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Gerken A, Lee K, Bain M, Kim SA. Correlation between aggression at the veterinary clinic and problem behaviors at home for cats in the USA. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231214907. [PMID: 38415601 PMCID: PMC10911309 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231214907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine whether cats that exhibit aggression during veterinary visits are more likely to have behavior problems at home. METHODS An online, anonymous, cross-sectional survey was developed and distributed to residents in the USA who were aged over 18 years and who were the primary owners of at least one cat. The survey collected information about cat and household factors, and utilized a validated questionnaire instrument for obtaining behavioral information of pet cats. RESULTS Aggression at the veterinary clinic was reported in 42.6% of the cats. The frequency of aggression exhibited at the veterinary clinic was lower in cats that lived in multi-cat households. Most cats did not receive medications intended to reduce fear, anxiety and/or pain before veterinary visits. Aggression at the veterinary clinic was positively associated with behavior problems at home, including stranger-directed aggression, owner-directed aggression, resistance to restraint, familiar cat aggression, dog-directed aggression, house-soiling, separation-related behaviors and scratching claws on inappropriate surfaces indoors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats that exhibit aggression at the veterinary clinic are more likely to exhibit aggression and anxiety-related behaviors at home. Veterinarians should screen cats that exhibit aggression at the veterinary clinic for behavior problems at home to institute prompt diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gerken
- Behavior Service, San Francisco SPCA Veterinary Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyuyoung Lee
- Institute of Viral Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Melissa Bain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sun-A Kim
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
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Couture M, Stellato AC, Moody CM, Niel L. Owner Perspectives of Cat Handling Techniques Used in the Veterinary Clinic. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024; 27:46-56. [PMID: 35188008 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2022.2039144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An online cross-sectional survey was used to assess cat owner attitudes towards 12 cat handling techniques used during veterinary appointments. Likert-scale questions were designed to assess level of agreement with handling techniques when the participants' cat is calm, fearful, or aggressive. We examined the influence of participant's cat attachment and demographic information on agreement towards common handling techniques. Overall, participants (n = 1754) disagreed with higher restraint techniques such as full body with scruffing, and agreed with lower restraint methods such as minimal restraint and use of towels, regardless of cat demeanor. Logistic regression models revealed that participants were more likely to disagree with the use of full body restraint with scruff on fearful cats if they had a higher pet attachment score (p = 0.002), were residents of the US (p = 0.003), or were between the ages of 51-70 years of age (p = 0.001). Owner agreement with techniques involving a lower degree of restraint during routine veterinary procedures provides further support for current recommendations encouraging handlers to use these techniques with cats, and to avoid methods requiring a higher degree of restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Couture
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carly M Moody
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Cranford M, Bing A, Cisneros A, Carroll AD, Porter H, Stellato AC. Cross-sectional survey exploring current intake practices for dogs admitted to animal shelters in Texas: a descriptive study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1296425. [PMID: 38173552 PMCID: PMC10763234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1296425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Entering an animal shelter is a stressful experience for dogs that can impair their welfare, adoptability, and shelter staff safety; thus, it is crucial to reduce the stress experienced during intake. This study investigated the current intake practices for dogs admitted in animal shelters in Texas, United States. Methods To gather data, an online survey was designed and distributed to shelter employees responsible for intake at animal shelters. The survey collected information about examination procedures, the type of information collected from owner-surrenders, as well as the housing environment for the dogs. Results Survey participants (n = 64) were shelter staff from municipal (59%, 38/64) and private shelters (23%, 15/64) in 47 counties. Handling techniques reported to be used during intake exams varied depending on the dog's behavior, with participants reporting higher restraint for aggressive dogs and lower restraint for calm dogs. If the dog was displaying fear, participants reported offering food and attention (89%, 47/53), using towel restraint (64%, 34/53) and conducting the exam on someone's lap (49%, 26/53). In cases of aggression, it was commonly reported to use muzzles (81%, 42/52) and catch poles (77%, 40/52), and shorten the exam (71%, 37/52). After the exam, most reported placing dogs on the adoption floor (45%, 27/60) or placing them wherever space was available (20%, 12/60). Discussion Results provide descriptive information on current intake procedures and routine handling techniques used in Texas shelters. Future research should explore shelter dog responses to routine handling techniques to support the development of evidence-based protocols during routine intake examinations and procedures.
