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Wolf J, Hoffman L, Southern C. Successful Management of Severe Manganese Toxicosis in Two Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:152-157. [PMID: 37167249 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is a common component of human joint supplements and may be a source of ingestion and subsequent toxicosis in dogs. Although hepatotoxicity secondary to manganese toxicosis has been reported in dogs before, no descriptions of successful management of manganese toxicosis has been reported in veterinary literature. A 5 yr old spayed female Shetland sheepdog and a 5 yr old female Shetland sheepdog were evaluated following accidental ingestion of a joint supplement. Consultation with a toxicologist revealed concern for manganese toxicosis resulting in hepatic injury. Both dogs developed subsequent acute liver injury, despite decontamination and initial management with N-acetylcysteine and cholestyramine. The patients were managed with calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, paraaminosalicylic acid, allopurinol, Vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, and S-adenosylmethionine/silybin. Liver values returned to normal in both dogs. Manganese exposure was confirmed with urine manganese analysis in one dog and fecal examination in the other dog. A previous case report detailed the fatal manganese toxicosis in a dog; this case report describes the successful management of severe acute hepatic injury secondary to manganese toxicosis. The combination of medications used above may be used for successful treatment of manganese toxicosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Wolf
- From the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.W., C.S.); and the United States Army, San Antonio, Texas (L.H.)
| | - Levi Hoffman
- From the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.W., C.S.); and the United States Army, San Antonio, Texas (L.H.)
| | - Carl Southern
- From the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.W., C.S.); and the United States Army, San Antonio, Texas (L.H.)
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2
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Jaffey JA. Feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex - what have we learned? J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:573-589. [PMID: 35522164 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex in cats is commonly encountered in clinical practice worldwide. Diagnosis and management of cats with this complex is difficult because of the ambiguity of clinical signs, diagnostic test results and commonality of comorbid disorders. These impediments can delay disease identification and treatment, which can increase morbidity and mortality. In this narrative review, we aimed to provide a thorough review of the unique physioanatomic features of the biliary system as well as clinically relevant updates on cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis complex in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, 85308, USA
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3
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Loftus JP, Miller AJ, Center SA, Peters‐Kennedy J, Astor M. Treatment and outcomes of dogs with hepatocutaneous syndrome or hepatocutaneous-associated hepatopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:106-115. [PMID: 34820906 PMCID: PMC8783367 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND) in dogs is a rare disorder most commonly associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome. Although often reported as fatal, sporadically reported long-term remissions might be more common than previously believed and linked to treatment regimens. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluate treatments and associated outcomes in dogs with hepatocutaneous-associated hepatopathy (HCH) with or without SND, designated collectively aminoaciduric canine hypoaminoacidemic hepatopathy syndrome (ACHES). ANIMALS Forty-one dogs of various breeds and ages diagnosed with ACHES. METHODS Retrospective study. Electronic surveys, medical records (2014-2019), and communication with veterinarians provided data. Three treatment categories were each dichotomized: IV amino acid (IV-AA) infusions (≥2 vs <2), supplements including S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), arginine with ornithine, glutathione, lysine, proline, omega-3 fatty acids, or zinc (≥3 vs <3), and diet type (home-cooked vs commercial). Optimal treatment was defined as receiving ≥2 IV-AA treatments, ≥3 nutritional supplements, and a home-cooked diet. RESULTS Most dogs (29/41, 71%) received IV-AA infusions (23/29, ≥2 infusions). Twenty-one dogs (51%) were fed commercial diets; 17/41 (41%) were fed home-cooked diets. Most dogs received SAMe (32/41, 78%) and a median of 3 supplements. In 4 dogs, HCH remission occurred. Overall all-cause median survival time (MST) was 359 days, and disease-specific MST was 557 days (range, 1-1783 days). Optimally treated dogs (n = 9) lived significantly longer (MST, >1783 days, P = .02) than variably treated dogs (MST, 214 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Optimized ACHES management can resolve SND and HCH and confer long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Loftus
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Adam J. Miller
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
Northstar Vets315 Robbinsville‐Allentown Road, RobbinsvilleNew JerseyUSA
| | - Sharon A. Center
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeanine Peters‐Kennedy
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Michael Astor
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University, College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
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4
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Petkova T, Milanova A. Absorption of N-acetylcysteine in Healthy and Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Infected Chickens. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110244. [PMID: 34822616 PMCID: PMC8621408 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used as a mucolytic agent in cases with inflammation of the lungs. NAC is applied in poultry with aflatoxin B1 intoxication as an antioxidant, but its pharmacokinetics are not known. The present study was conducted to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of orally administered NAC in broilers. It included 32 chickens, divided into four groups, treated with NAC at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg/day mixed with the feed: healthy broilers (n = 6); chickens infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (n = 10); healthy broilers (n = 6); and diseased chickens (n = 10) treated with NAC and doxycycline (via drinking water, 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)). Plasma concentrations were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry (MS)/MS. NAC was absorbed after oral administration in all four groups of chickens. In healthy chickens treated solely with NAC, maximum plasma concentrations of 2.26 ± 0.91 µg mL−1 were achieved at 2.47 ± 0.45 h after dosing. The value of absorption half-life was 1.04 ± 0.53 h. The population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that dose adjustment of NAC is not required in M. gallisepticum-infected broilers or when it is combined with doxycycline.
