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Upchurch D, Lin KTT, KuKanich B. Two doses of subcutaneous methadone for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomies. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38594836 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate analgesia, sedation and adverse effects of two doses of subcutaneous methadone in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen client-owned dogs undergoing unilateral tibial plateau levelling osteotomy were randomly allocated to receive either 0.25 mg/kg methadone (eight dogs) or 0.5 mg/kg methadone (nine dogs). All dogs were premedicated with methadone and 2 to 6 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine subcutaneously. They were induced and maintained on a standard protocol. All animals received a second dose of methadone subcutaneously 4 hours after premedication and a 4.4 mg/kg dose of carprofen subcutaneously at 8 hours after premedication. During surgery, blood pressure, heart rate and temperature were assessed every 5 minutes. Postoperatively, sedation scores, temperature, heart rate and Glasgow composite modified pain score - short form were assessed for 12 hours postoperatively. RESULTS One of 17 (5.9%) dogs had intraoperative hypotension, nine of 17 dogs had intra-operative bradyarrhythmias and 17 of 17 dogs had intra-operative hypothermia. No dogs required intra-operative rescue. Composite modified pain score - short form scores were below the threshold for intervention in 16 of 17 (94.1%) animals. Only one of 17 (5.9%) dogs required rescue analgesia. Median sedation score was 0 by the T8 time point. Adverse events were rare in both groups with only vocalisation and hypothermia reported commonly postoperatively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Two doses of methadone at either 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg administered via subcutaneous injections pre-operatively and 4 hours later, along with 4.4 mg/kg carprofen subcutaneously 8 hours after the first methadone dose appear to provide sufficient pain control for up to 12 hours in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Upchurch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - K T T Lin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Tzic ADC, Anderson EE. Correlation of opioid antinociception and hypothermia in dogs-An animal welfare refinement. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:73-79. [PMID: 37930056 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess antinociception and correlation of antinociception and hypothermic effects after intravenous opioids in dogs. Nine healthy male Beagles were enrolled in the study. They were acclimated to a thermal nociceptive device, then received three IV treatments (saline, butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg and methadone 0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized complete block design. Rectal temperature and thermal withdrawals were assessed prior to and 0.5-6 h after drug administration. One dog was excluded due to lack of withdrawal to thermal stimuli. Rectal temperatures were not significantly different between treatments at time 0, but significantly decreased from 0.5 to 5 h for both opioids compared to saline. Withdrawals were significantly decreased, compared to saline, from 0.5 to 4 h for butorphanol and 0.5-5 h for methadone. A significant (p = .0005) and moderate (R2 = .43) correlation between antinociception and hypothermia occurred. Based on these data, intravenous butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and methadone (0.5 mg/kg) provided 4 and 5 h of antinociception, respectively. Opioid hypothermia can serve as an easy, noninvasive and humane manner for preclinical assessment of opioid antinociception in dogs prior to evaluation in clinical trials. This is a major refinement in animal welfare for assessing novel opioids, opioid doses and dose intervals in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Astrid D Carcamo Tzic
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Elayna E Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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KuKanich KS, Anderson EE, Carcamo Tzic AD, KuKanich B. Florfenicol urinary excretion and its potential for treating canine urinary tract infections. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38420879 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The canine urinary excretion of florfenicol was evaluated to explore its potential for treating urinary tract infections. Nine healthy male intact purpose-bred Beagles and four healthy client-owned dogs each received a single oral dose of florfenicol 20 mg/kg (300 mg/mL parenteral solution) with food. All voluntary urinations were collected for 12 h. Although florfenicol is reportedly bitter tasting, 7/9 Beagles and 4/4 client-owned dogs completely ingested the florfenicol and were enrolled; salivation (n = 1) and headshaking (n = 3) were observed. The last measured urine florfenicol concentrations were variable: Beagles (0.23-3.19 mcg/mL), Pug (3.01 mcg/mL) English Setter (21.29 mcg/mL), Greyhound (32.68 mcg/mL), and Standard Poodle (13.00 mcg/mL). Urine half-life was similar for the Beagles and the Pug, 0.75-1.39 h, whereas the half-life was 1.70-1.82 h for the English Setter, Greyhound, and Standard Poodle. Larger breed dogs exceeded 8 mcg/mL florfenicol (wild-type cutoff) in their urine at 12 h, whereas the Beagles and Pug had <8 mcg/mL; it is unclear if this is an individual, breed, or size difference. These data suggest oral florfenicol may need to be administered q6-12h for canine urinary tract infections, but further data are needed (more enrolled dogs, multiple-dose regimens) before considering clinical trials or breed-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Elayna E Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Astrid D Carcamo Tzic
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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White TC, Esquivel BD, Rouse Salcido EM, Schweiker AM, dos Santos AR, Gade L, Petro E, KuKanich B, KuKanich KS. Candida auris detected in the oral cavity of a dog in Kansas. mBio 2024; 15:e0308023. [PMID: 38193663 PMCID: PMC10865968 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03080-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging human fungal pathogen, first described in Japan in 2009, and first detected in the United States in 2016. Here, we report the first-ever description of C. auris colonizing a human pet, the first identification of C. auris in a non-human mammal in the United States and the first C. auris isolate from the state of Kansas. While analyzing the oral mycobiome of dogs from a shelter in Kansas, the oral swab from one dog was found to contain C. auris as well as three other fungal species. The presence of C. auris in a dog suggests the possibility of zoonotic transmission to humans. The isolate is a member of Clade IV, which has been found in patients in Chicago and Florida, while Clades I and III are the most prevalent in the United States. The isolate is resistant to fluconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B but susceptible to caspofungin, consistent with the drug-resistant characteristics of many human C. auris isolates. The source of C. auris transient colonization in this dog is unknown, and there is no evidence that it was further transmitted to humans, other dogs in the shelter, or pets in its adopted household. Isolation of C. auris from a dog in Kansas has public health implications as a potential emerging source for the zoonotic spread of this pathogenic fungus, and for the development of antifungal resistance.IMPORTANCECandida auris is an emerging fungal infection of humans and is particularly problematic because it is multi-drug resistant and difficult to treat. It is also known to be spread from person to person by contact and can remain on surfaces for long periods of time. In this report, a dog in a shelter in Kansas is found to be colonized with Candida auris. This is the first study to document the presence of Candida auris on a pet, the first to document C. auris presence on a non-human mammal in the United States, and the first to report an isolate of C. auris within the state of Kansas. The presence of C. auris in a pet dog raises the possibility of zoonotic transmission from pets to human or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C. White
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Brooke D. Esquivel
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Elisa M. Rouse Salcido
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Allison M. Schweiker
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda R. dos Santos
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lalitha Gade
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Petro
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Public Health Informatics, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka, Kansas, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kate S. KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Esquivel BD, Rouse Salcido EM, Schweiker AM, Holder BL, KuKanich B, KuKanich KS, White TC. Fungal diversity and drug susceptibility of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1281712. [PMID: 38033632 PMCID: PMC10684787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1281712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the variety and diversity of the oral mycobiome of domestic dogs and to identify the commensal and potentially pathogenic fungi present. Two hundred fifty-one buccal swabs from domestic dogs were obtained and struck onto a chromogenic fungal growth medium that distinguishes between fungal species based on colony color and morphology. After isolating and harvesting single colonies, genomic DNA was extracted from pure cultures. PCR was used to amplify a fungal-specific variable rDNA region of the genome, which was then sent for sequencing. Sequencing results were input into the NCBI BLAST database to identify individual components of the oral mycobiome of tested dogs. Of the 251 dogs swabbed, 73 had cultivable fungi present and 10 dogs had multiple fungal species isolated. Although the dogs did not show signs of oral infections at the time, we did find fungal species that cause pathogenicity in animals and humans. Among fungal isolates, Malassezia pachydermatis and species from the genus Candida were predominant. Following fungal isolate identification, antifungal drug susceptibility tests were performed on each isolate toward the medically important antifungal drugs including fluconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine. Drug susceptibility test results indicated that a large number of isolates had high MIC values for all three drugs. Exploring the oral mycobiome of dogs, as well as the corresponding drug susceptibility profiles, can have important implications for canine dental hygiene, health, and medical treatment. Identifying the microorganisms within the canine mouth can illustrate a common pathway for fungal pathogens of One Health concern to spread from our canine companions to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D. Esquivel
