resembled poorer cornification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Balansin Rigon
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christopher Wolff
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Hausmann
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Germany.
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Ulrich
- Collegium Medicum Berlin, Luisenstr. 54, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Rabbani I, Braun HS, Akhtar T, Liebe F, Rosendahl J, Grunau M, Tietjen U, Masood S, Kaessmeyer S, Günzel D, Rehman H, Stumpff F. A comparative study of ammonia transport across ruminal epithelia from Bos indicus crossbreds versus Bos taurus. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1692-1700. [PMID: 30280470 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Absorption of ammonia from the rumen of cattle decreases nitrogen availability for fermentational protein synthesis, leading to increased competition of cattle with humans for protein and enhancing the release of toxic nitrogenous compounds into the environment. Given that differences in feeding and breeding might induce differences in ruminal ammonia transport, we compared electrophysiological, histological, and molecular biological characteristics of ruminal epithelia of Bos indicus crossbreds (Sahiwal-Mix, SWM) with those of Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian, HF). As in HF, the stratified cornified epithelium of SWM expressed claudin 1 and 4. Measurements of ammonia flux (HF) and serosal pH (both breeds) suggested that at a mucosal pH of 6.4, net transport primarily occurred as NH4 + . As shown previously for HF, NH4 + induced a concentration-dependent rise in short circuit current (Isc ) in SWM that could be further stimulated by the TRP channel agonist menthol. Relative mRNA expression levels for TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM6, and TRPM7 were significantly lower in SWM than in HF, with TRPA1 expression near the limit of detection. We conclude that uptake of ammonia from the rumen of both breeds occurs electrogenically as NH4 + with functional and molecular biological evidence pointing towards involvement of TRPV3 and TRPV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Rabbani
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hannah-Sophie Braun
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,PerformaNat GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tasneem Akhtar
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Franziska Liebe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Rosendahl
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,PerformaNat GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Grunau
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Tietjen
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Habib Rehman
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Löwa A, Vogt A, Kaessmeyer S, Hedtrich S. Generation of full-thickness skin equivalents using hair follicle-derived primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e2134-e2146. [PMID: 29377584 DOI: 10.1002/term.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin equivalents are increasingly used as human-based test systems for basic and preclinical research. Most of the established skin equivalents are composed of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts, isolated either from excised human skin or juvenile foreskin following circumcisions. Although the potential of hair follicle-derived cells for the generation of skin equivalents has been shown, this approach normally requires microdissections from the scalp for which there is limited subject compliance or ethical approval. In the present study, we report a novel method to isolate and cultivate keratinocytes and fibroblasts from plucked hair follicles that were then used to generate skin equivalents. The procedure is non-invasive, inflicts little-pain, and may allow easy access to patient-derived cells without taking punch biopsies. Overall, minor differences in morphology, ultrastructure, expression of important structural proteins, or barrier function were observed between skin equivalents generated from hair follicle-derived or interfollicular keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Interestingly, improved basal lamina formation was seen in the hair follicle-derived skin equivalents. The presented method here allows easy and non-invasive access to keratinocytes and fibroblasts from plucked hair follicles that may be useful particularly for the generation of skin disease equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Löwa
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Experimental Research Unit Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Sciences, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Kaessmeyer S, Sehl J, Khiao In M, Merle R, Richardson K, Plendl J. Subcellular Interactions during Vascular Morphogenesis in 3D Cocultures between Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122590. [PMID: 29194374 PMCID: PMC5751193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing the complexity of in vitro systems to mimic three-dimensional tissues and the cellular interactions within them will increase the reliability of data that were previously collected with in vitro systems. In vivo vascularization is based on complex and clearly defined cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions, where the extracellular matrix (ECM) seems to play a very important role. The aim of this study was to monitor and visualize the subcellular and molecular interactions between endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, and their surrounding microenvironment during vascular morphogenesis in a three-dimensional coculture model. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative analyses during the generation of a coculture tissue construct consisting of endothelial cells and fibroblasts were done using transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results: Dynamic interactions were found in cocultures between ECs, between fibroblasts (FBs), between ECs and FBs, and between the cells and the ECM. Microvesicles were involved in intercellular information transfer. FBs took an active and physical part in the angiogenesis process. The ECM deposited by the cells triggered endothelial angiogenic activity. Capillary-like tubular structures developed and matured. Moreover, some ECM assembled into a basement membrane (BM) having three different layers equivalent to those seen in vivo. Finally, the three-dimensional in vitro construct mirrored the topography of histological tissue sections. Conclusion: Our results visualize the importance of the physical contact between all cellular and acellular components of the cocultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maneenooch Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ken Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Kaessmeyer S, Sehl J, Khiao In M, Hiebl B, Merle R, Jung F, Franke RP, Plendl J. Organotypic soft-tissue co-cultures: Morphological changes in microvascular endothelial tubes after incubation with iodinated contrast media. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 64:391-402. [PMID: 27935551 DOI: 10.3233/ch-168119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical complications like thrombosis or anaphylaxis have been described to go along with the intra-venous or intra-arterial injection of iodinated contrast media (CM). It has been suggested that the administration of CM affects rheological parameters and thereby causes reduced blood velocity in microvessels. In vitro studies revealed significant buckling of endothelial cells after exposure to CM reducing the lumen of vessels. The aim of this study was to test the influence of CM on three-dimensional microvascular tubules with open lumina within an organotypic soft-tissue co-culture assay in vitro. This model, which is based on the co-culture of endothelial cells and fibroblasts, allows the analysis and quantitation of different parameters of microvascular endothelial capillary structures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells were co-cultured for 10 days. Fibroblasts were adapted to the endothelial cell medium before co-culture and allowed to proliferate as well as produce extracellular matrix. The co-cultures were exposed to three different CM, i.e., Iomeprol (Imeron 400MCT), Iodixanol (Visipaque 320) or Iohexol (Accupaque 350) for 1.5 minutes or 5.0 minutes, respectively. For this, a mixture of CM and cell culture medium in a ratio of 30% CM by volume was prepared. After fixation in methanol/acetone, the endothelial cells were immunolabeled with the endothelial marker anti-CD31 and the tubular structures were assessed morphometrically. RESULTS In the organotypic soft-tissue co-cultures with fibroblasts, the endothelial cells developed three-dimensional capillary-like structures which expanded via sprouting branches. After incubation with the different CM, the numbers of endothelial tubes (p = 0.001) and their lengths (p = 0.003) were significantly lower after the 5 minutes incubation time, when compared to the 1.5 minutes incubation time. The tubular diameters were significantly reduced after 5 minutes (p < 0.001), when compared to the 1.5 minutes incubation duration. Interestingly, Iomeprol and Iodixanol induced an elongation of the tubular branches during incubation duration of 1.5 minutes (p = 0.015). However, after 5 minutes incubation, the tubular branches were drastically shorter in the presence of Iomeprol and Iodixanol than the tubular branches of the control (p = 0.007). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION All CM exerted a negative effect on the parameters of in vitro blood vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Sehl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Hiebl
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - R P Franke
- Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, Biomaterials Division, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Khiao In M, Wallmeyer L, Hedtrich S, Richardson KC, Plendl J, Kaessmeyer S. The effect of endothelialization on the epidermal differentiation in human three-dimensional skin constructs - A morphological study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:157-74. [PMID: 26519229 DOI: 10.3233/ch-151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inducing vascularization in three-dimensional skin constructs continues to be difficult. In this study, two variations of human full-thickness skin constructs were examined. Type KCFB consists of keratinocytes (epidermal equivalent) and fibroblasts that were embedded in a collagen matrix (dermal equivalent). Type KCFB-EC consists of keratinocytes as well as fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. The epidermal equivalent of KCFB-EC constructs underwent cellular alterations in their differentiation possibly induced by the presence of endothelial cells. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of endothelial cells, i.e., endothelialization of the dermal equivalent on the differentiation of keratinocytes by comparing the morphology and ultrastructure of the two types of skin constructs, as well as to excised normal human skin. HYPOTHESIS The differentiation of keratinocytes is influenced by the presence of endothelial cells. METHODS, PATIENTS, MATERIAL KCFB constructs (keratinocytes, fibroblasts) and KCFB-EC skin constructs(kera-tinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) were prepared according to Küchler et al. [25]. After two weeks, the skin constructs were processed for analysis by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (TEM), followed by quantitative, semi-quantitative as well as qualitative assessment. For comparison, analysis by LM and TEM of excised normal human skin was also performed. RESULTS Both KCFB and KCFB-EC skin constructs and the human skin had all strata of stratified soft-cornified epidermis present. The comparison of the respective layers of the skin constructs brought the following characteristics to light: The KCFB-EC constructs had significantly more mitotic cells in the stratum spinosum, more cell layers in the stratum granulosum and more keratohyalin granules compared to KCFB skin constructs. Additionally, the epidermal architecture was unorganized in the endothelialized constructs and features of excessive epidermal differentiation appeared in KCFB-EC skin constructs. CONCLUSION The endothelialization of the dermal equivalent caused changes in the differentiation of the epidermis of KCFB-EC skin constructs that may be interpreted as an unbalanced, i.e., uncontrolled or enhanced maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khiao In
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - L Wallmeyer
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - K C Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - J Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - S Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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21
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Hiebl B, Scharnagl N, Kaessmeyer S, Gemeinhardt O, Gemeinhardt I, Niehues SM, Peters S, Jung F. Influence of the blood exposure time in dynamic hemocompatibility testing on coagulation and C5a activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hiebl
- Center for Medical Basic Research, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Scharnagl
- Institute of Materials Research, Magnesium Innovations Center, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ole Gemeinhardt
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Gemeinhardt
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Department of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Niehues
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Department of Radiology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
