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House JK, Izzo MM, Page SW, Browning GF, Norris JM. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for dairy cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:143-186. [PMID: 38317437 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J K House
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M M Izzo
- Smithton Veterinary Service, Smithton TAS, Australia
| | - S W Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Seeger MG, Iglesias BA, Vogel FSF, Cargnelutti JF. Antibiofilm action using water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrin and antibacterial photodynamic therapy against Moraxella spp. from cattle. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106081. [PMID: 36948363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most important eye disease in ruminants worldwide. Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi can form biofilm and are frequently isolated from affected animals. Antimicrobials are used worldwide to treat clinical cases of IBK, although they have limited success in clearing the infection. Therefore, photodynamic therapy using porphyrins as photosensitizing molecules is an alternative method to eliminate microorganisms, including biofilms. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of a zinc(II) metalloporphyrin (ZnTMeP) against M. bovis and M. bovoculi biofilms since this compound can efficiently inactivate planktonic Moraxella spp. This study was carried out with two reference strains of Moraxella spp. (M. bovis: ATCC® 10900 and M. bovoculli: ATCC® BAA1259). The antibacterial activity of 4.0 μM of the ZnTMeP porphyrin was evaluated based on its ability to form and consolidate biofilms with three 30-min cycles of white-light exposure for three days. The ZnTMeP porphyrin reduced M. bovis and M. bovoculi biofilm formation. In addition, ZnTMeP partially destroyed consolidated M. bovoculi biofilms in the second white-light irradiation cycle, although the porphyrin had no effect against the consolidated biofilm of M. bovis. Despite the biofilm still not being completely inactivated, our findings are promising and encourage further experiments using the phototherapy protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlane Geribone Seeger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Departamento de Química, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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3
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Kneipp M, Green AC, Govendir M, Laurence M, Dhand NK. A randomised control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial vaccine for pinkeye in Australian beef cattle. Prev Vet Med 2023; 210:105815. [PMID: 36512867 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pinkeye (a generic term to describe infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) is a significant disease of cattle worldwide, impacting productivity and animal welfare. One commercial pinkeye vaccine, a systematically administered Moraxella bovis bacterin, has been available in Australia since 2007. This is the first field trial of the effectiveness of this vaccine for the prevention of naturally occurring disease in Australia. Extensively run beef herds in southwest Queensland that regularly experienced pinkeye were enrolled in the trial and animals were randomly allocated to vaccinated and control groups in different proportions in each herd. The subsequent incidence of clinical pinkeye between the two groups was compared for animals less than one-year-old. Data were analysed from 649 cattle from five herds over two pinkeye seasons: three herds of 390 calves from 1st November 2019 to 20th January 2020 and two herds of 259 calves from 23rd September 2020 to 21st April 2021. Pinkeye was common with 24% of all calves (156/649) contracting the disease during the trial. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic mixed-effect models were fitted to account for clustered data and potential residual confounding due to sex, weight, breed, coat colour, and periocular pigmentation. The incidence of pinkeye was not significantly different between vaccinated and control groups, both alone (p = 0.67) and after adjusting for sex and weight differences (p = 0.69). The vaccine was not protective against naturally occurring pinkeye under the field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mac Kneipp
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Green
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Laurence
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, 90 South Street, 6150, WA, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia.