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5
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Thompson BJ, Sherman RA. Comprehensive Review of Biliary Peritonitis. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 44:100532. [PMID: 33781985 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biliary peritonitis is a growing concern in the canine patient and a thorough understanding of the disease will lead to better treatment outcomes. This article reviews the human and veterinary literature pertaining to biliary peritonitis including both scientific reviews and original publications. Compared to human medicine, biliary peritonitis can be difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Multiple risk factors exist increasing the likelihood of development of biliary peritonitis. Treatment recommendations center on stabilization, surgical cholecystectomy, and postoperative supportive care. Clinically, further studies on treatment and prevention in veterinary medicine are warranted.
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6
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Gremião IDF, Martins da Silva da Rocha E, Montenegro H, Carneiro AJB, Xavier MO, de Farias MR, Monti F, Mansho W, de Macedo Assunção Pereira RH, Pereira SA, Lopes-Bezerra LM. Guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis and literature revision. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:107-124. [PMID: 32990922 PMCID: PMC7966609 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein present a Brazilian guideline for the management of feline sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. This guideline is an effort of a national technical group organized by the Working Group on Sporothrix and Sporotrichosis of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). This publication intends to provide information on clinical-epidemiological aspects of this zoonosis, as well as a literature revision. Moreover, it gives some practical information on diagnosis and treatment of feline sporotrichosis. It also contains information that can be helpful for the prevention and control of S. brasiliensis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Hildebrando Montenegro
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Zoonoses, Divisão de Vigilância de Zoonoses (COVISA/SMS/PMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aroldo José Borges Carneiro
- Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Salvador (SMS), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva (ISC), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Monti
- Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wilson Mansho
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- BIDiagnostics, Centro de Inovação, Empreendedorismo e Tecnologia (CIETEC)/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Kirk NM, Vieson MD, Selting KA, Reinhart JM. Cytotoxicity of Cultured Canine Primary Hepatocytes Exposed to Itraconazole Is Decreased by Pre-treatment With Glutathione. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:621732. [PMID: 33681327 PMCID: PMC7930617 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.621732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the effect of glutathione (GSH) on cell survival in a novel in vitro model of itraconazole (ITZ)-associated hepatotoxicity using canine primary hepatocytes. Sample: Commercially sourced, cryopreserved male dog (Beagle) primary hepatocytes from a single donor. Procedures: Using a sandwich culture technique, canine primary hepatocytes were exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ. Calcein AM, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red were investigated as potential cell viability assays. Hepatocytes were then pre-incubated with GSH, exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ, and cell viability determined at 4 and 24 h post-ITZ exposure. Each condition was performed in technical triplicate and the effect of time, GSH concentration, and ITZ concentration on % cytotoxicity assessed using a multivariate linear regression model. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to detect individual differences. Results: The neutral red cell cytotoxicity assay was chosen based on its superior ability to detect dose-dependent changes in viability. Hepatocyte cytotoxicity significantly increased with ITZ concentration (P < 0.001) and time (P = 0.004) and significantly decreased with GSH treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This in vitro model demonstrates dose- and time-dependent ITZ-induced cytotoxicity, which is similar to clinical changes observed in canine patients and in in vivo rodent studies. Pre-treating with GSH is protective against in vitro cell death. These results suggest that GSH precursors may have a role in the management or prevention of ITZ-associated hepatotoxicity in dogs. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate their utility for this adverse drug reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kim A Selting
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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8
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Rossow JA, Queiroz-Telles F, Caceres DH, Beer KD, Jackson BR, Pereira JG, Ferreira Gremião ID, Pereira SA. A One Health Approach to Combatting Sporothrix brasiliensis: Narrative Review of an Emerging Zoonotic Fungal Pathogen in South America. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E247. [PMID: 33114609 PMCID: PMC7712324 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become a major public health concern and presents a distinct divergence from the traditional epidemiology of sporotrichosis. This emerging fungal pathogen spreads readily among cat populations, and human infections occur exclusively via zoonotic transmission. While sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis that typically manifests as cutaneous lesions in humans and cats, severe extracutaneous manifestations are more common with S. brasiliensis than other Sporothrix species infections. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment regimens are critical for successful clinical resolution of sporotrichosis in both cats and humans. Species-level identification of Sporothrix is possible with molecular diagnostics and necessary for tracking the geographic expansion of S. brasiliensis and better understanding its epidemiology. Combatting cat-transmitted sporotrichosis requires a One Health approach to successfully implement public health control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Rossow