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Mercier P, Honeckman L, Jokela F, Dunham AE, Overall KL. Using standardized scales to assess fear at veterinary visits – intra- and inter-rater reliability. J Vet Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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5
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Veronezi TM, Lopes DJ, Zardo IL, Ferronatto JVB, Trojan MM, Franck KR, de Azevedo AF, Spiering AG, Nunes LN, Fadel L, da Costa FVA. Evaluation of the effects of gabapentin on the physiologic and echocardiographic variables of healthy cats: a prospective, randomized and blinded study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e498-e504. [PMID: 36383193 PMCID: PMC10812358 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate, using echocardiography, the effects of oral administration of a single dose of gabapentin on the physiologic variables (heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR] and systolic blood pressure [SBP]) and systolic and diastolic cardiac function of healthy cats. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized and blinded study with 40 healthy cats aged between 6 months and 2 years. The cats' health status was assessed on the first appointment (T1) when they underwent a physical examination, complete blood count, biochemical profile, assessment of physiologic variables and echocardiogram. The echocardiogram was used to measure the left ventricle's (LV) internal diameter during systole and diastole, isovolumic relaxation time, transmitral flow, E-wave deceleration time and HR. The cats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) a treatment group with 20 cats that received a single oral dose of gabapentin (100 mg/cat); and (2) a control group with 20 cats that received a single oral dose of placebo. All variables of the physiologic and echocardiographic variables were re-evaluated 1-3 weeks after T1 (T2), 90 mins after medication or placebo administration. RESULTS There was no difference in the physiologic variables evaluated in both groups. The proportion of cats in the treatment group that had their ventricular filling waves fused on T1 but did not have them fused on T2 was significantly higher (45%) compared with cats in the control group (15%; P = 0.0384). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was no difference between the groups in regard to SBP, HR, RR and echocardiographic variables. Gabapentin improved evaluation of diastolic function on echocardiogram because it reduced the fusion of ventricular filling waves during the evaluation of the diastolic function of the LV. Gabapentin did not cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of young healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayná M Veronezi
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniela J Lopes
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Izadora L Zardo
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João VB Ferronatto
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Trojan
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kirian R Franck
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André F de Azevedo
- Post Graduation Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana G Spiering
- Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Nunes
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fadel
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lutheran University of Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda VA da Costa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rodan I, Dowgray N, Carney HC, Carozza E, Ellis SLH, Heath S, Niel L, St Denis K, Taylor S. 2022 AAFP/ISFM Cat Friendly Veterinary Interaction Guidelines: Approach and Handling Techniques. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1093-1132. [PMID: 36259500 PMCID: PMC10845437 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221128760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The '2022 AAFP/ISFM Cat Friendly Veterinary Interaction Guidelines: Approach and Handling Techniques' (hereafter the 'Cat Friendly Veterinary Interaction Guidelines') support veterinary professionals with feline interactions and handling to reduce the impact of fear and other protective (negative) emotions, in so doing enhancing feline welfare and In implementing these Guidelines, team satisfaction and cat caregiver confidence in the veterinary team will increase as the result of efficient examinations, better experience, more reliable diagnostic testing and improved feline wellbeing. Veterinary professionals will learn the importance of understanding and appropriately responding to the current emotional state of the cat and tailoring each visit to the individual. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Cats have evolved with emotions and behaviors that are necessary for their survival as both a predator and prey species. A clinical setting and the required examinations and procedures to meet their physical health needs can result in behavioral responses to protective emotions. Cat friendly interactions require understanding, interpreting and appropriately responding to cats' emotional states and giving them a perceived sense of control while performing the required assessment. EVIDENCE BASE These Guidelines have been created by a Task Force of experts convened by the American Association of Feline Practitioners and the International Society of Feline Medicine, based on an extensive literature review and, where evidence is lacking, the authors' experience. ENDORSEMENTS These Guidelines have been endorsed by a number of groups and organizations, as detailed on page 1127 and at catvets.com/interactions and icatcare.org/cat-friendly-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rodan
- Cat Behavior Solutions, Cat Care Clinic, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathalie Dowgray
- International Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Tisbury, Wi ltshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Heath
- Behavioural Referrals Veterinary Practice, Chester, UK
| | - Lee Niel
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly St Denis
- St Denis Veterinary Professional Corporation, Powassan, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Taylor
- International Society of Feline Medicine, International Cat Care, Wiltshire, Tisbury, UK
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7
