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Sanchez-Felipe L, Alpizar YA, Ma J, Coelmont L, Dallmeier K. YF17D-based vaccines - standing on the shoulders of a giant. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250133. [PMID: 38571392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YF17D) was developed in the 1930s as the first ever empirically derived human vaccine. Ninety years later, it is still a benchmark for vaccines made today. YF17D triggers a particularly broad and polyfunctional response engaging multiple arms of innate, humoral and cellular immunity. This unique immunogenicity translates into an extraordinary vaccine efficacy and outstanding longevity of protection, possibly by single-dose immunization. More recently, progress in molecular virology and synthetic biology allowed engineering of YF17D as a powerful vector and promising platform for the development of novel recombinant live vaccines, including two licensed vaccines against Japanese encephalitis and dengue, even in paediatric use. Likewise, numerous chimeric and transgenic preclinical candidates have been described. These include prophylactic vaccines against emerging viral infections (e.g. Lassa, Zika and SARS-CoV-2) and parasitic diseases (e.g. malaria), as well as therapeutic applications targeting persistent infections (e.g. HIV and chronic hepatitis), and cancer. Efforts to overcome historical safety concerns and manufacturing challenges are ongoing and pave the way for wider use of YF17D-based vaccines. In this review, we summarize recent insights regarding YF17D as vaccine platform, and how YF17D-based vaccines may complement as well as differentiate from other emerging modalities in response to unmet medical needs and for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Arunachalam AB. Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:396. [PMID: 38675778 PMCID: PMC11053716 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. However, many vaccines generate an optimal immune response and protect against the consequences of pathogen-induced immunological aggressiveness, and from a small number of unrelated pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose an "immuno-wave" model describing a vaccine-induced "Goldilocks immunity", which leaves fine imprints of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory milieus, derived from both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system, in the body. The resulting balanced, 'quiet alert' state of the immune system may provide a jump-start in the defense against pathogens and any associated pathological inflammatory or allergic responses, allowing vaccines to go above and beyond their call of duty. In closing, we recommend formally investigating and reaping many of the secondary benefits of vaccines with appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun B Arunachalam
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Vaccines, 1 Discovery Dr., Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA
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3
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Abdala-Torres T, Campi-Azevedo AC, da Silva-Pereira RA, Dos Santos LI, Henriques PM, Costa-Rocha IA, Otta DA, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araújo MSS, Fernandes EG, Sato HK, Fantinato FFST, Domingues CMAS, Kallás EG, Tomiyama HTI, Lemos JAC, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, de Lima SMB, Schwarcz WD, de Souza Azevedo A, Trindade GF, Ano Bom APD, da Silva AMV, Fernandes CB, Camacho LAB, de Sousa Maia MDL, Martins-Filho OA, do Antonelli LRDV. Immune response induced by standard and fractional doses of 17DD yellow fever vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:54. [PMID: 38459059 PMCID: PMC10923915 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of yellow fever (YF) urged new mass vaccination campaigns and, in 2017, the World Health Organization approved the use of the fractional dose (FD) of the YF vaccine due to stock shortage. In an observational cross-sectional investigation, we have assessed viremia, antibodies, soluble mediators and effector and memory T and B-cells induced by primary vaccination of volunteers with FD and standard dose (SD). Similar viremia and levels of antibodies and soluble markers were induced early after immunization. However, a faster decrease in the latter was observed after SD. The FD led to a sustained expansion of helper T-cells and an increased expression of activation markers on T-cells early after vaccination. Although with different kinetics, expansion of plasma cells was induced upon SD and FD immunization. Integrative analysis reveals that FD induces a more complex network involving follicular helper T cells and B-cells than SD. Our findings substantiate that FD can replace SD inducing robust correlates of protective immune response against YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Abdala-Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida da Silva-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Priscilla Miranda Henriques
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ismael Artur Costa-Rocha
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dayane Andriotti Otta