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Sotthibandhu DS, Indoung S, Niwasawat H, Chaiboon J, Sungsorn N, Longji NI, Polya K, Noosak C, Schwarz S, Soimala T. The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. on ocular surfaces of fighting bulls ( Bos indicus) in Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2922-2928. [PMID: 36718321 PMCID: PMC9880847 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2922-2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim fighting bulls have a high risk of eye injuries, and opportunistic conjunctival bacterial flora may cause subsequent eye diseases. There is little information about the ocular health care of fighting bulls in Thailand. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. from the eyes of fighting bulls and investigate their antimicrobial susceptibility. Materials and Methods The samples were collected from the right conjunctival sacs of 105 fighting bulls. Biochemical tests and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to identify bacteria to genus and species levels. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by agar disk diffusion. Results Staphylococcus spp. (36.84%, 56/152) were the most detected bacteria. The most prevalent Staphylococcus spp. was Staphylococcus chromogenes (37.50%, 21/56). The susceptibility test revealed that all isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (56/56, 100%) and most were susceptible to chloramphenicol and gentamicin (54/56, 96.43%). The highest resistance rates were seen for tetracycline and doxycycline (23.21%, 13/56) followed by erythromycin (19.64%, 11/56). In addition, S. chromogenes isolates were evaluated for their ability to produce biofilms by a quantitative biofilm production assay. A total of 21 isolates exhibited biofilm production, independent of their antimicrobial susceptibility. Three multidrug-resistant isolates were found, including two Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates and a single S. chromogenes isolate. Conclusion As antimicrobial resistant bacteria were detected on the eye surface, veterinarians should always conduct antimicrobial susceptibility testing before using antimicrobial agents. The results from this study will help to improve the standard of eye treatment for fighting bulls in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saowakon Indoung
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Husna Niwasawat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jiradchaya Chaiboon
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Sungsorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nu-issana Longji
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kittipol Polya
- Thunderbolt fighting Bull Clinic, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Chayanee Noosak
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanawan Soimala
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand,Corresponding author: Tanawan Soimala, e-mail: Co-authors: DSS: , SI: , HN: , JC: , NS: , NL: , KP: , CN: , SS:
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A Five Year Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Antibody Responses to a Commercial and Autogenous Vaccine for the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060916. [PMID: 35746524 PMCID: PMC9228096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized control trial was performed over a five-year period to assess the efficacy and antibody response induced by autogenous and commercial vaccine formulations against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were randomly assigned each year to one of three arms: an autogenous vaccine treatment that included Moraxella bovis (M. bovis), Moraxella bovoculi, and Mycoplasma bovoculi antigens, a commercial M. bovis vaccine treatment, or a sham vaccine treatment that consisted only of adjuvant. A total of 1198 calves were enrolled in the study. Calves were administered the respective vaccines approximately 21 days apart, just prior to turnout on summer pastures. Treatment effects were analyzed for IBK incidence, retreatment incidence, 205-day adjusted weaning weights, and antibody response to the type IV pilus protein (pili) of M. bovis as measured by a novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent screening assay (ELISA). Calves vaccinated with the autogenous formulation experienced a decreased cumulative incidence of IBK over the entire study compared to those vaccinated with the commercial and sham formulations (24.5% vs. 30.06% vs. 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.25), and had less IBK cases that required retreatment compared to the commercial and sham formulations (21.4% vs. 27.9% vs. 34.3%, respectively, p = 0.15), but these differences were not significant. The autogenous formulation induced a significantly stronger antibody response than the commercial (p = 0.022) and sham formulations (p = 0.001), but antibody levels were not significantly correlated with IBK protection (p = 0.37).
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Maier GU, Davy JS, Forero LC, Bang H, Clothier K, Angelos JA. Effects of eye patches on corneal ulcer healing and weight gain in stocker steers on pasture: a randomized controlled trial. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab162. [PMID: 34693213 PMCID: PMC8530089 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a painful ocular disease in cattle that is characterized by the presence of a corneal ulcer and production losses. A common industry practice is to cover an affected eye with a piece of cloth to reduce exposure to face flies and ultraviolet light with the goal of alleviating pain, accelerating healing, and reducing spread. To study the efficacy of eye patches in the treatment of IBK, a group of 216 clinically normal Angus crossbred steers were followed between April and August 2019 and evaluated weekly for the development of IBK. Eyes of cattle that developed IBK were enrolled with a blocked randomization scheme based on ulcer severity score to receive either an eye patch (treatment group) or no eye patch (control group). All treatment and control group animals received parenteral antimicrobial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatments and were housed in a pasture separated from the rest of the cohort for a maximum of 28 d or until clinical cure. Corneal ulcer areas were measured, and body weights were recorded twice weekly for steers in the treatment and control groups. Weights of all steers in the cohort were recorded three times during the trial period. The primary outcome, rate of corneal ulcer healing, was higher (P = 0.001) for lesions in eyes receiving an eye patch as determined by a linear mixed model that controlled for ulcer severity score at enrollment and previous IBK in the opposite eye. Median corneal ulcer healing time was 10 (IQR [Interquartile range] 7–17) d for patched eyes vs. 14 (IQR 7–21) d for unpatched eyes. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for severity score at diagnosis, the hazard ratio for ulcer healing was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.02–2.56, P = 0.042) for eyes that received a patch compared to eyes that did not. Among all 216 steers in the cohort, those that were diagnosed with IBK had a numerically higher average daily gain (ADG) (0.45 [±SE 0.01] kg) vs. those that were not (0.42 [±SE 0.12] kg; P = 0.06). In enrolled steers that received a patch, the secondary outcome ADG was 0.47 (±SE 0.02) kg compared to 0.43 (±SE 0.02) kg in controls (P = 0.22). Weight gain may have been confounded by pasture during the treatment period. Results of this trial support the use of this low-cost intervention; further investigation into possible reasons for observed differences in weight gain may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele U Maier