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Hiestand KM. The autonomy principle in companion veterinary medicine: A critique. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:953925. [PMID: 36246322 PMCID: PMC9561244 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.953925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Following developments in human medical ethics, veterinary ethics has similarly shifted from a historic paternalistic approach, toward greater respect for autonomy. Veterinarians operate within a tripartite system where there is separation of doctor/patient dyad by animal owners. As such there are fundamental differences between veterinary and human medical sectors regarding application of the autonomy principle—specifically, to whom is autonomy afforded? This paper argues that the accepted transference of autonomy to owners constitutes a corruption of the principle. Privileges owners exercise over animal treatment decisions relate to their rights over property use, rather than application of self-rule over one's own person as described in bioethics literature. To highlight issues with the status quo, this paper outlines the negative consequences of “owner autonomy” on animal (patient) welfare, integrity of the veterinary profession's social contract and professional autonomy. A way forward is proposed that places greater emphasis on animal (patient) welfare being explicitly at the center of veterinary treatment decision-making via recognition that all such decisions are made by a proxy, and therefore more appropriate frameworks ought to be engaged, such as a best interests paradigm.
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8
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Furgala NM, Moody CM, Flint HE, Gowland S, Niel L. Veterinary background noise elicits fear responses in cats while freely moving in a confined space and during an examination. Behav Processes 2022; 201:104712. [PMID: 35905925 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many cats show signs of fear and stress during veterinary examinations and procedures, and environmental stimuli such as noise can contribute to these responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of background noise commonly heard in veterinary clinics (people talking, kennel doors shutting, dogs barking) on behavioural and physiological responses in companion cats. In Experiment 1, owned cats underwent a mock physical examination in a veterinary clinic with (n=16) or without (n=16) a pre-recorded noise track. A second experiment was conducted to assess cat responses to noise outside of handling and a clinic environment. In Experiment 2, shelter cats were either exposed (n=15) or not exposed (n=15) to the same noise track while allowed free movement in a small enclosure. Physiological and behavioural responses previously validated as negative responses in cats (e.g., indicative of fear, stress and aversion) were recorded, and outcome variables were compared between treatments. For both experiments, cats exposed to the noise track showed higher heart and respiratory rates. Noise was not associated with behavioural changes during the physical examination; however, cats who were freely moving showed more behavioural signs of fear and/or stress during noise exposure compared to the no noise conditions. These results show that high levels of background noise elicit physiological stress responses in cats, while ceiling effects of the examination and exposure to the clinic environment likely prevented treatment-related behavioral differences from being detected during the physical examination. It is recommended that those working with cats in environments with high levels of background noise limit cat exposure to these noises to reduce cat fear and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Furgala
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Carly M Moody
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Hannah E Flint
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Shannon Gowland
- Hill's Pet Nutrition Primary Healthcare Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Hematological Parameters from the Feline Blood Donor to the Blood Unit: What Changes Are to Be Expected? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141819. [PMID: 35883366 PMCID: PMC9312296 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feline blood donation requires sedation to allow for good blood collection, avoiding venous damage and unnecessary donor stress. In the present study, we describe the variation of hematological parameters in a population of healthy blood-donor cats that underwent the same sedation protocol, including medetomidine, alfaxalone, and butorphanol. Significant differences in hematological parameters were observed between unsedated and sedated cats; particularly, the mean red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume, and red blood cells distribution width were significantly lower in sedated cats than in conscious ones, thus confirming that sedation is a critical procedure in cats. No significant differences for the main hematological parameters were observed between sedated cats and feline blood units, suggesting that the dilution with the conservative–anticoagulant solution (ratio 1:7) exerts negligible effects on these parameters with respect to samples of sedated animals. Abstract Feline blood donation requires sedation to allow for good blood collection, avoiding venous damage and unnecessary donor stress. In the present study, we describe the variation of hematological parameters in a population of 74 healthy blood-donor cats that underwent the same sedation protocol, including medetomidine, alfaxalone, and butorphanol. Changes in hematological parameters were evaluated in blood samples collected from conscious cats (group A), sedated cats (group B), and feline whole-blood units (FBUs) (group C). Significant differences were observed between unsedated and sedated cats: the mean RBC count, HGB, HCT, and RDW were significantly lower in sedated cats than in conscious ones, with a difference of 17.95%, 18.42%, 28.21%, and 10.00%, respectively. In accordance with previously reported data, our results confirm that sedation is a critical procedure in cats that can affect most of the hematological parameters. The second finding of our study is that no significant differences for the main hematological parameters were observed between sedated cats and FBUs, thus suggesting that the dilution with the conservative–anticoagulant solution exert negligible effects on these parameters with respect to samples of sedated animals. This hematological change must be taken into consideration since such parameters are important to define the quality of FBUs.
