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Yeh JY. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: A serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1058113. [PMID: 36846246 PMCID: PMC9948251 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1058113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of proliferative enteropathy, which is globally considered an important enteric disease in pigs and horses. Experimental studies suggest that the organism spreads by subclinical infection of many animals, including rabbits. Despite the importance of rabbits in the epidemiology of L. intracellularis, the extent of exposure to L. intracellularis in the rabbit population is poorly defined and remains unclear. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the seroprevalence and shedding of L. intracellularis in farmed rabbits. Furthermore, we aimed to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Sera from the rabbits were used to measure L. intracellularis-specific antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, and rectal swabs were used to detect L. intracellularis DNA using a real-time PCR assay. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected in 12.3% of farms (20/163) and 6.3% of rabbits (49/774). Lawsonia intracellularis DNA in rectal swabs was detected in 3.8% of farms (6/156) and 1.2% of rabbits (8/667). The risk factor analysis showed that the presence of pigs or horses on the farm or the neighboring farm was associated with an increase in the risk of seropositivity (p < 0.05). We observed significantly increased odds of positivity for L. intracellularis in rabbits with a history of digestive trouble (diarrhea) on the farm during the 3 months before the samples were obtained (p < 0.05). Collectively, these findings demonstrated that L. intracellularis infection was evident among farmed rabbits and that rabbits might serve as an important reservoir for L. intracellularis epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Research Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea,KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Jung-Yong Yeh ✉
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Niwa H, Higuchi T, Fujii S, Kinoshita Y, Uchida-Fujii E, Sueyoshi M, Nukada T, Ueno T. Prevalence of equine proliferative enteropathy in Hidaka district, Hokkaido, over five seasons. J Equine Sci 2022; 33:71-74. [PMID: 36699202 PMCID: PMC9843160 DOI: 10.1294/jes.33.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is an equine infectious disease that can lead to severe weight loss and hyperplasia of the intestinal mucosa due to infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of EPE in a major Thoroughbred breeding area: Hidaka district, Hokkaido, Japan. Of the 252 symptomatic horses that we tested, 192 EPE cases (76.2%), including 8 fatal cases, were confirmed from April 2015 to March 2020 by etiological and/or serological investigation. Most of the EPE cases were observed in foals (88.5%), with fewer cases in yearlings (7.3%) and adults (4.2%). Asymptomatic infection was observed in 62.9% of the horses kept with affected horses. These results suggest that EPE is an enzootic disease in Hidaka district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Toru Higuchi
- Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Hokkaido 053-0021, Japan
| | - Seiichi Fujii
- Hokkaido Hidaka Livestock Hygiene Service Centre, Hokkaido 056-0003, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Masuo Sueyoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Toshio Nukada
- Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga, 520-3005, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Dohrmann J, Hildebrand F, Straub J, Wadephul R, Pusterla N, Freise F, Venner M. Equine proliferative enteropathy in weanling foals on a German breeding farm: clinical course, treatment and long-term outcome. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:354-375. [PMID: 34763560 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Asín
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
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Antimicrobial Selection for the Equine Practitioner. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:461-494. [PMID: 34243881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drugs play an important, often central, role in the therapeutic management of mature horses and foals with a variety of illnesses, including those requiring critical care. Antimicrobial use must be based on rational principles involving thorough patient evaluation and sound clinical judgment that indicate a high likelihood that the patient has a bacterial infection and that antimicrobials are indicated to promote recovery. The aim of antimicrobial treatment is to inflict an insult on infecting bacteria sufficient to kill the organism or render it susceptible to inactivation by natural host defenses or the local microenvironment without adversely affecting the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- RVC EquineClinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
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Pusterla N, Barnum S, Hall JA, Marshall-Lund L, Gebhart C. Investigation of the Usefulness of Serum Amyloid A in Supporting the Diagnosis of Equine Proliferative Enteropathy. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103151. [PMID: 32797779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute-phase protein, could help support the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) caused by Lawsonia intracellularis infection in foals. Archived serum samples from 101 foals with enteric signs and hypoproteinemia were available for SAA testing. Based on immunodiagnostics for L. intracellularis, the foals were divided into EPE-suspect (67) and non-EPE-suspect cases (34). Serum amyloid A values ranged from 0 to 2,761 μg/mL (median 466 μg/mL) and from 0 to 2,555 μg/mL (median 192 μg/mL) for the EPE-suspect and the non-EPE-suspect cases, respectively. Although SAA can be measured patient-side and help determine the severity of the underlying inflammatory condition, SAA was unable to consistently support the diagnosis of EPE in hypoproteinemic foals with enteric signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Lacey Marshall-Lund