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eder Gatti Fernandes
- Divisão de Imunização, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Helena Keico Sato
- Divisão de Imunização, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Esper Georges Kallás
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jordana Grazziela Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-clínico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomecular, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Souza Azevedo
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomecular, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Marques Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camilla Bayma Fernandes
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes de Sousa Maia
- Departamento de Assuntos Médicos, Estudos Clínicos e Vigilância Pós-Registro, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos Bio-Manguinhos, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle do Antonelli
- Laboratório de Biologia e Imunologia de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Yang R, Yuan G, Li W, Cui Z, Xiao Z, Dong X, Yang H, Liu X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Liu M, Liu S, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Enhancing Inactivated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses in Balb/C Mice Using Alum/CpG. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1744. [PMID: 38140149 PMCID: PMC10747526 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There are some concerns about the safety of live attenuated yellow fever vaccines (YF-live), particularly viscerotropic adverse events, which have a high mortality rate. The cellular production of the vaccine will not cause these adverse effects and has the potential to extend applicability to those who have allergic reactions, immunosuppression, and age. In this study, inactivated yellow fever (YF) was prepared and adsorbed with Alum/CpG. The cellular and humoral immunities were investigated in a mouse model. The results showed that Alum/CpG (20 μg/mL) could significantly increase the binding and neutralizing activities of the antibodies against YF. Moreover, the antibody level at day 28 after one dose was similar to that of the attenuated vaccine, but significantly higher after two doses. At the same time, Alum/CpG significantly increased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuntao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100170, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (G.Y.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (Z.X.); (X.D.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100170, China; (Y.Z.); (R.Y.); (G.Y.); (W.L.); (Z.C.); (Z.X.); (X.D.); (H.Y.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.H.); (M.L.); (S.L.); (Y.H.)
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5
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Oreshkova N, Myeni SK, Mishra N, Albulescu IC, Dalebout TJ, Snijder EJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Dallmeier K, Kikkert M. A Yellow Fever 17D Virus Replicon-Based Vaccine Platform for Emerging Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1492. [PMID: 34960238 PMCID: PMC8704410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous global impact of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as other current and recent outbreaks of (re)emerging viruses, emphasize the need for fast-track development of effective vaccines. Yellow fever virus 17D (YF17D) is a live-attenuated virus vaccine with an impressive efficacy record in humans, and therefore, it is a very attractive platform for the development of novel chimeric vaccines against various pathogens. In the present study, we generated a YF17D-based replicon vaccine platform by replacing the prM and E surface proteins of YF17D with antigenic subdomains from the spike (S) proteins of three different betacoronaviruses: MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and MHV. The prM and E proteins were provided in trans for the packaging of these RNA replicons into single-round infectious particles capable of expressing coronavirus antigens in infected cells. YF17D replicon particles expressing the S1 regions of the MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike proteins were immunogenic in mice and elicited (neutralizing) antibody responses against both the YF17D vector and the coronavirus inserts. Thus, YF17D replicon-based vaccines, and their potential DNA- or mRNA-based derivatives, may constitute a promising and particularly safe vaccine platform for current and future emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Oreshkova
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Niraj Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Irina C. Albulescu
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Tim J. Dalebout
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Peter J. Bredenbeek
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (N.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Center of Infectious Diseases LU-CID, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (N.O.); (S.K.M.); (I.C.A.); (T.J.D.); (E.J.S.); (P.J.B.)