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Carroll AD, Cisneros A, Porter H, Moody C, Stellato AC. Dog Owner Perceptions of Veterinary Handling Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111387. [PMID: 35681851 PMCID: PMC9179842 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary care can be a source of stress for domestic dogs and their owners. If a dog owner is not satisfied with the veterinary experience, this may reduce the frequency of veterinary visits and negatively impact a dog’s health and welfare. Allowing dog owners to offer their perspectives on aspects of the veterinary appointment may help improve owner satisfaction. We assessed owner agreement towards 13 recommended handling techniques used on dogs during routine veterinary appointments, when the participants’ dog was calm, fearful, or aggressive. An online cross-sectional survey targeting current dog owners, residing in Canada and the United States, was used to examine the influence of participant’s pet attachment (using the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS)) and demographic information (age, gender, experience working in the veterinary field) on owner agreement towards the handling techniques. The majority of participants (N = 1176) disagreed with higher restraint techniques (e.g., full body restraint, muzzle hold) and tools (e.g., dog mask), and agreed with lower restraint techniques (e.g., minimal restraint) regardless of dog demeanor. Logistic regression models revealed that for medium/large dog owners, having previous veterinary work experience resulted in lower agreement with the use of minimal restraint (p < 0.0001) and higher agreement with the use of full body restraint on fearful dogs (p = 0.01). Small dog owners were more likely to agree with the use of minimal restraint on fearful dogs if they had a higher pet attachment score (p < 0.001), and were more likely to agree with full body restraint if they had previous veterinary work experience (p < 0.0001) or were male (p = 0.02). Owner perspectives align with current handling recommendations and provide further support for the use of low stress handling methods to improve owner satisfaction and dog welfare during routine veterinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Diane Carroll
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.D.C.); (A.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Alissa Cisneros
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.D.C.); (A.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Hannah Porter
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.D.C.); (A.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Carly Moody
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Anastasia Chiara Stellato
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (A.D.C.); (A.C.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Edwards P, Smith B, McArthur M, Hazel S. At the heart of a dog's veterinary experience: Heart rate responses in dogs vary across a standard physical examination. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Kim SA, Borchardt MR, Lee K, Stelow EA, Bain MJ. Effects of trazodone on behavioral and physiological signs of stress in dogs during veterinary visits: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:876-883. [PMID: 35333743 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a single dose of trazodone administered to dogs before a veterinary visit reduced their behavioral and physiologic signs of stress and owners' stress during veterinary visits. SAMPLE 20 dogs and their owners. PROCEDURES In this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial, dogs with a history of anxiety during veterinary visits were scheduled for 2 veterinary visits 1 week apart and randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of either trazodone (9 to 12 mg/kg) or a placebo 90 minutes before transport to the veterinary clinic for alternate visits between September 21 and November 3, 2019. For each visit, we collected and assessed owner-completed surveys of dog stress score (DSS) and owner stress score; various investigator-reported scores, including from video-recorded behavior analyses; and patient-related physiologic data. RESULTS Dogs treated with trazodone versus placebo had lower mean DSSs, assessed by owners for physical examination and assessed by video analysis for time spent in the examination room; lower mean SD of normal-to-normal intervals, root mean square of successive heartbeat interval difference, and respiratory rate; and higher mean heart rate. No meaningful differences were observed in other behavioral or physiologic outcomes, including serum cortisol concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A single dose of trazodone before transport reduced signs of stress during veterinary visits for dogs in the present study and may be useful as an anti-anxiety medication for similarly affected dogs, potentially resulting in higher-quality clinical examinations and improved patient welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Kim
