1
|
Luevitoonvechakij N, Buranapim N, Suriyasathaporn W, Bansiddhi P, Warrit K, Punyapornwithaya V, Suriyasathaporn W. Cadaveric Study on Comparison of Neck Extension Angles for Endotracheal Intubation in Rabbits Using a Rigid and Flexible Endoscope. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1270. [PMID: 38731275 PMCID: PMC11083616 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Endotracheal intubation in rabbits is always challenging due to the unique anatomical conformation. To improve endotracheal intubation success, this study determined the relationship between head placement angles guided by endoscope-assisted visualization techniques and the endotracheal intubation success rate. Thirty-two rabbit cadavers were used in the study. Six veterinary practitioners who had no experience with rabbit endotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to intubate rabbit cadavers using the guidance of either a rigid endoscope (RE) or flexible endoscope (FE), with the head placement angles with an ascending neck at 90, 100, 110, 120 and 130 degrees. The endotracheal intubation completed in 90 s was determined to be a success. The success rates using RE and FE were 97.2% and 95.9%, respectively. The means and standard error of means (SEM) of endotracheal intubation times guided by RE and FE were 53.7 ± 4.68 and 55.2 ± 4.24 s, respectively. Results from survival time analysis show that the five veterinarians successfully intubated the rabbit within 90 s, regardless of the different types of endoscopes. Angle was the only significant factor that affected the endotracheal intubation success. The head placement angle at 110 and 120 degrees had the highest success rate of endotracheal intubation compared to 90 degrees (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, for inexperienced veterinarians, the success of endotracheal intubation in rabbits, guided by endoscope-assisted visualized techniques regardless of rigid endoscope or flexible endoscope guidance, is improved when the head extension is 110 and 120 degrees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicharee Luevitoonvechakij
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Nithidol Buranapim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Pakkanut Bansiddhi
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Kanawee Warrit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
| | - Wanna Suriyasathaporn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (N.B.); (W.S.); (K.W.); (V.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei XY, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Fu WZ, Zhong LG, Pan YD, Sun J, Liao XP, Liu YH, Zhou YF. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of gamithromycin against rabbit pasteurellosis. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:147. [PMID: 38643185 PMCID: PMC11031915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamithromycin is an effective therapy for bovine and swine respiratory diseases but not utilized for rabbits. Given its potent activity against respiratory pathogens, we sought to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles, antimicrobial activity and target pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) exposures associated with therapeutic effect of gamithromycin against Pasteurella multocida in rabbits. RESULTS Gamithromycin showed favorable PK properties in rabbits, including high subcutaneous bioavailability (86.7 ± 10.7%) and low plasma protein binding (18.5-31.9%). PK analysis identified a mean plasma peak concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 ± 0.86 mg/L and terminal half-life (T1/2) of 31.5 ± 5.74 h after subcutaneous injection. For P. multocida, short post-antibiotic effects (PAE) (1.1-5.3 h) and post-antibiotic sub-inhibitory concentration effects (PA-SME) (6.6-9.1 h) were observed after exposure to gamithromycin at 1 to 4× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Gamithromycin demonstrated concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and the PK/PD index area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC24h)/MIC correlated well with efficacy (R2 > 0.99). The plasma AUC24h/MIC ratios of gamithromycin associated with the bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial eradication against P. multocida were 15.4, 24.9 and 27.8 h in rabbits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous administration of 6 mg/kg gamithromycin reached therapeutic concentrations in rabbit plasma against P. multocida. The PK/PD ratios determined herein in combination with ex vivo activity and favorable rabbit PK indicate that gamithromycin may be used for the treatment of rabbit pasteurellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yantai Fushan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Fushan, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long-Gen Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Duo Pan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoon TMAY, Kat ITW, Pasloske K, Farry T, Goodwin WA. A dose characterization study evaluating the pharmacodynamics and safety of a concentrated alfaxalone solution (4%) as an intramuscular sedative in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023. [PMID: 38151755 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Alfaxalone is a commonly employed veterinary anaesthetic induction and sedation agent. A 4% w/v preserved, aqueous formulation of alfaxalone 'RD0387' (A4%) has recently been developed. To evaluate the