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6
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Ma J, Boudewijns R, Sanchez-Felipe L, Mishra N, Vercruysse T, Buh Kum D, Thibaut HJ, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. Comparing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the yellow fever 17D vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2279-2290. [PMID: 34792431 PMCID: PMC8648041 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2008772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) vaccine is one of the most efficacious human vaccines and also employed as a vector for novel vaccines. However, in the lack of appropriate immunocompetent small animal models, mechanistic insight in YF17D-induced protective immunity remains limited. To better understand YF17D vaccination and to identify a suitable mouse model, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of YF17D in five complementary mouse models, i.e. wild-type (WT) BALB/c, C57BL/6, IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR-/-) deficient mice, and in WT mice in which type I IFN signalling was temporally ablated by an IFNAR blocking (MAR-1) antibody. Alike in IFNAR-/- mice, YF17D induced in either WT mice strong humoral immune responses dominated by IgG2a/c isotype (Th1 type) antibodies, yet only when IFNAR was blocked. Vigorous cellular immunity characterized by CD4+ T-cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α were mounted in MAR-1 treated C57BL/6 and in IFNAR-/- mice. Surprisingly, vaccine-induced protection was largely mouse model dependent. Full protection against lethal intracranial challenge and a massive reduction of virus loads was conferred already by a minimal dose of 2 PFU YF17D in BALB/c and IFNAR-/- mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. Correlation analysis of infection outcome with pre-challenge immunological markers indicates that YFV-specific IgG might suffice for protection, even in the absence of detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we propose that, in addition to IFNAR-/- mice, C57BL/6 mice with temporally blocked IFN-α/β receptors represent a promising immunocompetent mouse model for the study of YF17D-induced immunity and evaluation of YF17D-derived vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorena Sanchez-Felipe
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niraj Mishra
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Buh Kum
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Activation of an Effective Immune Response after Yellow Fever Vaccination Is Associated with the Genetic Background and Early Response of IFN-γ and CLEC5A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010096. [PMID: 33445752 PMCID: PMC7828179 DOI: 10.3390/v13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever vaccine (YF17DD) is highly effective with a single injection conferring protection for at least 10 years. The YF17DD induces polyvalent responses, with a TH1/TH2 CD4+ profile, robust T CD8+ responses, and synthesis of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), culminating in high titers of neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, C-type lectin domain containing 5A (CLEC5A) has been implicated in innate outcomes in other flaviviral infections. Here, we conducted a follow-up study in volunteers immunized with YF17DD, investigating the humoral response, cellular phenotypes, gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IFNG and CLEC5A, to clarify the role of these factors in early response after vaccination. Activation of CLEC5A+ monocytes occurred five days after vaccination (DAV). Following, seven DAV data showed activation of CD4+ and CD8+T cells together with early positive correlations between type II IFN and genes of innate antiviral response (STAT1, STAT2, IRF7, IRF9, OAS1, and RNASEL) as well as antibody levels. Furthermore, individuals with genotypes rs2430561 AT/AA, rs2069718 AG/AA (IFNG), and rs13237944 AC/AA (CLEC5A), exhibited higher expression of IFNG and CLEC5A, respectively. Together, we demonstrated that early IFN-γ and CLEC5A responses, associated with rs2430561, rs2069718, and rs13237944 genotypes, may be key mechanisms in the long-lasting immunity elicited by YF17DD.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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9
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Aberle JH, Koblischke M, Stiasny K. CD4 T cell responses to flaviviruses. J Clin Virol 2018; 108:126-131. [PMID: 30312909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses pose an increasing threat to global health with their potential to cause severe disease in millions of people. Protective and long-lived immunity is closely linked to the generation of CD4 T cells, which provide B cell help and support high affinity neutralizing antibody responses. Research performed during the last years revealed important new insights into the antigen specificities and diverse effector functions of CD4 T cell responses to flaviviruses. Moreover, the identification of mechanisms involved in the regulation of T cell specificity and function provides significant advances in our understanding of how durable protective immunity is established. Here, we summarize what is known about human CD4 T cell responses to flaviviruses, with a special emphasis on CD4 T cells that provide direct help to B cells producing neutralizing and protective antibodies. We review recent progress in the identification of epitope sites in the context of the atomic structures of flavivirus proteins and highlight specific influences that shape the human CD4 T cell response in the context of infection or vaccination. Finally, we discuss challenges facing vaccine efforts to generate appropriate CD4 T cell responses, as well as recent strategies to enhance T cell-mediated antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Tottey S, Shoji Y, Jones RM, Chichester JA, Green BJ, Musiychuk K, Si H, Manceva SD, Rhee A, Shamloul M, Norikane J, Guimarães RC, Caride E, Silva ANMR, Simões M, Neves PCC, Marchevsky R, Freire MS, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Plant-Produced Subunit Vaccine Candidates against Yellow Fever Induce Virus Neutralizing Antibodies and Confer Protection against Viral Challenge in Animal Models. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:420-431. [PMID: 29231157 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes and endemic mostly in South America and Africa with 20-50% fatality. All current licensed YF vaccines, including YF-Vax® (Sanofi-Pasteur, Lyon, France) and 17DD-YFV (Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), are based on live attenuated virus produced in hens' eggs and have been widely used. The YF vaccines are considered safe and highly effective. However, a recent increase in demand for YF vaccines and reports of rare cases of YF vaccine-associated fatal adverse events have provoked interest in developing a safer YF vaccine that can be easily scaled up to meet this increased global demand. To this point, we have engineered the YF virus envelope protein (YFE) and transiently expressed it in Nicotiana benthamiana as a stand-alone protein (YFE) or as fusion to the bacterial enzyme lichenase (YFE-LicKM). Immunogenicity and challenge studies in mice demonstrated that both YFE and YFE-LicKM elicited virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies and protected over 70% of mice from lethal challenge infection. Furthermore, these two YFE-based vaccine candidates induced VN antibody responses with high serum avidity in nonhuman primates and these VN antibody responses were further enhanced after challenge infection with the 17DD strain of YF virus. These results demonstrate partial protective efficacy in mice of YFE-based subunit vaccines expressed in N. benthamiana. However, their efficacy is inferior to that of the live attenuated 17DD vaccine, indicating that formulation development, such as incorporating a more suitable adjuvant, may be required for product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tottey
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Yoko Shoji
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - R Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | | | - Brian J Green
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | | | - Huaxin Si
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | | | - Amy Rhee
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Moneim Shamloul
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Joey Norikane
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Rosane C Guimarães
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elena Caride
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea N M R Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisol Simões
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia C C Neves
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Marchevsky
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
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11
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Lima-Junior JDC, Morgado FN, Conceição-Silva F. How Can Elispot Add Information to Improve Knowledge on Tropical Diseases? Cells 2017; 6:cells6040031. [PMID: 28961208 PMCID: PMC5755491 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elispot has been used as an important tool for detecting immune cells' products and functions and has facilitated the understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Despite the incredible diversity of possibilities, two main approaches have been developed: the immunopathogenesis and diagnosis/prognosis of infectious diseases as well as cancer research. Much has been described on the topics of allergy, autoimmune diseases, and HIV-Aids, however, Elispot can also be applied to other infectious diseases, mainly leishmaniasis, malaria, some viruses, helminths and mycosis usually classified as tropical diseases. The comprehension of the function, concentration and diversity of the immune response in the infectious disease is pointed out as crucial to the development of infection or disease in humans and animals. In this review we will describe the knowledge already obtained using Elispot as a method for accessing the profile of immune response as well as the recent advances in information about host-pathogen interaction in order to better understand the clinical outcome of a group of tropical and neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-4° andar, sala 406-C, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-5° andar, sala 509, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Pavilhão 26-4° andar, sala 406-C, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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12
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Guiding dengue vaccine development using knowledge gained from the success of the yellow fever vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:36-46. [PMID: 26435066 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise approximately 70 closely related RNA viruses. These include several mosquito-borne pathogens, such as yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which can cause significant human diseases and thus are of great medical importance. Vaccines against both YFV and JEV have been used successfully in humans for decades; however, the development of a DENV vaccine has encountered considerable obstacles. Here, we review the protective immune responses elicited by the vaccine against YFV to provide some insights into the development of a protective DENV vaccine.