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Elisa M. Rouse Salcido
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Allison M. Schweiker
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Brandon L. Holder
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Kate S. KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Theodore C. White
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Wilson SE, Carpenter JW, Gardhouse S, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.11.0196. [PMID: 36990439 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.11.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose (6 mg/kg) of mavacoxib in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and to characterize any clinicopathologic effects with this medication and dose. ANIMALS Six healthy, 4-month-old New Zealand White rabbits (3 male, 3 female). PROCEDURES Before drug administration, clinicopathologic samples were collected for baseline data (CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis including urine protein-to-creatinine ratio). All 6 rabbits received a single oral dose (6 mg/kg) of mavacoxib. Clinicopathologic samples were collected at set time intervals to compare with the baseline. Plasma mavacoxib concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-compartmental methods. RESULTS After a single oral dose, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; mean, range) was 854 (713-1040) ng/mL, the time to Cmax (tmax) was 0.36 (0.17-0.50) days, the area under the curve from 0 to the last measured time point (AUC0-last) was 2000 (1765-2307) days*ng/mL, the terminal half-life (t1/2) was 1.63 (1.30-2.26) days, and the terminal rate constant (λz) was 0.42 (0.31-0.53) days. All results for CBCs, serum biochemical analyses, urinalyses, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios remained within published normal reference intervals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study determined that plasma concentrations reached target levels of 400 ng/mL for 48 hours in 3/6 rabbits at 6 mg/kg PO. In the remaining 3/6 rabbits, the plasma concentrations were 343-389 ng/mL at 48 hours, which is below the target concentration. Further research is needed to make a dosing recommendation, including a pharmacodynamic study and investigating pharmacokinetics at different doses and multiple doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wilson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Butch KuKanich
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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KuKanich K, KuKanich B, Magnin G. Oral fluconazole has variable pharmacokinetics in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:71-76. [PMID: 36300550 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of food and manufacturer on the oral bioavailability of fluconazole in dogs. We hypothesized feeding would decrease fluconazole bioavailability and large variability between manufacturers would occur. Six healthy purpose-bred dogs aged 2-3 years, weighing 9.5-13.7 kg, were enrolled. Each dog was administered a 100 mg fluconazole tablet from three FDA approved manufacturers (1-Glenmark, 2-Citron, 3-Harris) in a randomized crossover block study, fasted for 12 h (fasted) or 15 min after feeding (fed); each dog had 6 treatments. Blood was collected for 72 h after dosing with a 10-day washout between treatments. Fluconazole plasma concentrations were determined with mass spectrometry. Overall variability in dose-normalized drug exposure (AUC/dose) was large (range 1.9-2.9x) within each treatment, while the overall range across all treatments was 3.3-fold. The inter-dog variability in the terminal half-life was also large, 3.1-fold. The mean fed relative oral bioavailability was lower (82%-90%) compared to fasted for each formulation. Due to the large variability, the formulations were not bioequivalent. These data suggest the variability in the half-life was a major contributor to the large variability in fluconazole pharmacokinetics in dogs, while the feeding status and manufacturer were minor contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Aarnes TK, Dent BT, Lakritz J, KuKanich B, Wavreille VA, Lerche P, Ricco Pereira CH, Bednarski RM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.10.0184. [PMID: 36729900 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine after IM administration in dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult purpose-bred dogs (3 males, 3 females) with a mean ± SD body weight of 25.2 ± 1.8 kg. PROCEDURES Each dog received 10 µg/kg dexmedetomidine, IM. Heart rate and respiratory rate were counted via cardiac auscultation and visual assessment of chest excursions. Sedation was assessed utilizing 2 sedation scoring systems. Plasma concentrations were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations versus time data after IM dexmedetomidine were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis for extravascular administration. RESULTS Over the first 2 hours following IM injection of dexmedetomidine, plasma concentrations fluctuated in each dog. The geometric mean (range) maximum plasma concentration was 109.2 (22.4 to 211.5) ng/mL occurring at 20.5 (5 to 75) minutes, and the mean half-life was 25.5 (11.5 to 41.5) minutes. Heart rate was significantly lower than baseline from 30 minutes to 2 hours postdexmedetomidine administration, and respiratory rate was significantly lower than baseline from 45 minutes to 1.75 hours. Dogs were significantly more sedated from 30 minutes to 1.5 hours postdexmedetomidine administration. Median time to onset of sedation was 7.5 minutes (range, 2 to 10 minutes), and median time to peak sedation was 30 minutes (range, 15 to 60 minutes). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Variations in plasma concentrations occurred in all dogs for the 2 hours postinjection of dexmedetomidine at 10 µg/kg, IM. This was likely due to alterations in absorption due to dexmedetomidine-induced local vasoconstriction. Despite variable plasma concentrations, all dogs were sedated following IM dexmedetomidine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turi K Aarnes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Brian T Dent
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jeffrey Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Vincent A Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Phillip Lerche
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Carolina H Ricco Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard M Bednarski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Springfield D, KuKanich B, Gray M, KuKanich K, Lai P. Dosing protocols to increase the efficacy of butorphanol in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:516-529. [PMID: 36164256 PMCID: PMC10949855 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve butorphanol dosing in dogs. Twelve Beagles (6 males, 6 females) were enrolled. Six were randomly allocated to each butorphanol treatment: IV (0.4 mg/kg), IV loading dose (0.2 mg/kg) with IV CRI (0.2 mg/kg/h for 8 h), SC (0.4 mg/kg), SC (0.8 mg/kg) with an equal volume sodium bicarbonate (SC-bicarbonate), and IV after CYP inhibitors. We hypothesized that the CRI would produce longer durations than IV bolus, and SC-bicarbonate suspension would produce longer durations than SC. Hypothermia, an opioid effect paralleling antinociception in dogs, and sedation were evaluated. Pharmacokinetics and CYP inhibitor effects on butorphanol pharmacokinetics were determined. Rectal temperatures were significantly lower than baseline from 1.5-4 h (IV), 1-5 h (CRI), and 2-7 h (SC-bicarbonate), but not after SC. Dogs in all treatments had sedation. Butorphanol's half-life was ~1.5 h. SC-bicarbonate had lower bioavailability (61%) relative to SC, with no sustained release, and the CRI mean steady-state plasma concentration was 43.1 ng/ml. CYP inhibitors had minor pharmacokinetic effects on butorphanol. Butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg IV and 0.2 mg/kg loading dose with 0.2 mg/kg/h CRI decreased rectal temperature, but 0.4 mg/kg SC did not. Further studies are required to determine clinical analgesia of butorphanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariyan Springfield
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mackenzie Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Poyu Lai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Rooney TA, Carpenter JW, KuKanich B, Gardhouse SM, Magnin GC, Tully TN. Feeding decreases the oral bioavailability of cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid in hemp oil in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.01.0006. [PMID: 35947680 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.01.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of a solution containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), administered orally in 2 single-dose studies (with and without food), in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ANIMALS 6 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES In phase 1, 6 rabbits were administered 15 mg/kg CBD with 16.4 mg/kg CBDA orally in hemp oil. In phase 2, 6 rabbits were administered the same dose orally in hemp oil followed by a food slurry. Blood samples were collected for 24 hours to determine the pharmacokinetics of CBD and CBDA. Quantification of plasma CBD and CBDA concentrations was determined using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay. Pharmacokinetics were determined using noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS For CBD, the area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC)0-∞ was 179.8 and 102 hours X ng/mL, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 30.4 and 15 ng/mL, the time to Cmax (tmax) was 3.78 and 3.25 hours, and the terminal half-life (t1/2λ) was 7.12 and 3.8 hours in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. For CBDA, the AUC0-∞ was 12,286 and 6,176 hours X ng/mL, Cmax was 2,573 and 1,196 ng/mL, tmax was 1.07 and 1.12 hours, and t1/2λ was 3.26 and 3.49 hours in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Adverse effects were not observed in any rabbit. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CBD and CBDA reached a greater Cmax and had a longer t1/2λ in phase 1 (without food) compared with phase 2 (with food). CBDA reached a greater Cmax but had a shorter t1/2λ than CBD both in phase 1 and phase 2. These data may be useful in determining appropriate dosing of cannabinoids in the domestic rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess A Rooney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - James W Carpenter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sara M Gardhouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Géraldine C Magnin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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Carpenter JW, Tully TN, Rockwell K, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in the Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot (Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:121-127. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bieberly ZD, KuKanich B, KuKanich KS, Berke KA, Klocke EE, Upchurch DA, Comroe AJ, Jugan MC, Mason DE, Orchard RJ, Klutzke JB, Fitzgerald AH, Woodruff K. Long-acting injectable methadone (methadone-fluconazole) provides safe and effective postoperative analgesia in a randomized clinical trial for dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.01.0014. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.01.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To assess the pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of injectable methadone with the pharmacokinetic enhancer fluconazole (methadone-fluconazole), compared with the standard formulation of injectable methadone, in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. We hypothesized that 2 doses of methadone-fluconazole would provide 24 hours of postoperative analgesia.
ANIMALS
3 purpose-bred dogs (pharmacokinetic preliminary study) and 42 female dogs from local shelters (clinical trial) were included.
PROCEDURES
Pharmacokinetics were preliminarily determined. Clinical trial client-owned dogs were blocked by body weight into treatment groups: standard methadone group (methadone standard formulation, 0.5 mg/kg, SC, q 4 h; n = 20) or methadone-fluconazole group (0.5 mg/kg methadone with 2.5 mg/kg fluconazole, SC, repeated once at 6 h; n = 22). All dogs also received acepromazine, propofol, and isoflurane. Surgeries were performed by experienced surgeons, and dogs were monitored perioperatively using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale–Short Form (CMPS-SF) and sedation scales. Evaluators were masked to treatment.
RESULTS
Findings from pharmacokinetic preliminary studies supported that 2 doses of methadone-fluconazole provide 24 hours of drug exposure. The clinical trial had no significant differences in treatment failures or postoperative CMPS-SF scores between treatments. One dog (methadone-fluconazole group) had CMPS-SF > 6 and received rescue analgesia. All dogs had moderate sedation or less by 1 hour (methadone-fluconazole group) or 4 hours (standard methadone group) postoperatively. Sedation was completely resolved in all dogs the day after surgery.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Methadone-fluconazole with twice-daily administration was well tolerated and provided effective postoperative analgesia for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Clinical compliance and postoperative pain control may improve with an effective twice-daily formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery D. Bieberly
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kate S. KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kara A. Berke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Emily E. Klocke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - David A. Upchurch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Alyssa J. Comroe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Maria C. Jugan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Diane E. Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Ron J. Orchard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joshuah B. Klutzke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Alyson H. Fitzgerald
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kallie Woodruff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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KuKanich KS, Bagladi-Swanson M, KuKanich B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility, antibiogram and clinical interpretation, and antimicrobial prescribing behaviors for dogs with otitis in the Midwestern United States. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:440-449. [PMID: 35698441 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) can cause otitis in dogs that is nonresponsive to empirical therapy. This study evaluated P. aeruginosa isolates (N = 216) from canine ear swabs submitted to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2018-2020 to create an antibiogram and minimum inhibitory concentration distributions using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institutes breakpoints. Multidrug resistance was defined as non-susceptibility to ≥1 drug from ≥3 antimicrobial classes. Submitting veterinarians (N = 83) were invited to complete a survey about antimicrobial use and otitis management. Susceptibility was higher for aminoglycosides [gentamicin (82%, 177/216) and amikacin (81%, 175/216)] than fluoroquinolones [marbofloxacin (67%, 145/216), enrofloxacin (32%, 70/216), and orbifloxacin (18%, 39/216)]. Most responding veterinarians (54%, 15/28) prescribe topical aminoglycosides as first-line therapy for canine otitis, but 71% (15/21) prescribe fluoroquinolones if rods are seen cytologically. Ceftazidime, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam showed high susceptibility and are used rarely. Multidrug resistance was present in 13% (28/216) of isolates. Based on in vitro susceptibility, topical aminoglycosides might be more effective than fluoroquinolones for P. aeruginosa otitis, but efficacy studies are required. Susceptibility testing is encouraged for cases not responding to empirical therapy but has limitations because topical preparations have high concentrations and otic breakpoints are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mary Bagladi-Swanson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Ewald MM, Rankin AJ, Meekins JM, Magnin G, KuKanich B. Prednisolone and dexamethasone are systemically absorbed after topical application of ophthalmic suspensions in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:339-348. [PMID: 35038305 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.04.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify plasma concentrations of prednisolone and dexamethasone (peripheral and jugular) and cortisol following topical ophthalmic application of 1% prednisolone acetate and 0.1% dexamethasone to healthy adult dogs. ANIMALS 12 purpose-bred Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs received 1 drop of 1% prednisolone acetate (n = 6) or neomycin polymyxin B dexamethasone (ie, 0.1% dexamethasone; 6) ophthalmic suspension in both eyes every 6 hours for 14 days. Blood samples (peripheral and jugular) were collected on days 0, 1, 7, and 14 and analyzed for plasma prednisolone and dexamethasone concentrations. Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured at the beginning of the study and following topical drug administration. RESULTS Both drugs demonstrated systemic absorption. Prednisolone was detected on days 1, 7, and 14 (median plasma concentration, 24.80 ng/mL; range, 6.20 to 74.00 ng/mL), and dexamethasone was detected on days 1, 7, and 14 (2.30 ng/mL; 0 to 17.70 ng/mL). Neither prednisolone nor dexamethasone were detected in plasma samples on day 0 (baseline). Sampling from the jugular vein resulted in higher plasma drug concentrations than from a peripheral vein when samples from each day were combined. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly lower than baseline following 14 days of treatment with topical prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prednisolone and dexamethasone are detected in the plasma of healthy dogs following topical ophthalmic administration 4 times/d with prednisolone concentrations being close to a physiologic dose of orally administered prednisolone. Additional research is needed to evaluate the systemic absorption of these medications in dogs with ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Ewald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Aldrich LA, Roush JK, KuKanich B. Plasma concentrations of tramadol after transdermal application of a single metered dose of a compounded tramadol gel to cats. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:840-845. [PMID: 34554876 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine plasma tramadol concentrations in cats following a single dose of oral and transdermal formulations and the pharmacokinetics for and the concentration of tramadol in the transdermal formulation. ANIMALS 8 healthy client-owned domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES 1 cat was orally administered 1 dose of tramadol (2 mg/kg), and 7 cats received 1 dose of a proprietary compounded tramadol gel product (median actual dose, 2.8 mg/kg) applied to their inner pinnae. Plasma tramadol concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at fixed times over 24 hours. RESULTS Plasma tramadol concentrations were undetectable or much lower (range, < 1 to 4.3 ng/mL) following application of the transdermal formulation, compared with those following oral administration (maximum plasma tramadol concentration, 261.3 ng/mL [at 4 hours]). Tramadol pharmacokinetics for the transdermal formulation could not be determined. Tramadol concentrations of the transdermal gel product exceeded the estimated label dose in all analyzed gel samples, with concentrations greater than the 90% to 110% United States Pharmacopeia standard for compounded drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Application of 1 dose of the proprietary transdermal formulation did not yield clinically relevant plasma tramadol concentrations in cats. Although this proprietary formulation is currently available to prescribing veterinarians, it should be used with caution.