sedative effects of A4%, three doses, 5 mg kg-1 (A5); 7.5 mg kg-1 (A7.5) and 10 mg kg-1 (A10) were administered intramuscularly into the epaxial musculature of six healthy adult mixed-breed dogs in an experimental, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Sedation time variables, quality of sedation (including onset of sedation and recovery), physiological variables, response to cephalic vein catheterization and frequency of undesirable events were recorded. Continuous variables were analysed between treatments (one-way ANOVA or restricted maximum likelihood modelling) and within treatments compared with baseline (Tukey's test). Categorical data were analysed between treatments (Kruskal-Wallis' test) and within treatments from baseline (Dunn's test). Significance was set at p < .05. All dogs became sedated (laterally recumbent) and sedation onset was significantly faster in groups A7.5 (9.8 ± 5.3 min) and A10 (9.1 ± 5.6 min) compared to A5 (25.6 ± 16.1 min) (p = .033, p = .027, respectively). Duration of sedation was significantly longer in A10 (168.5 ± 70.6 min) and A7.5 (143.8 ± 58 min) compared to A5 (63.8 ± 28.2 min) (p = .005 and p = .003, respectively). Dogs in A10 had a superior quality of onset of sedation compared to A5 (p = .028). Sedation scores and quality of recovery from sedation were not significantly different between doses. Two dogs (2/6) in A5 were insufficiently sedated for cephalic catheterization. Ataxia was the most frequently observed undesirable event with an overall frequency of 78% (14/18) and 89% (16/18) during sedation onset and recovery, respectively. Overall, A4% administered IM in dogs at 7.5 and 10 mg kg-1 resulted in sufficient sedation for IV catheterization in dogs. To improve the speed and quality of the sedation, it is recommended that future research focuses on combining A4% with other sedative or analgesic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irving Tjiah Wern Kat
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Trisha Farry
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy Anne Goodwin
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa RS, Ciotti-McClallen M, Tilley R, Perry S, Maki L, Starks D, Stein AB. Intramuscular alfaxalone with or without buprenorphine or hydromorphone provides sedation with minimal adverse effects in healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a randomized blinded controlled trial. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:223-228. [PMID: 36520651 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.10.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of alfaxalone administered IM with or without buprenorphine or hydromorphone in healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ANIMALS 24 male rabbits undergoing elective orchiectomy between August 21, 2021, and November 6, 2021. PROCEDURES In this controlled clinical trial, rabbits were randomly assigned to receive alfaxalone (4 mg/kg, IM) alone (group A; n = 8) or with buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg, IM; group BA; 8) or hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg, IM; group HA; 8). Vital signs and sedation scores were recorded immediately prior to (T0) and 10 minutes after (T1) treatment. Ease of IV catheter placement and pain scores were also evaluated. All rabbits received ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, IV), midazolam (0.13 mg/kg, IV), and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, SC) before orchiectomy but after IM treatments. Results were compared across groups with ANOVA or Fisher exact tests and across time with paired t tests. RESULTS Sedation score, median time to recumbency, and ease of catheter placement did not differ among groups. Supraglottic airway device placement was possible for 1 rabbit in group A, 1 in group BA, and 2 in group HA. Mean respiratory rate at T1 versus T0 was significantly decreased for groups BA (63.8 vs 128.6 breaths/min) and HA (66.7 vs 123.2 breaths/min). Mean postoperative pain scores were significantly lower for rabbits in group HA (0.58), compared with those in groups A (2.25) and BA (2.06). CLINICAL RELEVANCE All 3 treatments provided reliable sedation; however, alfaxalone (4 mg/kg, IM) combined with hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg, IM) may be a better choice for painful procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Costa
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Miranda Ciotti-McClallen
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Rachel Tilley
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Stefanie Perry
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Lynn Maki
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Darius Starks
- 1Companion Animal Hospital, Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| | - Amy B Stein