- 1Clinical Animal Behavior Service, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Michelle R Borchardt
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kyuyoung Lee
- 3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Elizabeth A Stelow
- 2William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Melissa J Bain
- 3Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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13
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Helsly M, Priymenko N, Girault C, Duranton C, Gaunet F. Dog behaviours in veterinary consultations: Part II. The relationship between the behaviours of dogs and their owners. Vet J 2022; 281:105789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Stellato AC, Flint HE, Dewey CE, Widowski TM, Niel L. Risk-factors associated with veterinary-related fear and aggression in owned domestic dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Riemer S, Heritier C, Windschnurer I, Pratsch L, Arhant C, Affenzeller N. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010158. [PMID: 33445559 PMCID: PMC7826566 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The majority of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, and some individuals may show aggression as a result. We review ways to avoid negative experiences and promote positive emotions in animals visiting the veterinarian. Whenever an animal is in the practice, the veterinary team should endeavour to make the visit as pleasant as possible, by using non-threatening body language and by creating positive associations. High-value food (unless an animal needs to be fasted) or toys should be used generously throughout the visit. In the interaction with the animals, low-stress handling methods, brief pauses and adjusting the procedure based on the animal’s body language help them to feel secure. Distractions can be used to minimise perceived pain such as from injections. If a known painful area needs to be treated, pain killers are advised. For animals that are very fearful, several medication options are available that can be given prior to the veterinary visit to help them with their fears. With reward-based training, animals can learn to accept veterinary procedures. A stress-free veterinary visit benefits all involved parties—the animals, their owners, as well as the veterinary team. Abstract A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Riemer
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ines Windschnurer
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Lydia Pratsch
- Veterinary Behaviour Consultant, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christine Arhant
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Department of Companion Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Moody CM, Dewey CE, Niel L. Cross-sectional survey of cat handling practices in veterinary clinics throughout Canada and the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1020-1033. [PMID: 32301660 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.9.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess handling techniques commonly used during routine examinations and procedures used for calm, fearful, and aggressive cats by veterinarians and nonveterinarian staff at Canadian and US veterinary practices and to evaluate demographic factors associated with those handling techniques. SAMPLE 310 veterinarians and 944 nonveterinarians who handle cats at Canadian and US veterinary practices. PROCEDURES An online questionnaire was developed to evaluate respondent demographics and use of common cat handling practices and techniques. A snowball sampling method was used to send a link to the questionnaire to members of Canadian and US veterinary-affiliated groups. Descriptive statistics were generated; logistic regression was used to identify demographic factors associated with the use of minimal and full-body restraint with scruffing during routine examination and procedures for fearful and aggressive cats. RESULTS Full-body restraint was used to handle cats of all demeanors, although its frequency of use was greatest for fearful and aggressive cats. Veterinarians and nonveterinarians who graduated from veterinary training programs before 2006 were less likely to use full-body restraint for cats of all demeanors, compared with nonveterinarians who did not graduate or graduated between 2006 and 2015. Other factors associated with decreased use of full-body restraint included working at an American Association of Feline Practitioners-certified practice and working at a Canadian practice. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that full-body restraint is commonly used to handle cats. Further research is necessary to determine whether current handling recommendations are effective in decreasing stress for cats during veterinary visits.