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KuKanich KS, Springer NL, Klutzke JB, KuKanich B. Comparisons of hematologic results for juvenile versus adult shelter dogs presented for ovariohysterectomy or castration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:275-282. [PMID: 34242071 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare hematologic results for juvenile versus adult dogs from shelters that outwardly appeared healthy and were presented for ovariohysterectomy or castration. ANIMALS 138 dogs from 13 regional shelters. PROCEDURES Each dog underwent a physical examination (including use of a flea comb), age estimation by dental eruption characteristics, PCV, CBC, and tests for Dirofilaria immitis antigen and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies. Additional diagnostic tests were performed as needed. Dogs were grouped by age as < 3, ≥ 3 to ≤ 6, or > 6 months of age, with dogs ≤ 6 months of age considered juveniles and dogs > 6 months of age considered adults. Hematologic results were compared across groups. RESULTS There were 138 dogs, of which 56 were juveniles (34 dogs < 3 months old; 22 dogs ≥ 3 to ≤ 6 months old) and 82 were adults. Juvenile (vs adult) dogs had lower mean calculated Hct and mean PCV whether dogs with infectious agents or parasites were included or excluded. The mean PCV and mean cell hemoglobin concentration were lower and the reticulocyte count higher for juvenile dogs < 3 months old (35.8%, 33.1 g/dL, and 135,000 reticulocytes/μL) versus adults (44.9%, 34.7 g/dL, and 68,500 reticulocytes/μL). Most (98.6%) dogs underwent surgery as scheduled; 2 dogs had surgery postponed because of thrombocytopenia or parvovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings indicated that outwardly healthy-appearing juvenile shelter dogs often have results for PCV and calculated Hct that are lower than those for adult shelter dogs and adult dog reference intervals but rarely require postponement of ovariohysterectomy or castration.
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Duvall A, Tully TN, Carpenter JW, KuKanich B, Beaufrère H, Magnin GC. Pilot Study of a Single Dose of Orally Administered Tapentadol Suspension in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:45-50. [PMID: 33892588 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-35.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tapentadol is an analgesic agent that acts as both a µ-opioid receptor agonist and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is a common therapeutic agent in human medicine for management of acute and chronic pain, and it is currently being investigated for use in veterinary medicine. Tapentadol was evaluated in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) because there is only 1 other oral opioid-like analgesic agent, tramadol, which has been evaluated in an avian species. The effectiveness of tramadol after administration to a patient involves a complex physiologic metabolism and has been found to have variable pharmacokinetics between species. Because of the lack of active metabolites from tapentadol, less interspecific variation was expected. Seven Hispaniolan Amazon parrots were used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of tapentadol after a single 30 mg/kg PO administration of a compounded 5 mg/mL tapentadol suspension. Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after administration, following a balanced, incomplete-block design. Plasma tapentadol concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results revealed detectable plasma concentrations in only 2 of 7 birds (29%), and the bird with the highest plasma levels had a peak concentration (Cmax) of 143 ng/mL and a half-life (T 1/2) of 24.8 minutes. The variable plasma concentrations and short half-life of this drug in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots suggests that this drug would be of limited clinical use in this species; however, it is possible that this drug will be more bioavailable in other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas N Tully
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - James W Carpenter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geraldine C Magnin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Locuson CW, Rankin DC, Fitzgerald AH, Cho P, Komp MS. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and opioid effects of a novel analgesic with a deterrent to human opioid abuse (methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone) after oral administration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:171-180. [PMID: 33629900 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pharmacokinetics and opioid effects of methadone after administration of multiple doses by means of 2 dosing regimens of methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. ANIMALS 12 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly allocated (6 dogs/group) to receive 1 of 2 oral dosing regimens of methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. Treatment 1 doses were administered at 0 (methadone-to-fluconazole-to-naltrexone ratio of 1:5:0.25 mg/kg), 14 (1:5:0.25), 24 (0.5:2.5:0.125), and 38 (0.5:2.5:0.125) hours. Treatment 2 doses were administered at 0 (1:5:0.25), 4 (0.5:2.5:0.125), 10 (0.5:2.5:0.125), and 24 (0.5:2.5:0.125) hours. Blood samples, rectal temperatures, and von Frey antinociceptive measurements were obtained at designated times. RESULTS Compared with baseline, temperatures significantly decreased for treatment 1 group dogs at 2 to ≥ 4 hours and from 16 to ≥ 50 hours (12 hours after last dose) and for treatment 2 group dogs at 2 to ≥ 36 hours (12 hours after last dose), when trough methadone concentrations were ≥ 21.3 ng/mL. Antinociception occurred after the first dose but was not maintained throughout the study. Lesions were noted in some dogs at the application site of the von Frey device. Naltrexone and β-naltrexol were sporadically detected in plasma, and naltrexone glucuronide was consistently detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Opioid effects were noted after oral administration of the first dose, and data suggested that administering a second dose 6 hours later and every 12 hours thereafter was necessary to maintain opioid effects. Antinociception may have been lost because dogs became averse or hyperalgesic to the von Frey device, such that the antinociception model used here may not be robust for repeated measurements in dogs.