- 2Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mota-Rojas D, Bienboire-Frosini C, Marcet-Rius M, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Lezama-García K, Orihuela A. Mother-young bond in non-human mammals: Neonatal communication pathways and neurobiological basis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1064444. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1064444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-young bonding is a process by which the young establish social preferences for their mother. It fosters reproductive success and the survival of offspring by providing food, heat, and maternal care. This process promotes the establishment of the mother-young bond through the interaction of olfactory, auditory, tactile, visual, and thermal stimuli. The neural integration of multimodal sensory stimuli and attachment is coordinated into motor responses. The sensory and neurobiological mechanisms involved in filial recognition in precocial and altricial mammals are summarized and analyzed in this review.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Wu H, Jiang X, Dong Y, Zheng J, Gao J. New idea to promote the clinical applications of stem cells or their extracellular vesicles in central nervous system disorders: combining with intranasal delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3215-3232. [PMID: 35967290 PMCID: PMC9366301 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical translation of stem cells and their extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is booming. Nevertheless, the insufficient CNS delivery and retention together with the invasiveness of current administration routes prevent stem cells or EVs from fully exerting their clinical therapeutic potential. Intranasal (IN) delivery is a possible strategy to solve problems as IN route could circumvent the brain‒blood barrier non-invasively and fit repeated dosage regimens. Herein, we gave an overview of studies and clinical trials involved with IN route and discussed the possibility of employing IN delivery to solve problems in stem cells or EVs-based therapy. We reviewed relevant researches that combining stem cells or EVs-based therapy with IN administration and analyzed benefits brought by IN route. Finally, we proposed possible suggestions to facilitate the development of IN delivery of stem cells or EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaosheng Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinchi Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunfei Dong
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juanjuan Zheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 571 88208436.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparison of blind and endoscopic-guided orotracheal intubation on laryngeal and tracheal damage in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
8
|
Horalskyi LP, Ragulya МR, Glukhova NM, Sokulskiy IM, Kolesnik NL, Dunaievska OF, Gutyj BV, Goralska IY. Morphology and specifics of morphometry of lungs and myocardium of heart ventricles of cattle, sheep and horses. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory organs and cardiovascular system are interconnected and perform extremely vital functions of the organism, the main goals being performing gas exchange with the environment and emitting carbon dioxide produced in the organism into the environment. Therefore, we carried out comparative histo- and cytomorphometric evaluation of morphological structures of the heart and lungs of cattle, sheep and horses. Using complex methods of research, we determined specifics of microscopic structure and histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs and myocardium of the ventricles of the hearts of clinically healthy animals in species aspect – cattle, sheep and horses. The studies revealed that the histoarchitectonics of the studied animals were similar in structure, characteristic of other species of agricultural mammals, and distinct morphometric peculiarities of their histostructures. The study indicated that the respiratory zone of the lungs is most developed in horses. This parameter was lower in ruminants – cattle and sheep. Connective tissue septum of parenchyma of lungs was better expressed in cattle and sheep, and less in horses. At the same time, mean volume of lung alveoli in clinically healthy animals varied: being highest in horses – 699 ± 106 thou µm3, then cattle – 337 ± 43 thou µm3 and sheep – 158 ± 37 thou µm3. Such variation in histometric parameters of parenchyma of the lungs in experimental animals indicates adaptive specifics of the organism of animals in terms of living conditions. Therefore, the respiratory zone was most developed in the lungs of horses, animals that experience significant physical and physiological load on corresponding organs and systems. As a result of histometric studies of myocardium, we determined patterns of sizes of thickness of its cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei. We determined that in myocardium of the heart ventricles, in the same microscope field of view, cardiomyocytes of varying thicknesses occur. At the same time, thickness of cardiomyocytes, their mean volume of nuclei in the ventricle myocardium were expressed the most in cattle, then in horses and sheep, and their histometric parameters in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in the experimental animals were higher than in the right one. Therefore, thickness of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle in cattle equaled 14.06 ± 0.41 µm, and volume of nuclei of cardiomyocytes respectively 124.55 ± 7.99 µm3. Similar changes in such parameters of histometry were found in sheep and horses. We attribute such varying histometric parameters of the thickness of cardiomyocytes and volume of their nuclei in myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in experimental animals, compared with such parameters in the right ventricle, to the activities of the ventricles (the left one generally functions as a pump, right one – as a volumetric) and functional specifics of this myocardium tissue, which is capable of spontaneous rhythmic contractions, resulting in blood flow in the vessels: cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle carry greater load, promoting blood flow in vessels of greater (somatic) blood circulation, respectively cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle – less load, promoting blood flow in vessels of lesser (pulmonary) blood circulation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bradley AE, Wancket LM, Rinke M, Gruebbel MM, Saladino BH, Schafer K, Katsuta O, Garcia B, Chanut F, Hughes K, Nelson K, Himmel L, McInnes E, Schucker A, Uchida K. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rabbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:183S-292S. [PMID: 34712007 PMCID: PMC8544166 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.183s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the laboratory rabbit used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alys E Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Begonya Garcia
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Franck Chanut
- Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brosselette, 91380 Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | - Lauren Himmel
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Adrienne Schucker
- American Preclinical Services, LLC, 8945 Evergreen Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55433
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Respiratory disorders are very common in rabbits. Rabbits are obligate nasal breathers, so "simple" rhinitis can cause severe respiratory distress and patient collapse. Causes of dyspnea could be of primary origin or secondary, whereby diseases primarily affecting other organs can result in respiratory embarrassment even if the respiratory system is healthy (eg, anemia, cardiac disease). Diagnosis is based on radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopy, computed tomography, and/or pathogen isolation. Once the diagnosis has been completed, treatment options should be discussed with the owner. The article describes the anatomy of the respiratory tract, diagnostics, and therapy for selected respiratory disorders in rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Jekl
- Jekl & Hauptman Veterinary Clinic, Focused on Exotic Companion Mammal Care, Mojmirovo namesti 3105/6a, Brno 61200, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahdy MAA, Mohammed ESI. Anatomical, histological, and surface ultrastructural evaluation of the palatal mucosa of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2565-2577. [PMID: 33931912 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the morphology of the palate of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Samples from 12 healthy adult rabbits were examined by gross observation, morphometry, scanning electron and light microscopy. The hard palate was elongated and narrowed rostrally. The incisive papilla appeared as a diamond-shaped prominence flanked on both sides by a groove on which a slit-like opening of the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove. On either side of the raphe, 14-16 palatine ridges were present. The direction of these ridges differed according to their position. An incomplete (short) palatine ridge was occasionally present at the caudal part of the hard palate. Several gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. The soft palate extended to about the middle of epiglottis caudally. Its ventral surface had numerous thin transverse mucosal folds separated by furrows, and several openings of glands. Histologically, the incisive papilla, palatine ridges, and soft palate were lined by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense connective layer of lamina propria. The degree of keratinization and the thickness of the lamina propria decreased caudally. Seromucoid glands were present in the rostral and caudal parts of the hard palate, as well as in the soft palate. In conclusion, the palate of rabbit presented characteristic features suggesting functional adaptations for their herbivores diet. Studying the morphological characteristics of the hard and soft palate of rabbits will help veterinary practitioners to investigate pathology malformations and diseases of the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Mahdy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Elsayed S I Mohammed
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Costa CP, Moreira JN, Sousa Lobo JM, Silva AC. Intranasal delivery of nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions: A current overview of in vivo studies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:925-940. [PMID: 33996407 PMCID: PMC8105874 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders is challenging, due to the need of drugs to cross the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and reach the brain. Among the various strategies that have been studied to circumvent this challenge, the use of the intranasal route to transport drugs from the nose directly to the brain has been showing promising results. In addition, the encapsulation of the drugs in lipid-based nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) or nanoemulsions (NEs), can improve nose-to-brain transport by increasing the bioavailability and site-specific delivery. This review provides the state-of-the-art of in vivo studies with lipid-based nanocarriers (SLNs, NLCs and NEs) for nose-to-brain delivery. Based on the literature available from the past two years, we present