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Hospital de Cíinicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 82015-154, Brazil;
| | - Diego H. Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlyn D. Beer
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Brendan R. Jackson
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Jose Guillermo Pereira
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, National Leprosy Control Program, National Directorate of Health Surveillance, Dermatology Specialty Center, San Lorenzo 2160, Paraguay;
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
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9
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Evidences on Molecules Most Frequently Included in Canine and Feline Complementary Feed to Support Liver Function. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:9185759. [PMID: 32454964 PMCID: PMC7232710 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9185759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous complementary feeds to support liver function are commercially available for small animals. Aiming to furnish a scientific support for clinicians/nutritionists that necessitate a complementary feed to support liver function in dogs and cats, with the present paper, we analyzed scientific evidences supporting the use, for this purpose, of ingredients/additives such as artichoke (Cynara scolymus), curcumin, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), phosphatidylcholine, and S-adenosylmethionine. Although sustained by significant results, our review found only few scientific papers, and albeit we believe that they represent a significant aid in handling hepatopathies, in the authors' opinion, this topic probably deserves, and would benefit of, further studies.
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10
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Kelly D, Moreno-Aguado B, Lamb V. Gallbladder Agenesis in a Dog: Clinicopathological, Histopathology, and Computed Tomography Findings. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:e55602. [PMID: 31525090 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three cases of gallbladder agenesis (GA) have been previously reported in the English-speaking veterinary literature. Affected dogs can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic with vomiting, retching, and anorexia previously reported. The previously reported cases and the dog in this report had marked elevations in alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and liver histopathology consistently showed bridging fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia. The condition is most often diagnosed in humans during exploratory surgery, which was also the case in the previous three dogs reported with GA. Computed tomography (CT) or MRI is now recommended for diagnosis of the condition in humans, and this is the first report of CT findings in an affected dog diagnosed without surgery. Bile stasis and cholangiohepatits have been proposed as secondary pathologies in both humans and dogs with GA, and histopathology and CT findings in this case support those theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Kelly
- From Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Lamb
- From Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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11
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Webster CRL, Center SA, Cullen JM, Penninck DG, Richter KP, Twedt DC, Watson PJ. ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1173-1200. [PMID: 30844094 PMCID: PMC6524396 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement on chronic hepatitis (CH) in dogs is based on the expert opinion of 7 specialists with extensive experience in diagnosing, treating, and conducting clinical research in hepatology in dogs. It was generated from expert opinion and information gathered from searching of PubMed for manuscripts on CH, the Veterinary Information Network for abstracts and conference proceeding from annual meetings of the American College of Veterinary Medicine and the European College of Veterinary Medicine, and selected manuscripts from the human literature on CH. The panel recognizes that the diagnosis and treatment of CH in the dog is a complex process that requires integration of clinical presentation with clinical pathology, diagnostic imaging, and hepatic biopsy. Essential to this process is an index of suspicion for CH, knowledge of how to best collect tissue samples, access to a pathologist with experience in assessing hepatic histopathology, knowledge of reasonable medical interventions, and a strategy for monitoring treatment response and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R. L. Webster
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Sharon A. Center
- Department of Clinical SciencesNew York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | - John M. Cullen
- Population Health and PathobiologyNorth Carolina State Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Dominique G. Penninck
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts UniversityGraftonMassachusetts
| | - Keith P. Richter
- Ethos Veterinary Health and Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - David C. Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Penny J. Watson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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12
