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Knapp DW, Dhawan D, Ruple A, Cooper BR, Zhang M, Liu D, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, Fourez LM, Enstrom AW, Lahrman SA, Tullius JA. Association between cigarette smoke exposure and urinary bladder cancer in Scottish terriers in a cohort study. Vet J 2024; 303:106044. [PMID: 38000695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) initially responds favorably to treatment, but is ultimately lethal in most cases. Research to identify modifiable risk factors to prevent the cancer is essential. The high breed-associated risk for UC, e.g. 20-fold higher in Scottish terriers, can facilitate this research. The objective was to identify environmental and host factors associated with UC in a cohort of Scottish terriers. Information was obtained through dog owner questionnaires for 120 Scottish terriers ≥ 6 years old participating in a bladder cancer screening study, with comparisons made between dogs that did or did not develop UC during the 3 years of screening. Univariable models were constructed, and variables with P < 0.20 were included when building the multivariable model, and then removed using a backward stepwise procedure. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Urine cotinine concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to further investigate potential cigarette smoke exposure. Biopsy-confirmed UC which was found in 32 of 120 dogs, was significantly associated with the dogs living in a household with cigarette smokers (odds ratio [OR], 6.34; 95 % confidence intervals [CI], 1.16-34.69; P = 0.033), living within a mile of a marsh or wetland (OR, 21.23; 95 % CI, 3.64-123.69; P = 0.001), and history of previous bladder infections (OR, 3.87; 95 % CI, 1.0-14.98; P = 0.050). UC was diagnosed in 18 of 51 dogs (35.3 %) with quantifiable cotinine concentrations, and six of 40 dogs (15.0 %) without quantifiable cotinine concentrations in their urine (P = 0.0165). In conclusion, the main modifiable risk factor for UC in this cohort of dogs was exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - D Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Ruple
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, 700 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - B R Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - M Zhang
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D Liu
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Ramos-Vara
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - P L Bonney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - L M Fourez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A W Enstrom
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S A Lahrman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Tullius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Engbersen DJM, van Beijnum JR, Roos A, van Beelen M, de Haan JD, Grinwis GCM, Schalken JA, Witjes JA, Griffioen AW, Huijbers EJM. Vaccination against Extracellular Vimentin for Treatment of Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder in Client-Owned Dogs. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3958. [PMID: 37568772 PMCID: PMC10417384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that targeting extracellular vimentin (eVim) is safe and effective in preclinical models. Here, we report the safety and efficacy in client-owned dogs with spontaneous bladder cancer of CVx1, an iBoost technology-based vaccine targeting eVim in combination with COX-2 inhibition. This was a single-arm prospective phase 1/2 study with CVx1 in 20 client-owned dogs with spontaneous UC which involved four subcutaneous vaccinations with CVx1 at 2-week intervals for induction of antibody titers, followed by maintenance vaccinations at 2-month intervals. Additionally, daily cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition with meloxicam was given. The response was assessed by antibody titers, physical condition, abdominal ultrasound and thorax X-ray. The primary endpoints were the development of antibody titers, as well as overall survival compared to a historical control group receiving carboplatin and COX-2 inhibition with piroxicam. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. All dogs developed antibodies against eVim. Titers were adequately maintained for the duration of this study. A median overall survival of 374 days was observed, which was 196 days for the historical control group (p < 0.01). Short-term grade 1-2 toxicity at the injection site and some related systemic symptoms peri-vaccination were observed. No toxicity was observed related to the induced antibody response. A limitation of this study is the single-arm prospective setting. CVx1 plus meloxicam consistently induced efficient antibody titers, was well tolerated and showed prolonged survival. The results obtained merit further development for human clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judy R. van Beijnum
- CimCure BV, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.M.E.); (J.R.v.B.); (E.J.M.H.)
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Arno Roos
- Veterinary Referral Center Korte Akkeren, 2802 LA Gouda, The Netherlands; (A.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Marit van Beelen
- Veterinary Referral Center Korte Akkeren, 2802 LA Gouda, The Netherlands; (A.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Jan David de Haan
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Centre, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jack A. Schalken
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.S.); (J.A.W.)
| | - J. Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.S.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Arjan W. Griffioen
- CimCure BV, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.M.E.); (J.R.v.B.); (E.J.M.H.)
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Elisabeth J. M. Huijbers
- CimCure BV, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.J.M.E.); (J.R.v.B.); (E.J.M.H.)
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Smith N, Luethcke KR, Craun K, Trepanier L. Risk of bladder cancer and lymphoma in dogs is associated with pollution indices by county of residence. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:246-255. [PMID: 34480391 PMCID: PMC9969847 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are considered environmental cancers in people, but less is known about environment risk for UCC and lymphoma in dogs. The objective of this study was to determine whether dogs with these cancers, compared to unaffected control dogs, live in counties with higher tap water contaminants or higher levels of air pollution as measured by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and by National Air Toxics Assessment chemical exposure risk estimates. Dogs with available home addresses from two previously published case-control populations were included: 66 dogs with UCC and 70 unaffected controls; and 56 boxer dogs with lymphoma and 84 unaffected boxer controls. Tap water total trihalomethanes, which are water disinfection by-products, were more than threefold higher in UCC case counties of residence compared to controls (p < .0001), and a higher proportion of dogs with UCC lived in counties exceeding EPA ozone limits (41.8%) compared to controls (13.6% p = .0008). More boxers with lymphoma lived in counties exceeding EPA ozone limits (52.1%) compared to controls (29.0%; p = .018), with higher exposure risk estimates for airborne 1,3-butadiene and formaldehyde (p = .004-.005). These data support the hypothesis that tap water contaminants and airborne environmental pollutants contribute to the risk of both urothelial carcinoma and lymphoma in dogs. If these findings reflect causal relationships, then it is possible that tap water filtration units and more effective air pollution controls could decrease the overall incidence of these cancers in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Smith
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristofer Ross Luethcke
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Craun
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lauren Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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