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KuKanich K, Woodruff K, Bieberly Z, Papich MG, KuKanich B. Evaluation of urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:456-461. [PMID: 33280171 PMCID: PMC7848311 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize urinary isolates, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) uses an amoxicillin breakpoint for cats based on plasma (not urine) drug concentrations (≤0.25 μg/mL), but a urine-specific breakpoint for dogs exists (≤8 μg/mL). OBJECTIVES To measure urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate after PO administration of amoxicillin-clavulanate to cats, and to suggest updated urine-specific susceptibility breakpoints for PO amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in cats. ANIMALS Eleven healthy purpose-bred cats. METHODS Cats were given 3 62.5 mg doses of amoxicillin-clavulanate PO q12h. After the third dose, urine was collected over 28 hours, recording urination time and volume. At least 3 urine samples were collected per cat. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to determine the urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate. RESULTS Amoxicillin concentrations were >8 μg/mL in all urine samples collected within 12 hours after administration (range, 31.6-1351 μg/mL), with means of 929 μg/mL (0-6 hours) and 532 μg/mL (6-12 hours). The mean half-life of amoxicillin in urine was 1.99 hours, and mean recovery was 30%. Clavulanate was detected in all urine samples, with mean half-life of 2.17 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Orally administered amoxicillin-clavulanate resulted in urine amoxicillin concentrations above the cutoff (8 μg/mL) for wild-type Escherichia coli in all cats. Because urine-specific susceptibility testing breakpoints can be determined using urine concentrations, this information should allow new CLSI uropathogen susceptibility breakpoints for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate in healthy cats, increasing the urine breakpoint from ≤0.25 to ≤8 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State University College of Veterinary MedicineManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Kallie Woodruff
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State University College of Veterinary MedicineManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Zackery Bieberly
- Department of Clinical SciencesKansas State University College of Veterinary MedicineManhattanKansasUSA
| | - Mark G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyKansas State University College of Veterinary MedicineManhattanKansasUSA
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Rankin DC, Upchurch DA, Comroe A, Crauer B, Berke K, Klocke EE, Gonzalez SE, Mason D, Jensen G, Orchard R, Fitzgerald AH, Cho P, Komp M. Perioperative analgesia associated with oral administration of a novel methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:699-707. [PMID: 33112167 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.9.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine perioperative analgesia associated with oral administration of a novel methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS 43 healthy female dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to receive the methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation at 1 of 2 dosages (0.5 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 0.125 mg/kg, respectively, or 1.0 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, PO, q 12 h, starting the evening before surgery; n = 15 each) or methadone alone (0.5 mg/kg, SC, q 4 h starting the morning of surgery; 13). Dogs were sedated with acepromazine, and anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. A standard ovariohysterectomy was performed by experienced surgeons. Sedation and pain severity (determined with the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-short form [GCPS-SF]) were scored for 48 hours after surgery. Rescue analgesia was to be provided if the GCPS-SF score was > 6. Dogs also received carprofen starting the day after surgery. RESULTS None of the dogs required rescue analgesia. The highest recorded GCPS-SF score was 4. A significant difference in GCPS-SF score among groups was identified at 6:30 am the day after surgery, but not at any other time. The most common adverse effect was perioperative vomiting, which occurred in 11 of the 43 dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of a methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone formulation at either of 2 dosages every 12 hours (3 total doses) was as effective as SC administration of methadone alone every 4 hours (4 total doses) in dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy. Incorporation of naltrexone in the novel formulation may provide a deterrent to human opioid abuse or misuse.
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Rankin DC, Locuson CW, Joo H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel analgesic with a deterrent to human opioid abuse (methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone) after oral administration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:656-664. [PMID: 32700999 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.8.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of coadministration of naltrexone, a human opioid abuse deterrent, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a methadone-fluconazole combination administered orally to dogs. ANIMALS 12 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs (body weight, 10.7 to 13.9 kg) were randomly allocated to 2 groups in a parallel design study. All dogs received fluconazole (100 mg [7.19 to 9.35 mg/kg], PO). Twelve hours later (time 0), dogs were administered methadone (10 mg [0.72 to 0.93 mg/kg]) plus fluconazole (50 mg [3.62 to 4.22 mg/kg]; methadone-fluconazole) or methadone (10 mg [0.72 to 0.93 mg/kg]) plus fluconazole (50 mg [3.60 to 4.67 mg/kg]) and naltrexone (2.5 mg [0.18 to 0.23 mg/kg]; methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone), PO, in a gelatin capsule. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis, and rectal temperature and sedation were assessed to evaluate opioid effects at predetermined times up to 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS Most dogs had slight sedation during the 12 hours after drug administration; 1 dog/group had moderate sedation at 1 time point. Mean rectal temperatures decreased significantly from baseline (immediate pretreatment) values from 2 to ≥ 12 hours and 2 to ≥ 8 hours after methadone-fluconazole and methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone treatment, respectively. Geometric mean maximum observed concentration of methadone in plasma was 35.1 and 33.5 ng/mL and geometric mean terminal half-life was 7.92 and 7.09 hours after methadone-fluconazole and methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone treatment, respectively. Naltrexone was sporadically detected in 1 dog. The active naltrexone metabolite, β-naltrexol, was not detected. The inactive metabolite, naltrexone glucuronide, was detected in all dogs administered methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Opioid effects were detected after oral administration of methadone-fluconazole or methadone-fluconazole-naltrexone. Further studies assessing additional opioid effects, including antinociception, are needed.
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KuKanich K, KuKanich B, Lin Z, Rankin AJ, Hanzlicek AS, Palerme JS, Bach J, Cook AK, Juracek A, Joo H. Clinical pharmacokinetics and outcomes of oral fluconazole therapy in dogs and cats with naturally occurring fungal disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:547-556. [PMID: 32656792 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This multi-institutional study was designed to determine the clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole and outcomes in client-owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 35) with fungal disease. Fluconazole serum concentrations were measured. Pharmacokinetic analysis was limited to animals at steady state (≥72 hr of treatment). The mean (range) body weight in 31 dogs was 25.6 (2.8-58.2) kg and in 31 cats was 3.9 (2.4-6.1) kg included in pharmacokinetic analyses. The dose, average steady-state serum concentrations (CSS ), and oral clearance in dogs were 14.2 (4.5-21.3) mg/kg/d, 26.8 (3.8-61.5) µg/mL, and 0.63 ml min-1 kg-1 , respectively, and in cats were 18.6 (8.2-40.0) mg/kg/d, 32.1 (1.9-103.5) µg/mL, and 0.61 ml min-1 kg-1 , respectively. Random inter-animal pharmacokinetic variability was high in both species. Two dogs had near twofold increases in serum fluconazole when generic formulations were changed, suggesting lack of bioequivalence. Median CSS for dogs and cats achieving clinical remission was 19.4 and 35.8 µg/ml, respectively. Starting oral doses of 10 mg/kg q12h in dogs and 50-100 mg total daily dose in cats are recommended to achieve median CSS associated with clinical remission. Due to the large pharmacokinetic variability, individualized dose adjustments based on CSS (therapeutic drug monitoring) and treatment failure should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Amy J Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Andrew S Hanzlicek
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Jean-Sebastien Palerme
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan Bach
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Audrey K Cook
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amy Juracek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Hyun Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Dent BT, Aarnes TK, Wavreille VA, Lakritz J, Lerche P, KuKanich B, Riccó Pereira CH, Bednarski RM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:969-975. [PMID: 31556717 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.10.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine administered via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route to healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Injectable dexmedetomidine was administered IV (5 μg/kg) or via the OTM route (20 μg/kg) in a blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover study. Dogs received dexmedetomidine and a sham treatment at each administration. Serial blood samples were collected from a catheter in a saphenous vein. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and subjective sedation score were assessed for 24 hours after administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for dexmedetomidine concentrations by use of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS For the OTM route, the mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration was 3.8 ± 1.3 ng/mL, which was detected 73 ± 33 minutes after administration. The mean maximum concentration for the IV dose, when extrapolated to the time of administration, was 18.6 ± 3.3 ng/mL. The mean terminal-phase half-life was 152 ± 146 minutes and 36 ± 6 minutes for OTM and IV administration, respectively. After IV administration, total clearance was 8.0 ± 1.6 mL/min/kg and volume of distribution at steady state was 371 ± 72 mL/kg. Bioavailability for OTM administration of dexmedetomidine was 11.2 ± 4.5%. Peak sedation scores did not differ significantly between routes of administration. Decreases in heart rate, respiratory rate, and peak sedation score were evident sooner after IV administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OTM administration of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine resulted in a similar degree of sedation and prolonged duration of action, compared with results for IV administration, despite relatively low bioavailability.