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Investigating owner use of dietary supplements in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:276-284. [PMID: 30064067 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder in dogs. Some diets have been shown to have a positive impact upon the seizure activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), while other diets and dietary supplements (DS), although marketed as providing health benefits, lack conclusive scientific evidence on their actual beneficial effects. A web-based owner questionnaire was designed to assess how and why owners of dogs with IE use different dietary regimes and DS. The study cohort, with 297 valid responses, consisted mainly of pure-breed (82.5%) male neutered (52.9%) dogs. Over two-thirds of owners (67.7%) changed their dog's diet after their dog received a diagnosis of IE. Nearly half of the owners (45.8%) reported giving DS, the most common being coconut oil or derived medium-chain triglyceride oil (71.3%). Some owner justifications of DS use included improvement of seizure frequency (88.2%), seizure severity (61.8%) and protection from potential drug side effects (62.5%). Many owners give DS to their dog with IE. The pharmacokinetic properties of anti-epileptic drugs, such as efficacy, absorption and clearance can be influenced by other medications, diets and possibly by DS. We propose that use of DS should be considered and monitored by veterinary surgeons in epilepsy management.
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13
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Eulenberg VM, Lidbury JA. Hepatic Fibrosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:26-41. [PMID: 29194760 PMCID: PMC5787209 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, often as a sequela to chronic hepatitis (CH). The development of fibrosis is a crucial event in the progression of hepatic disease that is of prognostic value. The pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis in human patients and rodent models has been studied extensively. Although less is known about this process in dogs, evidence suggests that fibrogenic mechanisms are similar between species and that activation of hepatic stellate cells is a key step. Diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis in dogs requires histopathological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. However, performing a liver biopsy is invasive and assessment of fibrotic stage is complicated by the absence of a universally accepted staging scheme in veterinary medicine. Serum biomarkers that can discriminate among different fibrosis stages are used in human patients, but such markers must be more completely evaluated in dogs before clinical use. When successful treatment of its underlying cause is feasible, reversal of hepatic fibrosis has been shown to be possible in rodent models and human patients. Reversal of fibrosis has not been well documented in dogs, but successful treatment of CH is possible. In human medicine, better understanding of the pathomechanisms of hepatic fibrosis is leading to the development of novel treatment strategies. In time, these may be applied to dogs. This article comparatively reviews the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, its diagnosis, and its treatment in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Eulenberg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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14
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Gaykwad C, Garkhal J, Chethan GE, Nandi S, De UK. Amelioration of oxidative stress using N-acetylcysteine in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:68-75. [PMID: 28703421 PMCID: PMC7166929 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, antioxidants have not been evaluated for treatment of parvoviral diarrhea in dogs. In this study, antioxidant potential of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in dogs infected with canine parvovirus with a nonblinded randomized clinical trial has been carried out. A total 18 parvo‐infected dogs were randomly divided into two groups: nine parvo‐infected dogs were treated with supportive treatment and nine parvo‐infected dogs were treated with NAC along with supportive treatment. Simultaneously, nine healthy dogs were kept as healthy control. In parvo‐infected dogs, marked hemoconcentration, leucopenia, neutropenia and oxidative stress were noticed compared to healthy dogs. The NAC treatment progressively improved the leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts over the time in parvovirus‐infected dogs compared to dogs that received only supportive treatment. In addition, NAC treatment significantly improved glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and decreased nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on day 3 and 5 compared to supportive treatment in parvo‐infected dogs. However, supportive treatment alone failed to ameliorate oxidative stress in the infected dogs till day 5. The results of this study suggest that NAC represents a potential additional treatment option that could be considered to improve the health condition and minimize the duration of hospitalization in case of canine parvoviral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaykwad
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J Garkhal
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G E Chethan
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Nandi
- CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - U K De
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Abstract