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Connie Gebhart
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Leptospira, Brucella, and Other Rarely Investigated Veterinary and Zoonotic Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 6. [PMID: 30027885 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0029-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospira, Brucella, and Borrelia are major agents of zoonotic disease, causing high morbidity and, in some cases, significant mortality in humans. For all three genera, prompt diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are required to prevent the development of chronic, debilitating illness. Leptospira spp. are intrinsically resistant to several antimicrobial classes; however, there is little evidence in the literature for development of acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents used for clinical treatment of acute leptospirosis. For Brucella infections, there are numerous reports of relapses following therapy, but it is unclear whether this is due to sequestration within infected sites (e.g., bone) or the development of acquired resistance. Brucella have maintained their susceptibility to doxycycline and rifampicin, which in combination remain the most common treatments of brucellosis in humans. In vitro induced point mutations are described as imparting resistance to rifampicin (rpoB) and fluoroquinolones (gyrA). The clinical significance of these mutations is unclear. For Borrelia burgdorferi, although acquired resistance to some antimicrobial agents has been described, resistance due to bacterial persister cells surviving in the presence of antimicrobial, with no apparent increase in the MIC of the organism, have been recently described. Of the remaining veterinary fastidious pathogens, Lawsonia intracellularis is the most interesting from an antimicrobial resistance perspective because it can only be grown in cell culture, making in vitro susceptibility testing challenging. MIC testing has been undertaken on a small number of isolates, and some differences in susceptibility to macrolides have been demonstrated between isolates obtained from different regions.
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Stewart AS, Pratt-Phillips S, Gonzalez LM. Alterations in Intestinal Permeability: The Role of the "Leaky Gut" in Health and Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 52:10-22. [PMID: 31000910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All species, including horses, suffer from alterations that increase intestinal permeability. These alterations, also known as "leaky gut," may lead to severe disease as the normal intestinal barrier becomes compromised and can no longer protect against harmful luminal contents including microbial toxins and pathogens. Leaky gut results from a variety of conditions including physical stressors, decreased blood flow to the intestine, inflammatory disease, and pathogenic infections, among others. Several testing methods exist to diagnose these alterations in both a clinical and research setting. To date, most research has focused on regulation of the host immune response due to the wide variety of factors that can potentially influence the intestinal barrier. This article serves to review the normal intestinal barrier, measurement of barrier permeability, pathogenesis and main causes of altered permeability, and highlight potential alternative therapies of leaky gut in horses while relating what has been studied in other species. Conditions resulting in barrier dysfunction and leaky gut can be a major cause of decreased performance and also death in horses. A better understanding of the intestinal barrier in disease and ways to optimize the function of this barrier is vital to the long-term health and maintenance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Stieler Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Liara M Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Large Animal Models Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO AND DNA OF LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS IN SAMPLES FROM WILD ANIMALS IN KOREA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:803-808. [PMID: 27487235 DOI: 10.7589/2015-08-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in three wild animal species in Korea; the Korean water deer ( Hydropotes inermis ), Siberian roe deer ( Capreolus pygargus ), and raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ). We collected 136 sera and 109 fecal samples from individuals in 10 Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Centers. Serum samples were tested for anti- L. intracellularis antibodies using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA), and fecal samples were subjected to a real-time PCR assay for L. intracellularis . Thirty-five (25.7%) sera and 36 (33.0%) fecal samples were positive. We found a higher proportion of positive sera (64.7%, χ2=15.439, P<0.01) and feces (58.8%, χ2=6.126, P<0.05) in raccoon dogs (χ2=11.855, P<0.01) than in the other species (20% positive sera and 29% positive feces in Korean water deer; 20% positive sera and 25% positive feces in Siberian roe deer). Our data indicate infection by L. intracellularis in Korean water deer, Siberian roe deer, and raccoon dogs throughout the country. It is imperative to know whether these infected animal species are natural hosts for L. intracellularis in addition to domestic pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus).
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