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Wahler BM, Lerche P, Ricco Pereira CH, Bednarski RM, KuKanich B, Lakritz J, Aarnes TK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intravenous naloxone hydrochloride administration in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:696-701. [PMID: 31246123 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.7.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of naloxone hydrochloride in dogs following intranasal (IN) and IV administration. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES In a blinded crossover design involving 2 experimental periods separated by a washout period (minimum of 7 days), dogs were randomly assigned to receive naloxone IN (4 mg via a commercially available fixed-dose naloxone atomizer; mean ± SD dose, 0.17 ± 0.02 mg/kg) or IV (0.04 mg/kg) in the first period and then the opposite treatment in the second period. Plasma naloxone concentrations, dog behavior, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated for 24 hours/period. RESULTS Naloxone administered IN was well absorbed after a short lag time (mean ± SD, 2.3 ± 1.4 minutes). Mean maximum plasma concentration following IN and IV administration was 9.3 ± 2.5 ng/mL and 18.8 ± 3.9 ng/mL, respectively. Mean time to maximum concentration following IN administration was 22.5 ± 8.2 minutes. Mean terminal half-life after IN and IV administration was 47.4 ± 6.7 minutes and 37.0 ± 6.7 minutes, respectively. Mean bioavailability of naloxone administered IN was 32 ± 13%. There were no notable changes in dog behavior, heart rate, or respiratory rate following naloxone administration by either route. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of a naloxone atomizer for IN naloxone administration in dogs may represent an effective alternative to IV administration in emergency situations involving opioid exposure. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of IN naloxone administration in dogs with opioid intoxication, including a determination of effective doses.
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Stuart AK, KuKanich B, Caixeta LS, Coetzee JF, Barrell EA. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral firocoxib in adult, mixed-breed goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:640-646. [PMID: 31435966 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of oral firocoxib in large animal species have been limited to horses, preruminating calves, and adult camels. The aim of this study was to describe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of firocoxib in adult goats. Ten healthy adult goats were administered 0.5 mg/kg firocoxib intravenously (i.v.) and per os (p.o.) in a randomized, crossover study. Plasma firocoxib concentrations were measured over a 96-hr period for each treatment using HPLC and mass spectrometry, and PK analysis was performed. The p.o. formulation reached mean peak plasma concentration of 139 ng/ml (range: 87-196 ng/ml) in 0.77 hr (0.25-2.00 hr), and half-life was 21.51 hr (10.21-48.32 hr). Mean bioavailability was 71% (51%-82%), indicative of adequate gastrointestinal absorption of firocoxib. There were no negative effects observed in any animal, and all blood work values remained within or very near reference range at the study's conclusion. Results indicate that oral firocoxib is well-absorbed and rapidly reaches peak plasma concentrations, although the concentration also decreased quickly prior to the terminal phase. The prolonged half-life may suggest tissue accumulation and higher plasma concentrations over time, depending on dosing schedule. Further studies to determine tissue residue depletion, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic concentrations of firocoxib in goats are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Stuart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily A Barrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Berke K, KuKanich B, Orchard R, Rankin D, Joo H. Clinical and pharmacokinetic interactions between oral fluconazole and intravenous ketamine and midazolam in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:745-752. [PMID: 31401049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate drug interactions between fluconazole and the intravenous (IV) anesthetic induction agents, ketamine and midazolam. STUDY DESIGN Randomized parallel study. ANIMALS A group of 12 adult healthy Beagle dogs. METHODS Dogs were randomly allocated to two groups of six dogs. Dogs in group KM were administered IV ketamine (7 mg kg-1) and IV midazolam (0.25 mg kg-1), and dogs in group KMF were administered fluconazole (5 mg kg-1) orally 12 and 24 hours prior to ketamine-midazolam using the same doses as KM. Sedation scores (0-4) were assigned by investigators unaware of group assignment. Heart rate (HR) and times to sternal and standing were obtained and compared between groups for differences with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Blood was obtained and plasma drug concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The times to sternal, mean 32.3 and 24.6 minutes, for groups KMF and KM, respectively, were not different between the groups. The time to standing, 73 and 36 minutes in groups KMF and KM, respectively, was significantly different (p = 0.002). The duration of elevated HR compared with baseline was longer in KMF (110 minutes) than in KM (25 minutes) (p < 0.05). In group KMF, one dog developed hyperthermia (40.6 °C), which resolved spontaneously. The clearance of ketamine and midazolam was significantly slower (approximately 50%) and the area under the curves were significantly higher (two-fold) in group KMF (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A significant interaction between oral fluconazole and IV ketamine-midazolam occurred, but the effects appear minor in healthy dogs. Based on these data, a single dose of ketamine-midazolam is not contraindicated in dogs treated with fluconazole, but the duration of effects and pharmacokinetics are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Berke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and the Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Ron Orchard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Hyun Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and the Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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27
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Thomason JD, Boothe D, KuKanich B, Rapoport G. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a sustained-release compounded procainamide preparation after 24-h (acute) administration in normal dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:58-63. [PMID: 31405555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a compounded sustained-release procainamide formulation in normal dogs. ANIMALS Six healthy, purpose-bred mixed-breed dogs participated in the study. METHODS In phase I, two dogs were administered oral procainamide (30 mg/kg), and plasma was obtained to determine plasma concentration ranges and duration. In phase II, six dogs were administered procainamide (30 mg/kg by mouth every 12 hours) to determine the pharmacokinetics of sustained-release procainamide. Serum procainamide concentration was determined using an immunochemistry assay. RESULTS No adverse clinical effects were noted in any of the dogs studied. The average maximum serum concentration, average serum concentration, and average minimum serum concentration were 10.17, 7.13, and 3.07 μg/mL, respectively. The average time over a 12-h period during which procainamide concentration exceeded 12 μg/mL was 2.35 h, was between 4 and 12 μg/mL was 7.19 h, and was less than 4 μg/mL was 2.46 h. The average times at maximum concentration and minimum concentration were 18.67 and 12.25 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Administration of sustained-release procainamide twice daily achieved targeted plasma concentrations in most dogs. Evaluation of serum trough concentrations should be considered owing to interanimal variability to confirm that serum concentrations are within the reported therapeutic range for an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thomason
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - D Boothe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1620 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - G Rapoport