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Josh S Davy
- Agriculture and Natural Resources Tehama, Glenn and Colusa counties, University of California, Red Bluff, CA 96080, USA
| | - Larry C Forero
- Agriculture and Natural Resources Shasta and Trinity counties, University of California, Redding, CA 96002, USA
| | - Heejung Bang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John A Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Maier G, Doan B, O'Connor AM. The Role of Environmental Factors in the Epidemiology of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2021; 37:309-320. [PMID: 34049661 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) include face flies, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and mechanical irritation from plant awns or dust. Limited research has shown face fly control to be associated with lower incidence of IBK. UV radiation is known to cause corneal irritation and damage in mammalian species. The increased formation of corneal dark cells has been observed following UV radiation in exposed calves. Moraxella bovis preferentially binds to corneal dark cells where it can be found in pits, which may be formed due to bacterial contact. Little is known about the efficacy of management of pasture plants on the prevention of IBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Maier
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Binh Doan
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, 1-400 BSB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, Room G-100, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Draft Genome Sequence of Moraxella bovoculi Strain KZ-1, Isolated from Cattle in North Kazakhstan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/30/e00670-20. [PMID: 32703839 PMCID: PMC7378038 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00670-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella bovoculi strain KZ-1 was isolated from cattle that had symptoms of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in northern Kazakhstan. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain.
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Allan J, Van Winden S. Randomised Control Trial Comparing Cypermethrin-Based Preparations in the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020184. [PMID: 31978947 PMCID: PMC7070671 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by the bacteria Moraxella bovis is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies causing a painful eye disease. This trial investigated the difference in number of cases of IBK between two groups of animals that were treated with two different fly control products, one a pour-on and one an impregnated ear tag. The growth rate per day was also investigated between animals with cases and those without and between the treatment groups. The trial enrolled 197 animals. Cases of IBK and growth rate were recorded over the grazing season (April–November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no difference in number of cases between the two treatment groups and there was no difference in growth rate between animals that had a case and animals that had not. Animals that had white faces, which in this trial were Hereford cattle and also the animals under 12 months old were found to be more likely to get a case. Overall, there was no significant difference between the two fly control preparations in preventing IBK, younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer from IBK. Abstract Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by Moraxella bovis is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies. This trial investigated the difference in incidence of IBK cases from natural exposure between two groups of animals, one treated with Cypermethrin pour-on preparation (PON, n = 98) and one with Cypermethrin impregnated ear tags (TAG, n = 99). Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG) difference was investigated between animals with cases and those without and between treatment groups. A randomised positive control study, enrolled 197 animals split into two treatment groups. Cases of IBK and DLWG were recorded over the grazing season (April–November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no association between the two treatment groups (p = 0.362) and case status. Breed and under 12 months old were significant factors for having a case; (OR 2.3, p = 0.014 and OR 3.5, p < 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in DLWG between animals that had a case and animals that had not (p = 0.739) or between the two treatment groups (p = 0.215). Based on our results, there is no significant difference between PON or TAG preparations in the prevention of IBK. Younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer with IBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Allan
- The Royal Veterinary College, Regional Veterinary Centre South of England, Stinsford Business Centre, Kingston Maurward College, Dorchester DT2 8PY, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Steven Van Winden
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
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Williams HJ, Duncan JS, Fisher SN, Coates A, Stokes JE, Gillespie A. Ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep: the farmer's perspective. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000321. [PMID: 31673374 PMCID: PMC6802982 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to gather current, farmer-reported data on the frequency of occurrence, risk factors and treatment practices for the sheep eye disease, ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis (OIKC). A questionnaire regarding eye disease in sheep was completed by 135 farmers from four livestock markets. Most farmers (87%) had observed OIKC in their flock, 88% of these within the last 2 years. Farmers reported observing most cases in the winter months (51%) and fewest in the summer (10%). They proposed housing and forage feeding from racks as factors associated with OIKC. A variety of treatment protocols were used by farmers. The three most popular treatments used were: cloxacillin eye ointment, intramuscular oxytetracycline injection and topical tetracycline spray applied to the eye. Only 62% of treatments were considered very effective by the farmers, with no difference in farmer perceived efficacy between these three most commonly used treatments (p=0.6). Farmers used 15 different terms to describe a photograph of a sheep with OIKC, including many colloquial terms. We hypothesise that this could result in communication problems between veterinary surgeons and farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Williams