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Schoen K, Plendl J, Gabler C, Kaessmeyer S. Identification of stably expressed reference genes for RT-qPCR data normalization in defined localizations of cyclic bovine ovaries. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:200-11. [PMID: 25092559 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovaries are highly complex organs displaying morphological, molecular and functional differences between their cortical zona parenchymatosa and medullary zona vasculosa, and also between the different cyclic luteal stages. Objective of the present study was to validate expression stability of twelve putative reference genes (RGs) in bovine ovaries, considering the intrinsic heterogeneity of bovine ovarian tissue with regard to different luteal stages and intra-ovarian localizations. The focus was on identifying RGs, which are suitable to normalize RT-qPCR results of ovaries collected from clinical healthy cattle, irrespective of localization and the hormonal stage. Expression profiles of twelve potential reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, YWHAZ, HPRT1, SDHA, UBA52, POLR2C, RPS9, ACTG2, H3F3B, RPS18 and RPL19) were analysed. Evaluation of gene expression differences was performed using genorm, normfinder, and bestkeeper software. The most stably expressed genes according to genorm, normfinder and bestkeeper approaches contained the candidates H3F3B, RPS9, YWHAZ, RPS18, POLR2C and UBA52. Of this group, the genes YWHAZ, H3F3B and RPS9 could be recommended as best-suited RGs for normalization purposes on healthy bovine ovaries irrespective of the luteal stage or intra-ovarian localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schoen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Gabler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Dietze K, Slosarek I, Fuhrmann-Selter T, Hopperdietzel C, Plendl J, Kaessmeyer S. Isolation of equine endothelial cells and life cell angiogenesis assay. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2014; 58:127-46. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-141877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Dietze
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilka Slosarek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Fuhrmann-Selter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopperdietzel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Kaessmeyer S, Bhoola K, Baltic S, Thompson P, Plendl J. Lung cancer neovascularisation: Cellular and molecular interaction between endothelial and lung cancer cells. Immunobiology 2013; 219:308-14. [PMID: 24355365 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel vascular-independent conduits have been observed in some cancers. These have been variously described as vasculogenic mimicry, mosaic vessel formation, vascular co-option and intratumour embryonic-like vasculogenesis. Despite lung cancer being the most common cancer worldwide, there is little information on its neovascularisation or the pathways involved. METHODS An in vitro model involving co-cultures of microvascular lung endothelial cells and squamous or adenocarcinoma lung cancer cells was developed to assess their angiogenic interaction. Cells were incubated and examined by phase contrast microscopy and by immunocytochemistry in both mono- and co-cultures. Cultured cells and lung cancer tissue sections were assessed for new tumour vessel formation, expression of the endothelial marker CD31 and morphology. RESULTS Lung tumour cells and endothelial cells interacted morphologically via pseudopodia and used alternative pathways to generate new vessels. Co-culturing microvascular endothelial and squamous carcinoma cells led to endothelial cells surrounding tumour cells and the tumour cells being incorporated into vessel walls. Co-culturing endothelial and adenocarcinoma cells resulted in cellular contact and the formation of tumour cell bridges around clusters of endothelial cells. These adencocarcinoma cells became strongly positive for CD31. Tumour tissue section studies supported the in vitro findings. CONCLUSION Lung carcinoma cells when co-cultured with lung endothelial cells modify their cellular and molecular features that encourage alternative means of providing blood supply. The mechanisms underpinning these non-angiogenic processes need to be further investigated and should be considered when anti-tumour therapeutic interventions are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kanti Bhoola
- Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Svetlana Baltic
- Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip Thompson
- Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstraße 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Schoen K, Plendl J, Dietze K, Kaessmeyer S. Investigation of the expression of endothelial progenitor markers in the bovine ovary. Reprod Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hirschberg RM, Plendl J, Kaessmeyer S. Alpha smooth muscle actin in the cycling ovary – an immunohistochemical study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2012; 50:113-29. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-2011-1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Hirschberg
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schoen K, Hirschberg RM, Plendl J, Kaessmeyer S. Identification of CD133-, CD34- and KDR-positive cells in the bovine ovary: A new site of vascular wall resident endothelial progenitor cells. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2012; 52:67-84. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-2012-1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Schoen
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Hirschberg
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bahramsoltani M, Plendl J, Janczyk P, Custodis P, Kaessmeyer S. Quantitation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro - an overview. ALTEX 2011; 26:95-107. [PMID: 19565167 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2009.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is defined as the sprouting of new capillaries from pre-existing ones. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for growth and differentiation of organs and tissues and is involved in many pathological processes, for example growth and metastasis of tumours. Numerous in vivo and in vitro models of angiogenesis have been developed in order to identify and analyse pro- and antiangiogenic factors. This review aims at outlining the topic of quantitation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenesis in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Bahramsoltani
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Janczyk P, Weigner J, Luebke-Becker A, Kaessmeyer S, Plendl J. Nitrite pickling salt as an alternative to formaldehyde for embalming in veterinary anatomy—A study based on histo- and microbiological analyses. Ann Anat 2011; 193:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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