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Clark C. Over the reception desk: advice for creating a positive practice experience. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Hauser H, Campbell S, Korpivaara M, Stefanovski D, Quinlan M, Siracusa C. In-hospital administration of dexmedetomidine oromucosal gel for stress reduction in dogs during veterinary visits: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Stellato A, Jajou S, Dewey CE, Widowski TM, Niel L. Effect of a Standardized Four-Week Desensitization and Counter-Conditioning Training Program on Pre-Existing Veterinary Fear in Companion Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E767. [PMID: 31591343 PMCID: PMC6826973 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dogs show signs of fear during veterinary appointments. It is widely recommended to use desensitization and counter-conditioning training to reduce this fear. However, the efficacy of this method for reducing veterinary fear has not been examined. We assessed the effect of a standardized four-week training program on behavioural and physiological signs of fear in dogs with pre-existing veterinary fear. Owned dogs were randomly allocated to receive training (n = 15) or no training (n = 22; Control). Owners of dogs in the training group were instructed to perform exam-style handling on their dog and to visit the veterinary clinic weekly. Owners of control dogs were given no instructions. Fear responses were assessed before and after the training period by a blinded observer during clinic arrival and examination. Despite motivated owners volunteering to participate in the current study, 44% of owners were non-compliant to this training program. During examination, control dogs had higher odds (95% confidence Interval (CI)) of reduced posture compared to trained dogs (Odds ratio (OR): 3.79, CI: 1.03-16.3). Fear scores for trained dogs lowered during the second examination (p = 0.046), and 86.7% of dog owners reported a reduction in their dog's fear levels across the training period (p = 0.007). When entering the clinic (p = 0.002) and during examination (p = 0.002), trained female dogs had a higher rate of lip licking than control females. The training program did not influence temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, avoidance, trembling, vocalizations, or willingness and encouragement to step on the scale. Results suggest that this four-week training program was mildly effective at reducing veterinary fear in dogs. Further research is necessary to explore the efficacy of longer, more intensive, and individualized training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Stellato
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah Jajou
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Cate E Dewey
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tina M Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Edwards PT, Hazel SJ, Browne M, Serpell JA, McArthur ML, Smith BP. Investigating risk factors that predict a dog's fear during veterinary consultations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215416. [PMID: 31329583 PMCID: PMC6645454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attending the veterinary clinic is an integral part of the physical welfare of every companion dog. However, some dogs experience their veterinary visits negatively, which poses a risk of injury to the veterinary staff, their guardian (owner) and themselves. It may also influence the regularity of non-urgent veterinary appointments. To date there have been conflicting reports relating to the proportion of dogs that show fear during their veterinary visits. In this study, we explored the risk factors associated with fear during veterinary examination and in novel situations (including first time at the veterinary clinic) from 26,555 responses in the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire database. According to their guardians, 41% of companion dogs displayed mild to moderate fearful behaviour when examined by a veterinarian, and 14% exhibited severe or extreme fear. A similar trend was observed with dogs responding fearfully when in unfamiliar situations, including the dog’s first time at the veterinary clinic. Chi-squared tests showed every bivariate relationship between fear and the environmental and demographic factors measured was significant (p < 0.05). The most important predictors of fear in a veterinary examination were, in order: the dog’s breed group (27.1%), their history of roles or activities (16.7%), where they were sourced (15.2%), their weight (12%), the age of other dogs in the household (9.5%) and dog owner experience (6.3%). However, combined these risk factors only explain a total of 7% of variance of fear observed during veterinary examination. This suggests that fear exhibited during veterinary visits is common in dogs, but that the environment or human-animal interactions are likely to contribute more to prevalence and severity of this problem than the demographic factors measured here. We conclude by highlighting opportunities for future research aimed at facilitating less stressful veterinary visits for dogs and their guardians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra T. Edwards
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan J. Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A. Serpell
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. McArthur
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley P. Smith
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Attitudes of veterinarians and veterinary students to recommendations on how to improve dog and cat welfare in veterinary practice. J Vet Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Fearful Fido: Investigating dog experience in the veterinary context in an effort to reduce distress. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim B, Jang M, Sohn J, Oh H, Jo S, Choi M, Lee I, Yoon J. Effects of Intramuscular Alfaxalone/Acepromazine on Echocardiographic, Biochemical, and Blood Gas Measurements in Healthy Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:70-77. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The effects of intramuscular injection of alfaxalone ([ALF] 5 mg/kg), acepromazine ([ACE] 0.05 mg/kg), and an ALF-ACE combination ([AA] 0.025 mg/kg ACE followed by 2.5 mg/kg ALF) on the sedation, echocardiographic, biochemical, and blood gas indexes and recovery were evaluated in seven cats. No sedation was obtained with ACE, and sedation scores were higher with ALF than with AA treatment. Compared with baseline, an increase in heart rate occurred after ACE, and all treatments caused a decrease in systemic arterial pressure. Decreased left ventricular internal dimension in diastole, end-diastolic volume of the left ventricle, stroke volume, and left atrial dimension were identified after AA. There were minimal changes in echocardiographic variables after ALF. Biochemical and blood gas analysis showed no significant changes after all treatments. Although the difference in quality of recovery between the AA and ALF treatment groups was insignificant, all cats treated with AA or ALF showed ataxia. The AA combination did not change the recovery score, and tremor and twitching were identified more frequently with AA than ALF. ALF had no significant effects on echocardiographic, biochemical, or blood gas variables. ALF could be considered a useful sedative option for diagnostic procedures and echocardiography in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boeun Kim