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jennifer S Duncan
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Sarah Nichol Fisher
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Amy Coates
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Jessica Eleanor Stokes
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Amy Gillespie
- Department of Livestock Health and Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Sánchez-Hernández C, Zalapa SS, Guerrero S, Romero-Almaraz MDL, Sil-Berra LM, Schnell GD. Ocular Lesions and Diseases in Bats from Jalisco and Oaxaca, Mexico. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2018.20.2.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelio Sánchez-Hernández
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-153, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia S. Zalapa
- Centro de Estudios en Zoología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, C.P. 45200, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Sergio Guerrero
- Centro de Estudios en Zoología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, C.P. 45200, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez No. 2100, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | | | - Luz M. Sil-Berra
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-153, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gary D. Schnell
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA
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Kowalski AP, Maboni G, Gressler LT, Espíndola JP, Balzan C, Tasca C, Guizzo JA, Conceição FR, Frandoloso R, de Vargas AC. Antigenic characterization of Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis strains with potential use in vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2018; 210:56-63. [PMID: 29103697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella bovis is historically known as the primary agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). However, Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis are also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of IBK, therefore, these three species should be included in the development of a new vaccine with a broad-spectrum protection against the disease natural challenge. In this study we investigated the antigenic properties of clinical isolates and reference strains of M. bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis using a novel in vitro approach for vaccine evaluation based on two techniques, flow cytometry and western blotting (WB). Here, we demonstrated that rabbit antisera produced against reference M. bovis strain and commercial bacterin showed low number of IgG with capacity to recognize a panel of heterologous strains composed by M. bovoculi and M. ovis. On the other hand, the antisera generated against two clinical isolates of M. ovis (Mov2 and Mov3) presented high cross-reactivity levels against all M. ovis and M. bovis strains evaluated. Similarly, the antisera against Mbv3 (clinical isolate of M. bovoculi) had high levels of IgG associated on the surface of all M. bovoculi strains and most of the M. ovis strains analyzed. The WB analysis demonstrated that Moraxella spp. has multiple immunogenic antigens and most of them are shared between the three species. Based on the cross-reactivity analysis and considering the relative number of IgGs associated on the bacterial surface, we suggest that a multivalent vaccine including Mbv3, Mov2 and Mov3 strains may provide a strong and broad protection against all strains involved in IBK outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Paula Kowalski
- Setor de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Letícia Trevisan Gressler
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 282, km 171, CEP 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Pires Espíndola
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 282, km 171, CEP 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Balzan
- Setor de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Caiane Tasca
- Setor de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João Antônio Guizzo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 282, km 171, CEP 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Setor de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 282, km 171, CEP 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Agueda Castagna de Vargas
- Setor de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS) CEP 97105-900, Brazil
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Cullen JN, Engelken TJ, Cooper V, O'Connor AM. Randomized blinded controlled trial to assess the association between a commercial vaccine against Moraxella bovis and the cumulative incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:345-351. [PMID: 28703672 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between a commercially available vaccine against Moraxella bovis and cumulative incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) from processing to weaning (primary objective) and body weight at weaning (secondary objective). DESIGN Randomized blinded controlled trial. ANIMALS 214 calves (≥ 2 months of age) born in the spring of 2015 at an Iowa State University cow-calf research unit with no visible lesions or scars on either eye. PROCEDURES Calves were randomly allocated to receive SC administration of a single dose of a commercial vaccine against M bovis (112 enrolled and 110 analyzed) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (111 enrolled and 104 analyzed). Calves were monitored for signs of IBK from treatment to weaning, and body weight at weaning was recorded. People involved in calf enrollment and outcome assessment were blinded to treatment group assignment. Cumulative incidence of IBK and weaning weight were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated calves; the effect measure was the risk ratio and mean difference, respectively. RESULTS IBK was detected in 65 (59.1%) vaccinated calves and 62 (59.6%) unvaccinated calves (unadjusted risk ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.79 to 1.24) during the study period. No significant difference in weaning weights was identified between vaccinated and unvaccinated calves (unadjusted effect size, 4.40 kg [9.68 lb]; 95% confidence interval, -3.46 to 12.25 kg [-7.61 to 26.95 lb]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that the commercially available M bovis vaccine was not effective in reducing the cumulative incidence of IBK or increasing weaning weight in beef calves.