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Rankin D, Locuson CW. The effect of fluconazole on oral methadone in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:501-509. [PMID: 30982709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of fluconazole on oral methadone pharmacokinetics and central effects mediated by opioid receptors in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, incomplete block. ANIMALS A total of 12 healthy Beagle dogs. METHODS Dogs were randomly allocated into two groups of six dogs. In total, four treatments (two treatments/group) were administered including: oral methadone (1 mg kg-1); oral fluconazole (5 mg kg-1) every 12 hours starting 24 hours prior to oral methadone (1 mg kg-1); oral fluconazole (2.5 mg kg-1) every 12 hours starting 24 hours prior to oral methadone (1 mg kg-1); and oral fluconazole (5 mg kg-1) every 24 hours starting 12 hours prior to oral methadone (1 mg kg-1). At least 28 days were implemented as a washout period between fluconazole treatments. Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), sedation scores and blood samples were obtained for 24 hours after methadone administration. Plasma drug concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Significantly higher maximum plasma methadone concentration (mean, 25-46 ng mL-1) occurred in all fluconazole-administered treatments than in methadone alone (1.5 ng mL-1). The mean 12 hour methadone plasma concentration in fluconazole treatments was 11-20 ng mL-1. Significantly decreased RT and variable sedation occurred in all fluconazole treatments, but no changes occurred with methadone alone. There were no differences in HR or fR among treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fluconazole significantly increases the extent and duration of oral methadone exposure in dogs resulting in significant central opioid effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology and the Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Rankin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Charles W Locuson
- Vanderbilt University Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Cool Springs Life Science Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Coetzee JF, Kleinhenz MD, Magstadt DR, Cooper VL, Wulf LW, Van Engen NK, Smith JS, Rand N, KuKanich B, Gorden PJ. Pneumatic dart delivery of tulathromycin in calves results in lower antimicrobial concentrations and increased biomarkers of stress and injection site inflammation compared with subcutaneous injection. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3089-3101. [PMID: 29873747 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote drug delivery (RDD) using pneumatic darts has become more prevalent in situations where cattle handling facilities are not available. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of pneumatic dart delivery and subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin on plasma pharmacokinetics and biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and muscle injury in calves. Twenty-three castrated-male Holstein calves, approximately 10 mo of age with an average weight of 378 ± 6.49 kg, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Calves in the RDD group (n = 15) received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.42 to 2.93 mg/kg) delivered into the left neck using a Type U 10.0 mL 1.9-cm 14 G Needle pneumatic dart administered with a breech loading projector. With the exception of 1 light weight calf that received 7 mL (2.53 mg/kg), calves in the injection group (INJ) (n = 8) also received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.34 to 2.68 mg/kg) administered as a single subcutaneous injection in the left neck using a 14 G, 1.9-cm needle and a 12-mL syringe. Serum tulathromycin, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations were determined in combination with other biomarkers of inflammation including mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), infrared thermography (IRT), and swelling at the injection site over 432 h after administration. Pneumatic darts failed to deliver the required dose of tulathromycin in 4 of 15 calves evidenced by heavier dart weights post-administration (24 vs. 13.5 g). When these 4 calves were removed from the analysis, calves in the RDD group were found to have a smaller area under the tulathromycin concentration curve (AUC) (P = 0.005) and faster clearance (P = 0.025) compared with the INJ group. Furthermore, the RDD group recorded a greater difference in MNT between the treated and contralateral neck compared with the INJ group at 12 h (P = 0.016), 216 h (P = 0.024), and 288 h (P = 0.0494) after administration. Serum CK was elevated at 24 h (P = 0.03) and AST was greater at 24 h (P = 0.024) and 48 h (P = 0.037) after RDD. Serum cortisol concentrations were also greater at 0.5 h (P = 0.02) after RDD. These findings suggest that RDD is associated with reduced total body exposure to tulathromycin and increased acute stress, muscle damage, and pain at the injection site. Furthermore, the failure of darts to consistently deliver antimicrobial therapy has a negative impact on the welfare of sick animals treated with RDD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Nicholas K Van Engen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Elwell-Cuddy T, Li M, KuKanich B, Lin Z. The construction and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for methadone in Beagles and Greyhounds. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:670-683. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Elwell-Cuddy
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM); Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM); Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM); Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM); Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
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Sikina ER, Bach JF, Lin Z, Gehring R, KuKanich B. Bioavailability of suppository acetaminophen in healthy and hospitalized ill dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:652-658. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Sikina
- Department of Medical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
- Michigan State, College of Veterinary Medicine; East Lansing Michigan
| | - J. F. Bach
- Department of Medical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Z. Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and the Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
| | - R. Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and the Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group; Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - B. KuKanich
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and the Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Smith JS, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Perkins S, Coetzee JF. Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of flunixin meglumine following intravenous and transdermal administration to Holstein calves. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:568-575. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sharpe EK, Meekins JM, Roush JK, Rankin AJ, KuKanich B. Effect of oral administration of robenacoxib on inhibition of paracentesis-induced blood-aqueous barrier breakdown in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:443-449. [PMID: 29583043 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral administration of robenacoxib on inhibition of anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP)-induced breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) and assess whether robenacoxib can cross an intact BAB in healthy cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES Cats received robenacoxib (6-mg tablet in a treat, PO; n = 6) or a control treatment (treat without any drug, PO; 6) once daily for 3 days, beginning 1 day before ACP. One eye of each cat served as an untreated control, whereas the other underwent ACP, during which a 30-gauge needle was used to aspirate 100 μL of aqueous humor for determination of robenacoxib concentration. Both eyes of each cat underwent anterior chamber fluorophotometry at 0 (immediately before), 6, 24, and 48 hours after ACP. Fluorescein concentration and percentage fluorescein increase were used to assess extent of ACP-induced BAB breakdown and compared between cats that did and did not receive robenacoxib. RESULTS Extent of BAB breakdown induced by ACP did not differ significantly between cats that did and did not receive robenacoxib. Low concentrations of robenacoxib were detected in the aqueous humor (mean, 5.32 ng/mL; range, 0.9 to 16 ng/mL) for 5 of the 6 cats that received the drug. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that oral administration of robenacoxib did not significantly decrease extent of BAB breakdown in healthy cats. Detection of low robenacoxib concentrations in the aqueous humor for most treated cats indicated that the drug can cross an intact BAB.