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13
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Martins RDM, Possas CDA, Homma A. Historical review of clinical vaccine studies at Oswaldo Cruz Institute and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation--technological development issues. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:114-24. [PMID: 25742271 PMCID: PMC4371225 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents, from the perspective of technological development and
production, the results of an investigation examining 61 clinical studies with
vaccines conducted in Brazil between 1938-2013, with the participation of the Oswaldo
Cruz Institute (IOC) and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz). These studies have
been identified and reviewed according to criteria, such as the kind of vaccine
(viral, bacterial, parasitic), their rationale, design and methodological strategies.
The results indicate that IOC and Fiocruz have accumulated along this time
significant knowledge and experience for the performance of studies in all clinical
phases and are prepared for the development of new vaccines products and processes.
We recommend national policy strategies to overcome existing regulatory and financing
constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akira Homma
- Bio-Manguinhos-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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14
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Le D, Miller JD, Ganusov VV. Mathematical modeling provides kinetic details of the human immune response to vaccination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 4:177. [PMID: 25621280 PMCID: PMC4288384 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With major advances in experimental techniques to track antigen-specific immune responses many basic questions on the kinetics of virus-specific immunity in humans remain unanswered. To gain insights into kinetics of T and B cell responses in human volunteers we combined mathematical models and experimental data from recent studies employing vaccines against yellow fever and smallpox. Yellow fever virus-specific CD8 T cell population expanded slowly with the average doubling time of 2 days peaking 2.5 weeks post immunization. Interestingly, we found that the peak of the yellow fever-specific CD8 T cell response was determined by the rate of T cell proliferation and not by the precursor frequency of antigen-specific cells as has been suggested in several studies in mice. We also found that while the frequency of virus-specific T cells increased slowly, the slow increase could still accurately explain clearance of yellow fever virus in the blood. Our additional mathematical model described well the kinetics of virus-specific antibody-secreting cell and antibody response to vaccinia virus in vaccinated individuals suggesting that most of antibodies in 3 months post immunization were derived from the population of circulating antibody-secreting cells. Taken together, our analysis provided novel insights into mechanisms by which live vaccines induce immunity to viral infections and highlighted challenges of applying methods of mathematical modeling to the current, state-of-the-art yet limited immunological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph D. Miller
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
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15
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de Santana MGV, Neves PCC, dos Santos JR, Lima NS, dos Santos AAC, Watkins DI, Galler R, Bonaldo MC. Improved genetic stability of recombinant yellow fever 17D virus expressing a lentiviral Gag gene fragment. Virology 2014; 452-453:202-11. [PMID: 24606697 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously designed a method to construct viable recombinant Yellow Fever (YF) 17D viruses expressing heterologous polypeptides including part of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag protein. However, the expressed region, encompassing amino acid residues from 45 to 269, was genetically unstable. In this study, we improved the genetic stability of this recombinant YF 17D virus by introducing mutations in the IRES element localized at the 5' end of the SIV gag gene. The new stable recombinant virus elicited adaptive immune responses similar to those induced by the original recombinant virus. It is, therefore, possible to increase recombinant stability by removing functional motifs from the insert that may have deleterious effects on recombinant YF viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon G Veloso de Santana