an insight into the different mechanisms that drugs can follow to reach the brain after intranasal administration. The results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies are reported and a critical analysis of the differences between the anatomy of the nasal cavity of the different animal species used in in vivo studies is carried out. Although the exact mechanism of drug transport from the nose to the brain is not fully understood and its effectiveness in humans is unclear, it appears that the intranasal route together with the use of NLCs, SLNs or NEs is advantageous for targeting drugs to the brain. These systems have been shown to be more effective for nose-to-brain delivery than other routes or formulations with non-encapsulated drugs, so they are expected to be approved by regulatory authorities in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pina Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo I), Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
- UC - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo Das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Sousa Lobo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Medtech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto 4249-004, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miwa Y, Nakata M, Takimoto H, Chambers JK, Uchida K. Spontaneous intranasal tumours in rabbits: 7 cases (2007-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:379-384. [PMID: 33260252 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neoplasms that arise in the nasal cavity are reported infrequently in rabbits. This case series aims to review and determine the clinical behaviour of neoplasms in the nasal cavity in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on seven pet rabbits diagnosed with intranasal tumours to describe the clinical and histopathological findings and prognoses after surgery and/or radiotherapy. RESULTS The most common clinical signs were nasal snoring when breathing, nasal discharge, and subsequent dyspnoea and anorexia. Six different histopathological types of tumours were diagnosed: intranasal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, carcinoid tumour, osteoma, and lymphoma. Skull radiography only revealed the abnormalities in three of seven cases but on CT, the intranasal masses were more clearly identified in all cases. All cases received tumour resection through rhinostomy and four cases received radiotherapy after surgery. In the six cases with a known outcome, the survival time after surgery was more than 13 months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This case series provides an insight of the behavior of intranasal neoplasms in rabbits. Surgical treatment and radiotherapy could improve their clinical sings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Miwa
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5, Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 170003.,Veterinary Medical Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1138657
| | - M Nakata
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5, Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 170003
| | - H Takimoto
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5, Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 170003
| | - J K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1138657
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1138657
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome With a Mandible Advanced Device Increases Nitric Oxide Release and Ameliorates Pulmonary Hypertension in Rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 79:694.e1-694.e12. [PMID: 33259783 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of mandible advanced device (MAD) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) on nitric oxide (NO) release and changes in pulmonary artery pressure and structure. METHODS Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into OSAHS, MAD, and control groups (n = 10 per group). The soft palate of rabbits in the OSAHS and MAD groups was injected with hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel to induce OSAHS. The MAD group wore a MAD, and the control group was not treated. Cone-beam computed tomography scans and polysomnography recordings were performed to confirm successful model establishment. All rabbits slept in a supine position for 4 to 6 hours daily and were observed for 8 consecutive weeks. The pulmonary artery pressure was measured by right heart catheterization. Pulmonary artery morphometry was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. NO levels in plasma and lung homogenate supernatants were detected by Griess reaction assay kits. RESULTS The OSAHS group exhibited higher pulmonary artery pressure (57.74 ± 1.79 mm Hg) than the MAD (19.99 ± 2.04 mm Hg) and control (14.49 ± 0.54 mm Hg) groups. The media thickness percentage of the pulmonary artery was higher in the OSAHS group (46.89 ± 2.72%) than the control group (15.87 ± 1.18%) and was markedly reduced by MAD (21.64 ± 1.45%). Blood oxygen saturation was positively correlated with the NO concentration in both the lung and plasma, and the NO concentration was negatively correlated with the media thickness percentage and media section percentage. CONCLUSIONS OSAHS induced a decrease in NO and pulmonary hypertension, which was relieved by MAD therapy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Wills
- Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang H, Zhang H, Xiong B, Fan G, Cao Z. Immunogenicity of recombinant outer membrane porin protein and protective efficacy against lethal challenge with
Bordetella bronchiseptica
in rabbits. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1646-1655. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao Qingdao China
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao Qingdao China
| | - B. Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao Qingdao China
| | - G. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao Qingdao China
| | - Z. Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao Qingdao China
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tokashiki EY, Rahal SC, Melchert A, Gonçalves RAB, Rolim LS, Teixeira CR. Retrospective Study of Conditions Grouped by Body Systems in Pet Rabbits. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
18
|
Bertram CA, Klopfleisch R, Müller K. Tracheal and Laryngeal Tumors in Two Domestic Rabbits (Orytolagus Cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Mancinelli E. Respiratory disease in rabbits. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Lee HW, Machin H, Adami C. Peri-anaesthetic mortality and nonfatal gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits: a retrospective study on 210 cases. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:520-528. [PMID: 29759902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the associated risk factors of peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications in pet rabbits. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS A total of 185 pet rabbits admitted to the Exotic Referal Service of Beaumont Sainsbury's Animal Hospital over the period 2009-2016. METHODS The clinical records of the rabbits were obtained from the database. To evaluate the incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality, three possible outcomes were considered: alive, dead or euthanized within the 72 hours following the anaesthetic event. Food intake and stool production during the first 72 hours following the anaesthetic event were evaluated to investigate the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications. Thereafter, various hypothesized risk factors, including administration of alpha-2 agonists, body weight, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification and endotracheal intubation were tested against peri-anaesthetic mortality and gastrointestinal complications, with both univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. RESULTS Twenty-five out of 185 rabbits underwent two anaesthetic events; therefore, data from 210 cases were used. Of these 210 cases, six died during sedation or general anaesthesia and four (one of which euthanized) died during the first 72 postoperative hours, accounting for an actual mortality rate equal to 4.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.025-0.086). Peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications developed in 77 (38%) out of the 204 anaesthetic events whose outcome was not intraoperative death (95% confidence interval, 0.314-0.446). Species-specific risk factors could not be identified for peri-anaesthetic mortality; however, the odds for post-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications increased significantly with body weight (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings confirm that rabbits continue to have a higher incidence of peri-anaesthetic mortality than dogs and cats, and highlight a high risk for nonfatal peri-anaesthetic gastrointestinal complications in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi W Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Hanna Machin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wright L, Mans C. Lateral rhinostomy for treatment of severe chronic rhinosinusitis in two rabbits. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:103-107. [PMID: 29244604 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 2 client-owned rabbits were evaluated for signs of chronic upper respiratory tract disease. CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical signs had been present for 3 weeks and 4 years and included mucopurulent nasal discharge, right-sided maxillary swelling, recurrent dacryocystitis, and intermittent sneezing. One rabbit had been treated with nasolacrimal duct lavage and topical and systemic antimicrobial administration without resolution of clinical signs. Results of CT of the head in both cases indicated severe rhinosinusitis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Both rabbits underwent unilateral rhinostomy by means of a lateral approach. Access was established via the facies cribrosa of the maxillary bone. Purulent material was removed from the affected nasal cavity and the maxillary sinus by means of debridement and lavage. After endoscopic exploration, marsupialization was performed to create a stoma. Both rabbits recovered from surgery without apparent complications, and the surgical site healed within 1 month in both. Computed tomography was repeated 5 months after surgery in one rabbit and 13 months after surgery in the other and indicated patent nasal passages and no evidence of recurrence or persistence of disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that lateral rhinostomy should be considered for treatment of chronic severe rhinosinusitis in rabbits. Such an approach may be less technically demanding and could decrease the likelihood of postsurgical complications reported with other techniques.