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jang
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungmin Sohn
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunjung Oh
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Jo
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inhyung Lee
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- From Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Moody CM, Mason GJ, Dewey CE, Landsberg GM, Niel L. Testing two behavioural paradigms for measuring post-handling cat aversion behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dawson LC, Dewey CE, Stone EA, Guerin MT, Niel L. Evaluation of a canine and feline behavioural welfare assessment tool for use in companion animal veterinary practice. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gray C, Fox M, Hobson-West P. Reconciling Autonomy and Beneficence in Treatment Decision-Making for Companion Animal Patients. THE LIVERPOOL LAW REVIEW 2018; 39:47-69. [PMID: 30996497 PMCID: PMC6435006 DOI: 10.1007/s10991-018-9211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article explores how the concept of consent to medical treatment applies in the veterinary context, and aims to evaluate normative justifications for owner consent to treatment of animal patients. We trace the evolution of the test for valid consent in human health decision-making, against a backdrop of increased recognition of the importance of patient rights and a gradual judicial espousal of a doctrine of informed consent grounded in a particular understanding of autonomy. We argue that, notwithstanding the adoption of a similar discourse of informed consent in professional veterinary codes, notions of autonomy and informed consent are not easily transferrable to the veterinary medicine context, given inter alia the tripartite relationship between veterinary professional, owner and animal patient. We suggest that a more appropriate, albeit inexact, analogy may be drawn with paediatric practice which is premised on a similarly tripartite relationship and where decisions must be reached in the best interests of the child. However, acknowledging the legal status of animals as property and how consent to veterinary treatment is predicated on the animal owner's willingness and ability to pay, we propose that the appropriate response is for veterinary professionals generally to accept the client's choice, provided this is informed. Yet such client autonomy must be limited where animal welfare concerns exist, so that beneficence continues to play an important role in the veterinary context. We suggest that this 'middle road' should be reflected in professional veterinary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Gray
- School of Law, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Fox
- School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pru Hobson-West
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Mariti C, Pierantoni L, Sighieri C, Gazzano A. Guardians' Perceptions of Dogs' Welfare and Behaviors Related to Visiting the Veterinary Clinic. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 20:24-33. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2016.1216432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mariti C, Bowen JE, Campa S, Grebe G, Sighieri C, Gazzano A. Guardians' Perceptions of Cats' Welfare and Behavior Regarding Visiting Veterinary Clinics. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:375-84. [PMID: 27116303 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2016.1173548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To assess the welfare of cats at the veterinary clinic and how caregivers and veterinarians affect it, a survey of Italian cat guardians (n = 1,111) was conducted using a 28-item multichoice questionnaire. Most cats showed impaired welfare during all stages of a clinic visit: before entering, in the waiting room, moving to the examination room, on the examination table, and after returning home. A relationship was found between welfare states in each stage. Stress worsened with further experience and had negative effects on traveling and handling in other situations. Restraint, pain, and anxiety led to aggression toward vets and guardians. Guardians showed a positive attitude toward their cats' health and welfare, and the veterinarians' behavior toward the cats was a reason for changing the veterinarian. One in 10 veterinarians examined the cat immediately, without stroking, talking, or offering food. However, the use of food was effective only if cats were not already stressed. Educating guardians and veterinarians to minimize stress during every stage of a clinic visit is the best approach to improving welfare for cats visiting the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mariti
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,c ETOVET (Group of Research in Veterinary Ethology and Physiology) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Jonathan E Bowen
- b Queen Mother Hospital for Small Animals, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms , United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Campa
- c ETOVET (Group of Research in Veterinary Ethology and Physiology) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Gabriele Grebe
- c ETOVET (Group of Research in Veterinary Ethology and Physiology) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Claudio Sighieri
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,c ETOVET (Group of Research in Veterinary Ethology and Physiology) , Pisa , Italy
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- a Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy.,c ETOVET (Group of Research in Veterinary Ethology and Physiology) , Pisa , Italy
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Heath S, Wilson C. Canine and feline enrichment in the home and kennel: a guide for practitioners. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2014; 44:427-49. [PMID: 24766694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As general veterinary practitioners, we have a duty of care that applies not only to the physical health needs of our patients but also to their mental well-being. Advising clients about how to enrich their home and kennel environments is an important part of fulfilling that duty of care and will also enrich the relationship between the veterinary practitioner and client. This article discusses how to optimize welfare for dogs and cats in the home and kenneled environments through appropriate environmental enrichment and understanding of species-typical behavioral requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Heath
- Behavioural Referrals Veterinary Practice, 10 Rushton Drive, Upton, Chester CH2 1RE, UK.