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KuKanich K, KuKanich B, Slead T, Warner M. Evaluation of drug content (potency) for compounded and FDA–approved formulations of doxycycline on receipt and after 21 days of storage. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:835-842. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.7.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K, Black J. The effects of ketoconazole and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in greyhound dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:e54-e61. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - K. KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
| | - J. Black
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
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Gonzalez OJ, Renberg WC, Roush JK, KuKanich B, Warner M. Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin for prophylactic administration to dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:695-701. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.6.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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KuKanich B, Warner M, Hahn K. Analysis of lomustine drug content in FDA-approved and compounded lomustine capsules. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:322-326. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Volkova VV, KuKanich B, Riviere JE. Exploring Post-Treatment Reversion of Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Bacteria of Food Animals as a Resistance Mitigation Strategy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:610-617. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoriya V. Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:612-615. [PMID: 27121728 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous (IV) flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. Eight male Holsteins calves, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were administered flunixin at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg intravenously. Following a 10-day washout period, calves were dosed with flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg topically (transdermal). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 48 h for the intravenous portions and 0 to 72 h following topical dosing. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods. The mean bioavailability of topical flunixin was calculated to be 48%. The mean AUC for flunixin was determined to be 13.9 h × ug/mL for IV administration and 10.1 h × ug/mL for topical administration. The mean half-life for topical flunixin was 6.42 h and 4.99 h for the intravenous route. The Cmax following topical application of flunixin was 1.17 μg/mL. The time to maximum concentration was 2.14 h. Mean residence time (MRT) following IV injection was 4.38 h and 8.36 h after topical administration. In conclusion, flunixin when administered as a topical preparation is rapidly absorbed and has longer half-life compared to IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, UK
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Benitez ME, Roush JK, McMurphy R, KuKanich B, Legallet C. Clinical efficacy of hydrocodone-acetaminophen and tramadol for control of postoperative pain in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:755-62. [PMID: 26309103 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical efficacy of hydrocodone-acetaminophen and tramadol for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). ANIMALS 50 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Standardized anesthetic and surgical protocols were followed. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive either tramadol hydrochloride (5 to 7 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h; tramadol group) or hydrocodone bitartrate-acetaminophen (0.5 to 0.6 mg of hydrocodone/kg, PO, q 8 h; hydrocodone group) for analgesia after surgery. The modified Glasgow composite measure pain scale was used to assess signs of postoperative pain at predetermined intervals by an investigator who was blinded to treatment group. Scoring commenced with the second dose of the assigned study analgesic. Pain scores and rates of treatment failure (ie, dogs requiring rescue analgesia according to a predetermined protocol) were compared statistically between groups. RESULTS 12 of 42 (29%; 5/19 in the hydrocodone-acetaminophen group and 7/23 in the tramadol group) dogs required rescue analgesic treatment on the basis of pain scores. Median pain score for the hydrocodone group was significantly lower than that of the tramadol group 2 hours after the second dose of study analgesic. The 2 groups had similar pain scores at all other time points. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, differences in pain scores between dogs that received hydrocodone-acetaminophen or tramadol were minor. The percentage of dogs with treatment failure in both groups was considered unacceptable.
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Lindemann DM, Carpenter JW, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Oral and Subcutaneous Meloxicam in Caribbean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). J Avian Med Surg 2016; 30:14-22. [DOI: 10.1647/2014-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Seeley KE, Wolf KN, Bishop MA, Turnquist M, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of long-acting cefovecin in copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus). Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:260-4. [PMID: 26919596 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pharmacokinetic properties of cefovecin in a cold-water teleost species. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus), sex unknown. PROCEDURES Cefovecin (16 mg/kg) was administered SC to the rockfish. Blood samples were collected at predetermined points for measurement of plasma cefovecin concentrations (3 samples/fish). Plasma cefovecin concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by means of naïve pooled analysis and compartmental modeling. Plasma protein binding of cefovecin was determined by ultrafiltration. RESULTS Cefovecin administration appeared to be well tolerated by the rockfish. Pharmacokinetic analysis resulted in a maximum plasma concentration of 104.8 μg/mL at 2.07 hours after administration. Plasma terminal half-life was 32.5 hours, and area under the curve was 5,132 h·g/mL. Plasma protein binding was low (< 10%) for plasma concentrations of 10 and 100 μg of cefovecin/mL when assessed at 7.8° and 20°C. Plasma concentrations > 1 μg/mL persisted for the full 7-day follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SC administration of cefovecin to copper rockfish at a dose of 16 mg/kg yielded plasma concentrations > 1 μg/mL that persisted to 7 days, but some interindividual variability was observed. The low degree of plasma protein binding but high circulating concentration of free drug may allow an extended administration interval in rockfish. Studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of this dose in rockfish.
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KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral acetaminophen in combination with codeine in healthy Greyhound dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:514-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
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Gorden P, Kleinhenz M, Wulf L, KuKanich B, Lee C, Wang C, Coetzee J. Altered plasma pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in cows affected with severe clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:505-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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KuKanich K, KuKanich B, Guess S, Heinrich E. Effect of Sucralfate on the Relative Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Healthy Fed Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:108-15. [PMID: 26651022 PMCID: PMC4913628 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sucralfate impairs absorption of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in humans, but no sucralfate–fluoroquinolone interaction has been reported in dogs. Veterinary formularies recommend avoiding concurrent administration of these medications, which might impact compliance, therapeutic success, and resistance selection from fluoroquinolones. Objectives To determine whether a drug interaction exists when sucralfate is administered to fed dogs concurrently with ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin, and whether a 2 hour delay between fluoroquinolone and sucralfate affects fluoroquinolone absorption. Animals Five healthy Greyhounds housed in a research colony. Methods This was a randomized crossover study. Treatments included oral ciprofloxacin (C) or oral enrofloxacin (E) alone, each fluoroquinolone concurrently with an oral suspension of sucralfate (CS, ES), and sucralfate suspension 2 hours after each fluoroquinolone (C2S, E2S). Fluoroquinolone concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results Drug exposure of ciprofloxacin was highly variable (AUC 5.52–22.47 h μg/mL) compared to enrofloxacin (AUC 3.86–7.50 h μg/mL). The mean relative bioavailability for ciprofloxacin and concurrent sucralfate was 48% (range 8–143%) compared to ciprofloxacin alone. Relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin improved to 87% (range 37–333%) when sucralfate was delayed by 2 hours. By contrast, relative bioavailability for enrofloxacin and concurrent sucralfate was 104% (94–115%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance A possible clinically relevant drug interaction for the relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin with sucralfate was found. No significant difference in bioavailability was documented for enrofloxacin with sucralfate. Further research is warranted in fasted dogs and clinical cases requiring enrofloxacin or other approved fluoroquinolones in combination with sucralfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - S Guess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - E Heinrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Clancy MM, KuKanich B, Sykes IV JM. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol delivered with an osmotic pump during a seven-day period in common peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:1070-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.12.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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KuKanich B, KuKanich K. Chloramphenicol significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of oral methadone in Greyhound dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:597-607. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Norkus C, Rankin D, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline in Greyhound dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:580-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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DeDonder KD, Apley MD, Li M, Gehring R, Harhay DM, Lubbers BV, White BJ, Capik SF, KuKanich B, Riviere JE, Tessman RK. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid in naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in multisource commingled feedlot cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:157-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. D. DeDonder
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - M. D. Apley
- Clinical Sciences; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - M. Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - R. Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - D. M. Harhay
- USDA ARS US Meat Animal Research Center; Clay Center NE USA
| | - B. V. Lubbers
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - B. J. White
- Clinical Sciences; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - S. F. Capik
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - B. KuKanich
- Anatomy and Physiology; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - J. E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine; Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Manhattan KS USA
| | - R. K. Tessman
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development; Merial; Duluth GA USA
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Benitez ME, Roush JK, KuKanich B, McMurphy R. Pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and tramadol administered for control of postoperative pain in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:763-70. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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