Feline hepatic lipidosis (FHL) is a common and potentially fatal liver disorder. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of FHL remain elusive, there is an imbalance between the influx of fatty acids from peripheral fat stores into the liver, de novo liposynthesis, and the rate of hepatic oxidation and dispersal of hepatic TAG via excretion of very-low density lipoproteins. The diagnosis of FHL is based on anamnestic, clinical, and clinicopathologic findings, associated with diagnostic imaging of the liver, and cytology, or histological examination of liver biopsies. Fluid therapy, electrolyte correction and adequate early nutrition are essential components of the therapy for FHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Valtolina
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Otte CM, Rothuizen J, Favier RP, Penning LC, Vreman S. A morphological and immunohistochemical study of the effects of prednisolone or ursodeoxycholic acid on liver histology in feline lymphocytic cholangitis. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:796-804. [PMID: 24496321 PMCID: PMC11112221 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14520811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline lymphocytic cholangitis (LC) has been commonly treated with prednisolone, and more recently with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Previously, we found that prednisolone treatment resulted in a statistically longer survival time than treatment with UDCA. In order to explain this difference, we compared the effects of prednisolone and UDCA treatment on hepatic tissue by evaluating consecutive liver biopsies. Archival serial biopsy materials from cats with LC treated with prednisolone (n = 5) or UDCA (n = 4) were evaluated. We employed haematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate inflammation, and reticulin staining for fibrosis. Immunohistochemical stainings for Ki-67, K19 (Cytokeratin 19) and α-smooth muscle actin were used to evaluate cell type-specific proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Inflammation decreased more in the group treated with prednisolone, while the number of cholangiocytes, progenitor cells and fibroblasts did not differ between the treatment groups. Additionally, no difference was found for the amount of fibrosis in both treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corma Ma Otte
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Vreman
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sturgess CP. Measurement of the S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) content in a range of commercial veterinary SAMe supplements. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:447-50. [PMID: 25040219 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the percentage of the stated amount of S-adenosyl methionine present in a range of commercially available S-adenosyl methionine supplements for veterinary use. METHOD Sixty-four samples of products containing S-adenosyl methionine marketed to support liver function were obtained from five manufacturers via three commercial wholesalers. The amount of S-adenosyl methionine in each product was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS There were greater than threefold variation in the percentage of measured S-adenosyl methionine compared to the stated amount on the packaging which was significantly (P < 0 · 001) related to the product group being measured. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Differences in received dose of S-adenosyl methionine between different products were marked and this could have a profound influence on studies that evaluate any variation in absorption of S-adenosyl methionine between different product formulations, the effectiveness of S-adenosyl methionine-based products in clinical cases or when translating the results of studies that have used a specific S-adenosyl methionine product to those produced by a different manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Sturgess
- Vet Freedom Ltd, PO Box 343, Brockenhurst, Hampshire, SO41 1BW
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Vandeweerd JM, Cambier C, Gustin P. Nutraceuticals for Canine Liver Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:1171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buur JL, Diniz PPVP, Roderick KV, KuKanich B, Tegzes JH. Pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine after oral and intravenous administration to healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:290-3. [PMID: 23363356 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in healthy cats after oral and IV administration. ANIMALS 6 healthy cats. PROCEDURES In a crossover study, cats received NAC (100 mg/kg) via IV and oral routes of administration; there was a 4-week washout period between treatments. Plasma samples were obtained at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after administration, and NAC concentrations were quantified by use of a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol. Data were analyzed via compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS Pharmacokinetics for both routes of administration were best described by a 2-compartment model. Mean ± SD elimination half-life was 0.78 ± 0.16 hours and 1.34 ± 0.24 hours for the IV and oral routes of administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability of NAC after oral administration was 19.3 ± 4.4%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The pharmacokinetics of NAC for this small population of healthy cats differed from values reported for humans. Assuming there would be similar pharmacokinetics in diseased cats, dose extrapolations from human medicine may result in underdosing of NAC in cats with acute disease. Despite the low bioavailability, plasma concentrations of NAC after oral administration at 100 mg/kg may be effective in the treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Buur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Kanemoto H, Sakai M, Sakamoto Y, Spee B, van den Ingh TSGAM, Schotanus BA, Ohno K, Rothuizen J. American Cocker Spaniel chronic hepatitis in Japan. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1041-8. [PMID: 23782303 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Cocker Spaniels are predisposed to chronic hepatitis. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and histological features of chronic hepatitis in Japanese American Cocker Spaniels. ANIMALS Thirteen cases examined from 2003 to 2009. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records were searched for American Cocker Spaniels with chronic liver diseases. History, physical examination, clinicopathologic features, hepatic ultrasonographic findings, hepatic histopathology, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. RESULTS The median age was 4.6 (1.9-10.7) years. Clinical signs included inappetence (11/13), ascites (11/13), lethargy (9/13), diarrhea (7/13), and melena (2/13). Only 1/13 dogs was jaundiced. Clinicopathological abnormalities were increased liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: 9/12, aspartate aminotransferase: 7/10, alanine aminotransferase: 6/13, alkaline phosphatase: 6/13), increased total serum bile acid concentrations (10/12), and hypoalbuminemia (10/13). The liver had an irregular surface in all dogs and acquired portosystemic collaterals were verified in 11/13 dogs by abdominal ultrasound (2), laparoscopy (4), or both (5). Liver histology revealed severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in all cases, subdivided in lobular dissecting hepatitis (7), periportal fibrosis (1), micronodular cirrhosis (3), and macronocular cirrhosis (2). Inflammatory activity was low to mild. Immunohistochemical stains showed ductular proliferation. The median survival time was 913 (range: 63-1981) days. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Hepatitis in Japanese American Cocker Spaniels is clinically silent until an advanced stage and is associated with severe hepatic fibrosis leading to cirrhosis, extensive ductular/putative hepatic progenitor cell proliferation, portal hypertension, and acquired portosystemic collateral shunting, but relatively long survival times. Lobular dissecting hepatitis seems more prevalent than in previously reported cases from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanemoto
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Otte C, Penning L, Rothuizen J, Favier R. Retrospective comparison of prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of feline lymphocytic cholangitis. Vet J 2013; 195:205-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Malek S, Sinclair E, Hosgood G, Moens NMM, Baily T, Boston SE. Clinical findings and prognostic factors for dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele. Vet Surg 2013; 42:418-26. [PMID: 23330871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical findings and explore prognostic factors for dogs that had cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 43) with gall bladder mucoceles. RESULTS Diagnosis of gall bladder mucoceles was confirmed by histopathology and 74% were diagnosed based on preoperative abdominal ultrasonography. Intraoperative evidence of gall bladder rupture was noted in 10 dogs (23%), and 16 (37%) had evidence of previous leakage in the abdominal cavity. One dog had positive bacterial growth from the gall bladder content. The most common histopathologic findings in liver biopsies obtained at surgery were cholangiohepatitis, biliary hyperplasia, or cholestasis. Univariate analysis showed evidence of postoperative hypotension (P = .05) to be significantly negatively associated with survival. Significant difference in mean postoperative serum lactate (P = .034) and postoperative packed cell volume (P = .063) between dogs that survived and died was also noted. CONCLUSIONS Elevations in postoperative serum lactate concentrations and immediate postoperative hypotension in dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucoceles are associated with poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malek
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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Liver. CANINE AND FELINE GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161409 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7158306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schwartz M, Muñana KR, Olby NJ. Possible drug-induced hepatopathy in a dog receiving zonisamide monotherapy for treatment of cryptogenic epilepsy. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1505-8. [PMID: 21720107 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year old female spayed Rottweiler was diagnosed with cryptogenic epilepsy and started on zonisamide monotherapy (8.3 mg/kg, PO, q 12 hr). Three weeks after the 1st dose of zonisamide the dog presented for vomiting, inappetence and icterus. Serum biochemistry showed marked elevation of liver enzymes, consistent with hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. No underlying cause for liver disease was identified and a drug-induced hepatopathy was suspected. Zonisamide was discontinued and replaced by potassium bromide. Supportive therapy consisted of intravenous fluids, antiemetics, antibiotics and hepatoprotectants. The dog made a complete recovery and serial serum biochemical examinations showed complete normalisation of liver parameters 8 weeks after discontinuation of zonisamide. Based on a human Drug-induced Liver Injury Diagnostic Scale, the likelihood for zonisamide-induced hepatopathy was classified as "possible". Veterinary practitioners and owners should be educated about the potential for an idiosyncratic drug reaction to zonisamide. If signs of hepatotoxicity are recognised early and zonisamide is discontinued, complete recovery is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Skorupski K, Hammond G, Irish A, Kent M, Guerrero T, Rodriguez C, Griffin D. Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Denamarin for Prevention of CCNU-Induced Hepatopathy in Tumor-Bearing Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:838-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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