| | - Clare Wilson
- Behaviour Veterinary Practice, Bramley House, Coventry Road, Church Lawford CV23 9HB, UK
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Moesta A. Animal behavior case of the month. Petting intolerance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:49-52. [PMID: 24344851 DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moesta
- The Behavior Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Biermann K, Hungerbühler S, Mischke R, Kästner SBR. Sedative, cardiovascular, haematologic and biochemical effects of four different drug combinations administered intramuscularly in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:137-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rodan I, Sundahl E, Carney H, Gagnon AC, Heath S, Landsberg G, Seksel K, Yin S. AAFP and ISFM feline-friendly handling guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:364-75. [PMID: 21515223 PMCID: PMC11107994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of pet cats is increasing in most countries, often outnumbering pet dogs, yet cats receive less veterinary care than their canine counterparts.(1) Clients state the difficulty of getting the cat into a carrier at home, driving to the clinic, and dealing with the fearful cat at the veterinary clinic as reasons for fewer visits.(2) Educating and preparing the client and the veterinary team with regard to respectful feline handling is necessary in order to avoid stress and accomplish the goal of good health care. Without such preparation, feline stress may escalate into fear or fear-associated aggression. The resulting stress may alter results of the physical examination and laboratory tests, leading to incorrect diagnoses (eg, diabetes mellitus) and unnecessary treatments.(3-5) Without compassionate and respectful handling by the veterinary team, clients may feel the team lacks skills and compassion, or does not understand cats. Injury may occur to the cat, client and/or veterinary team.(6) Clients who want to avoid stress for their cat may avoid veterinary visits or choose another practice instead. GOALS The use of feline-friendly handling techniques should reduce these problems. Handling is most successful when the veterinary team adapts the approach to each individual cat and situation. The goal of these guidelines is to provide useful information for handling cats that can lead to: ✜ Reduced fear and pain for the cat. ✜ Reinforced veterinarian-client-cat bond, trust and confidence, and thus better lifelong medical care for the cat. ✜ Improved efficiency, productivity and job satisfaction for the veterinary team. ✜ Increased client compliance. ✜ Timely reporting and early detection of medical and behavioral concerns. ✜ Fewer injuries to clients and the veterinary team. ✜ Reduced anxiety for the client.
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Rodan I. Understanding feline behavior and application for appropriate handling and management. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 25:178-88. [PMID: 21147470 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feline handling in the veterinary hospital is important to protect both people and cats. Restraint has been used to enable us to perform our duties as veterinarians. With increased knowledge of feline behavior and how cats react to fear, newer information provides us with safer handling techniques. With safer and more respectful handling based on understanding the nature of cats and their communication, we can improve feline health care in our hospitals, the human-animal-veterinarian bond, and the welfare of both cats and people. This article explains important aspects of feline communication and how our actions affect cats. By understanding the cat, we can improve our handling techniques to prevent fear and pain for our feline patients, and thus make our veterinary practices more feline friendly and safer for our clients, their cats, and veterinary staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rodan
- Feline Practice,Cat Care Clinic & Behavior Consultations for Cats, Madison, WI 53717, USA.
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