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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Ji J, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:1993-2000. [PMID: 28726995 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic properties of transdermal flunixin meglumine when given at the time of dehorning on pain biomarkers. Twenty-four weaned male Holstein calves, 6 to 8 wk of age were enrolled into the study. The calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) transdermal flunixin and dehorn (DH-FLU); 2) transdermal flunixin and sham dehorn (SHAM-FLU); and 3) placebo and dehorn (DH-PLBO). Transdermal flunixin at a label dose of 3.33 mg/kg (or placebo at an equivalent volume) was administered as a pour-on along the top-line of the calves in each treatment group concurrently with electrocautery dehorning or sham dehorning. Biomarker parameters collected and analyzed included: infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), plasma cortisol, and substance P (SP). There were no differences in maximal temperatures detected for the IRT measurements of the medial canthus of the eye for the DH groups. Mean control point MNT measurements at 48 h were 3.14 kgF, 3.46 kgF, and 1.43 kgF for the DH-FLU, Sham-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). No other differences of MNT were detected between the dehorned groups for the other test sites and time points. Plasma cortisol reached peak concentration at 20 min postdehorning for the DH-FLU and DH-PLBO groups and 10 min for SHAM-FLU group. Peak plasma cortisol concentrations were 32.0 ng/mL, 12.7 ng/mL, and 28.8 ng/mL for the DH-FLU, SHAM-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the DH-FLU group at 90 min postdehorning compared to the SHAM-FLU and DH-PLBO groups ( = 0.04). Area under the effect curve (AUEC) were similar for all groups ( = 0.93). No statistical differences in SP concentrations between groups were detected for any of the time points. In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of dehorning did not provide substantial analgesia based on the pain biomarkers investigated. Further investigation into its role as part of a multimodal analgesic plan is warranted.
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Ji J, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Stock ML, Barth LA, Van Engen NK, Millman ST, Gehring R, Wang C, Voris EA, Wulf LW, Labeur L, Hsu WH, Coetzee JF. Impact of carprofen administration on stress and nociception responses of calves to cautery dehorning. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:542-55. [PMID: 27065124 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carprofen administered immediately before cautery dehorning on nociception and stress. Forty Holstein calves aged approximately 6 to 8 wk old were either placebo treated and sham dehorned ( = 10) or cautery dehorned following administration of carprofen (1.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously ( = 10) or orally ( = 10) or a subcutaneous and oral placebo ( = 10) in a randomized, controlled trial. All animals were given a cornual nerve block using lidocaine before dehorning. Response variables including mechanical nociception threshold, ocular temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured before and following cautery dehorning for 96 h. Blood samples were also collected over 96 h following dehorning and analyzed for plasma cortisol and substance P concentrations by RIA. Plasma carprofen concentration and ex vivo PGE concentrations were also determined for this time period. Average daily gain was calculated for 7 d after dehorning. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with repeated measures, controlling for baseline values by their inclusion as a covariate in addition to planned contrasts. Dehorning was associated with decreased nociception thresholds throughout the study and a stress response immediately after dehorning, following the loss of local anesthesia, and 48 h after dehorning compared with sham-dehorned calves. Carprofen was well absorbed after administration and reached concentrations that inhibited ex vivo PGE concentrations for 72 h (subcutaneous) and 96 h (oral) compared with placebo-treated calves ( < 0.05). Carprofen-treated calves tended to be less sensitive ( = 0.097) to nociceptive threshold tests. Overall, at the dosing regimen studied, the effect of carprofen on sensitivity and stress following cautery dehorning was minimal. Consideration of route of administration and dose determination studies may be warranted.
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:612-615. [PMID: 27121728 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous (IV) flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. Eight male Holsteins calves, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were administered flunixin at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg intravenously. Following a 10-day washout period, calves were dosed with flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg topically (transdermal). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 48 h for the intravenous portions and 0 to 72 h following topical dosing. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods. The mean bioavailability of topical flunixin was calculated to be 48%. The mean AUC for flunixin was determined to be 13.9 h × ug/mL for IV administration and 10.1 h × ug/mL for topical administration. The mean half-life for topical flunixin was 6.42 h and 4.99 h for the intravenous route. The Cmax following topical application of flunixin was 1.17 μg/mL. The time to maximum concentration was 2.14 h. Mean residence time (MRT) following IV injection was 4.38 h and 8.36 h after topical administration. In conclusion, flunixin when administered as a topical preparation is rapidly absorbed and has longer half-life compared to IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, UK
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Stock ML, Millman ST, Barth LA, Van Engen NK, Hsu WH, Wang C, Gehring R, Parsons RL, Coetzee JF. The effects of firocoxib on cautery disbudding pain and stress responses in preweaned dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6058-69. [PMID: 26142860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative analgesic effects of oral firocoxib following cautery disbudding were investigated in preweaned calves. Twenty Holstein calves approximately 4 to 6wk old received a single oral dose of firocoxib, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory, at 0.5mg/kg (n=10) or placebo (n=10) in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Responses, including ocular temperature determined by infrared thermography, pressure algometry measuring mechanical nociception threshold, and heart rate, were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 8, and 24h after cornual nerve block and cautery disbudding. Blood samples were collected over 96h and analyzed for plasma cortisol and substance P concentrations by RIA. Additionally, ex vivo prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined over a 72-h study period using an enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with repeated measures. An inhibition of ex vivo prostaglandin E2 synthesis was observed from 12 to 48h following disbudding in calves treated with firocoxib. Cautery disbudding was associated with an increased nociception for the duration of sampling (24h). During the initial 24-h period following disbudding, no difference in response between treatment groups was noted. Following 24h, mean cortisol concentrations diverged between the 2 study groups with placebo-treated calves having increased cortisol concentrations at approximately 48h after disbudding. Furthermore, the overall integrated cortisol response as calculated as area under the effect curve tended to be reduced in firocoxib-treated calves. The prolonged effects of cautery dehorning require further investigation. Moreover, the effect of firocoxib on cortisol reduction observed in this study requires additional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - S T Millman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010; Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - L A Barth
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - C Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - R Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R L Parsons
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50010.
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Van Engen NK, Stock ML, Engelken T, Vann RC, Wulf LW, Karriker LA, Busby WD, Lakritz J, Carpenter AJ, Bradford BJ, Hsu WH, Wang C, Coetzee JF. Impact of oral meloxicam on circulating physiological biomarkers of stress and inflammation in beef steers after long-distance transportation1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:498-510. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. K. Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M. L. Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - T. Engelken
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - R. C. Vann
- Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Mississippi Agricultural Forestry and Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Raymond 39154
| | - L. W. Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L. A. Karriker
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - W. D. Busby
- Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity Cooperative, Lewis, IA 51544
| | - J. Lakritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - A. J. Carpenter
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B. J. Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - W. H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C. Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J. F. Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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