Collapse
|
23
|
Müllhaupt D, Wenger S, Kircher P, Pfammatter N, Hatt JM, Ohlerth S. Computed tomography of the thorax in rabbits: a prospective study in ten clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:72. [PMID: 29065887 PMCID: PMC5655941 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Literature investigating the normal cross-sectional anatomy of rabbits with computed tomography (CT) is sparse and incomplete. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the normal thoracic structures, in particular the cranial thorax, with CT angiography in 10 clinically healthy New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Results Absolute and relative measurements of the trachea, heart, thoracic caudal vena cava and aorta, right and left principal bronchi, right and left caudal lobar bronchi and the accompanying branches of the right and left pulmonary artery and vein, right and left lung volume and lung density were taken. The three lobes of the thymus (right ventral, right dorsal and left thoracic lobes) were identified in all rabbits. Both the right dorsal and left thoracic lobes of the thymus extended between the heart and thoracic wall in all individuals with the left lobe reaching more caudally in seven animals. Consequently, the craniocaudal extension of the left lung was smaller than the right lung in these rabbits. Volume of the left lung was significantly smaller than the right (P = 0.005). The cranial mediastinal, right and left tracheobronchial and the aortic thoracic lymph nodes were very small and identified in four, four, seven and ten rabbits, respectively. The heart took up a median of 4.0 intercostal spaces, and in seven rabbits, it was located in the 2nd–5th intercostal space. Median relative cardiac height and width measured 74 and 88%, respectively. The median angle of the trachea to the spine was 5°. Median density between the right and left lung did not significantly differ (− 549 and − 583 Hounsfield units, respectively). In all but one rabbit, atelectasis was present and classified as mild, moderate or severe in six, two and one individuals, respectively. Mild subclinical bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in seven rabbits. Conclusions The present study provides species-specific anatomical CT information and reference values for structures in the thorax of the NZW rabbit. Subclinical bronchopneumonia appears to be a common CT finding.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
This article summarizes the available information on different soft tissue surgical procedures in rabbits, based on the literature and the authors' experiences, emphasizing the differences between rabbits and the more familiar dogs and cats. The major surgical principles in rabbits are discussed, and common surgical procedures, such as abdominal exploration, gastrotomy, enterotomy, liver lobectomy, nephrectomy, cystotomy, cystectomy, ovariohysterectomy, ovariectomy, orchidectomy, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Katriona Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, 75 Chik Shun Street, Tai Wai, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee MC, Rhee CS, Joe S, Yoon IY, Kim JW. A Single Primary Site Obstruction May Lead to Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Multiple Sites: An Animal Model. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 125:277-83. [PMID: 26453488 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415609355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the dynamic upper airway changes occurring in an obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) rabbit model using dynamic computerized tomography (CT). METHODS In this study, 2.5 U of botulinum toxin type A was injected into the genioglossus to paralyze the tongue in the OSA group (n = 7). The control group was injected with normal saline (n = 7). Apnea-hypopnea index was measured using ApneaLink at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-injection. Anterior to posterior (AP) and transverse diameters at the levels of the palate and tongue base were measured using a dynamic CT at baseline and at 1 and 2 weeks post-injection. RESULTS The success rate of OSA induction was higher in the OSA group (P = .02). In the OSA group, transverse and AP diameters at the palate level and AP diameter at the tongue base level significantly decreased 2 weeks post-injection (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS A single obstruction site may constitute the primary pathogenesis in some OSA patients, even when the involvement of multiple sites is indicated. These findings may contribute to the identification of OSA pathogenesis and improve the planning of treatment based on the primary cause of OSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sam Joe
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In-Young Yoon
- Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong-Whun Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu CY, Lu HY, Dong FS, Ma WS, Wang J, Hu XY, Wang W. Effects of a mandibular advancement device on genioglossus in obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome. Eur J Orthod 2014; 37:290-6. [PMID: 25246607 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of mandibular advancement device (MAD) therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) on the genioglossus contractile properties and fibre-type distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty 6-month old male New Zealand white rabbits were randomised into three groups: OSAHS, MAD, and controls. Rabbits in Group OSAHS and Group MAD were established as OSAHS models by injection, at a dose of 2 ml hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel, via the submucous muscular layer of soft palate. Spiral computed tomography (CT) showed a significant reduced retropalatal upper airway, and apnoeas happened with an increase of Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) and a decrease of blood oxygen saturation during polysomnography (PSG), which indicated the OSAHS model developed successfully. OSAHS rabbits in Group MAD were fitted with a MAD made from self-curing composite resin, at 30 degrees to the upper incisors, and the mandible was guided forward 3 to 4mm. Further, spiral CT and PSG suggested MAD was effective. Rabbits in 3 groups were induced to sleep for 4-6 hours per day for 8 weeks, after which the genioglossus was removed, mounted in a tissue bath, and stimulated through platinum electrodes; maximal twitch tension, contraction time, half-relaxation time, force-frequency relationship, and fatigability were recorded. The percentage of Type I and Type II fibres was quantified. RESULTS The fatigability and percentage of Type II fibres of genioglossus increased in Group OSAHS compared with controls; this abnormality was corrected by MAD. CONCLUSION MAD therapy for OSAHS could prevent genioglossus fatigue and abnormal fibre-type distribution of genioglossus in OSAHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jie Wang
- ***Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu HY, Dong F, Liu CY, Wang J, Liu Y, Xiao W. An animal model of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnea syndrome corrected by mandibular advancement device. Eur J Orthod 2014; 37:284-9. [PMID: 25246606 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to establish a stable animal model of obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and assess the effectiveness of a mandibular advancement device (MAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen 6-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into three groups according to intervention: Group OSAHS, Group MAD, and a control group (n = 6 for each group). Rabbits in Group OSAHS and Group MAD were established as OSAHS model by injection, at a dose of 2 ml hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel, in the submucous muscular layer of the soft palate. Computed tomography (CT) and polysomnography (PSG) showed that OSAHS was developed successfully, the rabbits in Group MAD were fitted with the MAD and CT of the upper airway and PSG evaluated its effectiveness. Histological observation of the injection sites was conducted. RESULTS CT scans showed the reduced sagittal space and cross-sectional areas of retropalatal upper airway in Group OSAHS were corrected by MAD (upper airway space in Group MAD was similar to that in the control group). The rabbits in Group OSAHS developed obvious sleep apnoea and hypopnea in supine position, with increased apnoea-hypopnea index and decreased oxygen saturation (SaO2). These were significantly improved by MAD and apnoea and hypopnea were not observed. Histology of the soft palate showed that the injected gel was entirely surrounded with connective tissues. CONCLUSION We primarily developed an OSAHS and MAD therapy animal model with narrow oropharynx in upper airway which could be further available for OSAHS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-yan Lu
- *Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, **The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Departments of
| | - Fusheng Dong
- **The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Departments of ***Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and
| | - Chun-yan Liu
- *Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, **The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Departments of
| | - Jie Wang
- **The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Departments of ****Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Liu
- *Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, **The Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Departments of
| | - Wei Xiao
- *Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, ***Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Interaction of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Its Lipopolysaccharide with In Vitro Culture of Respiratory Nasal Epithelium. Vet Med Int 2013; 2013:347086. [PMID: 23555071 PMCID: PMC3608130 DOI: 10.1155/2013/347086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal septa of fetal rabbits at 26 days of gestation were harvested by cesarean section of the does while under anesthesia and then exposed to Bordetella bronchiseptica or its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for periods of 2 and 4 hours. A total of 240 explants were used. The tissues were examined using the Hematoxylin & Eosin technique. Then, semithin sections (0.5 μm) were stained with toluidine blue and examined with indirect immunoperoxidase (IPI) and lectin histochemistry. The most frequent and statistically significant findings were as follows: (1) cell death and increased goblet cell activity when exposed to bacteria and (2) cell death, cytoplasmic vacuolation and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes when exposed to LPS. The lesions induced by the bacterium were more severe than with LPS alone, except for the cytoplasmic vacuolation in epithelial cells. IPI stained the ciliated border of the epithelium with the bacterium more intensely, while LPS lectin histochemistry preferentially labeled the cytoplasm of goblet cell. These data indicate that B. bronchiseptica and its LPS may have an affinity for specific glycoproteins that would act as adhesion receptors in both locations.
Collapse
|