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Boileau MJ, Mani R, Breshears MA, Gilmour M, Taylor JD, Clinkenbeard KD. Efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J for the treatment of dairy calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1017-28. [PMID: 27580114 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.9.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J for the treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). ANIMALS 12 healthy dairy calves. PROCEDURES For each calf, a grid keratotomy was performed on both eyes immediately before inoculation with Moraxella bovis hemolytic strain Epp63-300 (n = 11 calves) or nonhemolytic strain 12040577 (1 calf). For each calf inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, the eyes were randomly assigned to receive an artificial tear solution with (treatment group) or without (control group) lyophilized B bacteriovorus 109J. Six doses of the assigned treatment (0.2 mL/eye, topically, q 48 h) were administered to each eye. On nontreatment days, eyes were assessed and corneal swab specimens and tear samples were collected for bacterial culture. Calves were euthanized 12 days after M bovis inoculation. The eyes were harvested for gross and histologic evaluation and bacterial culture. RESULTS The calf inoculated with M bovis 12040577 did not develop corneal ulcers. Of the 22 eyes inoculated with M bovis Epp63-300, 18 developed corneal ulcers consistent with IBK within 48 hours after inoculation; 4 of those eyes developed secondary corneal ulcers that were not consistent with IBK. Corneal ulcer size and severity and the time required for ulcer healing did not differ between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that B bacteriovorus 109J was not effective for the treatment of IBK; however, the experimental model used produced lesions that did not completely mimic naturally occurring IBK.
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Angelos JA, Chigerwe M, Edman JM, Hess JF. Systemic and ocular immune responses in cattle following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1411-1418. [PMID: 27901388 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin (MbxA). ANIMALS 13 Angus steers with ages ranging from 318 to 389 days and weights ranging from 352 to 437 kg. PROCEDURES Steers were assigned to receive 500 μg of a precipitated (MbxA-P; n = 5) or partially solubilized (MbxA-S; 5) recombinant MbxA subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. A control group (n = 3) received the adjuvant alone. Each steer received the assigned treatment (1 mL/nostril) on days 0 and 28. Serum and tear samples were collected on days 0 (before vaccination), 14, 28, 42, and 55. Changes in MbxA-neutralizing antibody titers and MbxA-specific IgG concentrations in serum and tears and changes in MbxA-specific IgA concentrations in tears were measured. RESULTS Mean fold changes in MbxA-specific IgG concentration in serum and tears and MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer in tears for the MbxA-P group were significantly greater than those for the MbxA-S and control groups. Mean serum MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer did not differ among the 3 groups. Although the mean fold change in tear MbxA-specific IgA concentration differed significantly among the groups in the overall analysis, post hoc comparisons failed to identify any significant pairwise differences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Systemic and ocular immune responses induced by intranasal administration of the MbxA-P vaccine were superior to those induced by the MbxA-S vaccine. Additional research is necessary to determine whether the MbxA-P vaccine can prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
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Maboni G, Gressler LT, Espindola JP, Schwab M, Tasca C, Potter L, de Vargas AC. Differences in the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Moraxella bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:545-9. [PMID: 26273272 PMCID: PMC4507549 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the antimicrobial
susceptibility profiles of Moraxella bovis, M.
bovoculi and M. ovis. Thirty-two strains of
Moraxella spp. isolated from cattle and sheep with
infectious keratoconjunctivitis were tested via broth microdilution method to
determine their susceptibility to ampicillin, cefoperazone, ceftiofur,
cloxacillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, oxytetracycline
and penicillin. The results demonstrated that Moraxella spp.
strains could be considered sensitive for most of the antimicrobials tested in
this study, but differences between the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of
these three Moraxella species were found. M.
bovis might differ from other species due to the higher MIC and MBC
values it presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia T Gressler
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia P Espindola
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Schwab
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Caiane Tasca
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Potter
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Agueda Castagna de Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Gupta S, Chahota R, Bhardwaj B, Priyanka P, Verma S, Sharma M. Identification of Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma species in ruminants with ocular infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:135-139. [PMID: 25421836 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a highly contagious ocular inflammatory condition, which is often reported in domestic small and large ruminants. Multiple infectious aetiologies are reported to be involved, but information about the role of certain fastidious bacterial pathogens such as chlamydiae and mycoplasmas is limited in India. Hence, this study was performed to determine the role of these pathogens and their identification by molecular approach. A total of 53 samples from 31 ovine, 14 caprine and eight bovine having clinical symptoms were collected and tested using species-specific PCR tests for chlamydiae and mycoplasmas followed by nucleotide sequence analysis. The results showed 77.41, 14.29 and 25% samples were chlamydiae positive in ovine, caprine and bovine, respectively, whereas 41.93, 14.29 and 37.5% prevalence of mycoplasma infection was detected in ovine, caprine and bovines, respectively. Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila psittaci, Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma hyorhinis were detected from tested samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these species are identified in IKC cases from India. Coinfection of both chlamydial and mycoplasmal species was detected in eight IKC cases of ovine which suggest synergistic roles played by both chlamydiae and mycoplasma in IKC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
| | - R Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
| | - B Bhardwaj
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
| | - P Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
| | - S Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
| | - M Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, India
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Loy JD, Brodersen BW. Moraxella spp. isolated from field outbreaks of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study of case submissions from 2010 to 2013. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:761-8. [PMID: 25261461 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714551403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is the most costly eye disease of cattle. The principal etiologic agent of IBK is the Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella bovis. However, there have been reports of IBK outbreaks associated with Moraxella bovoculi. A retrospective study of IBK diagnostic cases submitted from July 1, 2010 through October 31, 2013 was conducted. Included in the study were 1,042 Moraxella isolates from 1,538 swabs of lacrimal secretions collected from 282 herds from 30 U.S. states. Moraxella isolates were identified to the species level and were composed of M. bovoculi (701 isolates), M. bovis (295 isolates), Moraxella ovis (5 isolates), and other Moraxella spp. (41). Minimum inhibitory concentrations required for 90% growth inhibition (MIC90) was calculated for representative isolates. The MIC90 values for both M. bovis and M. bovoculi were as follows: ampicillin and ceftiofur: ≤0.25 µg/ml; clindamycin: 2 µg/ml; danofloxacin and enrofloxacin: ≤0.12 µg/ml; florfenicol: 0.5 µg/ml; gentamicin: 1 µg/ml; neomycin: 4 µg/ml; tulathromycin: 2 µg/ml; and tylosin: 8 µg/ml. The MIC90 values for M. bovoculi included the following: chlortetracycline: ≤0.5 µg/ml; oxytetracycline: 4 µg/ml; penicillin: 0.25 µg/ml; spectinomycin: 32 µg/ml; sulfadimethoxine: >256 µg/ml; tiamulin: 1 µg/ml; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: 4 µg/ml. For M. bovis, MIC90 values included the following: chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline: 1 µg/ml; penicillin: ≤0.12 µg/ml; spectinomycin: 16 µg/ml; sulfadimethoxine: ≤256 µg/ml; tiamulin: ≤0.5 µg/ml; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: ≤2 µg/ml. The current work describes the frequency of isolation and differences in antimicrobial sensitivity observed among Moraxella isolates from case submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Bruce W Brodersen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Prieto C, Serra DO, Martina P, Jacobs M, Bosch A, Yantorno OM. Evaluation of biofilm-forming capacity of Moraxella bovis, the primary causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:504-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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