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Patrícia C C Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ribeiro dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Noemia S Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A C dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Neves PCC, Santos JR, Tubarão LN, Bonaldo MC, Galler R. Early IFN-gamma production after YF 17D vaccine virus immunization in mice and its association with adaptive immune responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81953. [PMID: 24324734 PMCID: PMC3855709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever vaccine is one of the most efficacious human vaccines ever made. The vaccine (YF 17D) virus induces polyvalent immune responses, with a mixed TH1/TH2 CD4(+) cell profile, which results in robust T CD8(+) responses and high titers of neutralizing antibody. In recent years, it has been suggested that early events after yellow fever vaccination are crucial to the development of adequate acquired immunity. We have previously shown that primary immunization of humans and monkeys with YF 17D virus vaccine resulted in the early synthesis of IFN-γ. Herein we have demonstrated, for the first time that early IFN-γ production after yellow fever vaccination is a feature also of murine infection and is much more pronounced in the C57BL/6 strain compared to the BALB/c strain. Likewise, in C57BL/6 strain, we have observed the highest CD8(+) T cells responses as well as higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and total anti-YF IgG. Regardless of this intense IFN-γ response in mice, it was not possible to see higher titers of IgG2a in relation to IgG1 in both mice lineages. However, IgG2a titers were positively correlated to neutralizing antibodies levels, pointing to an important role of IFN-γ in eliciting high quality responses against YF 17D, therefore influencing the immunogenicity of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C. C. Neves
- Vice-diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana N. Tubarão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Vice-diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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17
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Yellow fever vaccination elicits broad functional CD4+ T cell responses that recognize structural and nonstructural proteins. J Virol 2013; 87:12794-804. [PMID: 24049183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01160-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) can induce acute, life-threatening disease that is a significant health burden in areas where yellow fever is endemic, but it is preventable through vaccination. The live attenuated 17D YFV strain induces responses characterized by neutralizing antibodies and strong T cell responses. This vaccine provides an excellent model for studying human immunity. While several studies have characterized YFV-specific antibody and CD8(+) T cell responses, less is known about YFV-specific CD4(+) T cells. Here we characterize the epitope specificity, functional attributes, and dynamics of YFV-specific T cell responses in vaccinated subjects by investigating peripheral blood mononuclear cells by using HLA-DR tetramers. A total of 112 epitopes restricted by seven common HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. Epitopes were present within all YFV proteins, but the capsid, envelope, NS2a, and NS3 proteins had the highest epitope density. Antibody blocking demonstrated that the majority of YFV-specific T cells were HLA-DR restricted. Therefore, CD4(+) T cell responses could be effectively characterized with HLA-DR tetramers. Ex vivo tetramer analysis revealed that YFV-specific T cells persisted at frequencies ranging from 0 to 100 cells per million that are detectable years after vaccination. Longitudinal analysis indicated that YFV-specific CD4(+) T cells reached peak frequencies, often exceeding 250 cells per million, approximately 2 weeks after vaccination. As frequencies subsequently declined, YFV-specific cells regained CCR7 expression, indicating a shift from effector to central memory. Cells were typically CXCR3 positive, suggesting Th1 polarization, and produced gamma interferon and other cytokines after reactivation in vitro. Therefore, YFV elicits robust early effector CD4(+) T cell responses that contract, forming a detectable memory population.
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18
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Pulendran B, Oh JZ, Nakaya HI, Ravindran R, Kazmin DA. Immunity to viruses: learning from successful human vaccines. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:243-55. [PMID: 23947360 PMCID: PMC3748616 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, immunologists and vaccinologists have existed in parallel universes. Immunologists have for long reveled in using 'model antigens', such as chicken egg ovalbumin or nitrophenyl haptens, to study immune responses in model organisms such as mice. Such studies have yielded many seminal insights about the mechanisms of immune regulation, but their relevance to humans has been questioned. In another universe, vaccinologists have relied on human clinical trials to assess vaccine efficacy, but have done little to take advantage of such trials for studying the nature of immune responses to vaccination. The human model provides a nexus between these two universes, and recent studies have begun to use this model to study the molecular profile of innate and adaptive responses to vaccination. Such 'systems vaccinology' studies are beginning to provide mechanistic insights about innate and adaptive immunity in humans. Here, we present an overview of such studies, with particular examples from studies with the yellow fever and the seasonal influenza vaccines. Vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine causes a systemic acute viral infection and thus provides an attractive model to study innate and adaptive responses to a primary viral challenge. Vaccination with the live attenuated influenza vaccine causes a localized acute viral infection in mucosal tissues and induces a recall response, since most vaccinees have had prior exposure to influenza, and thus provides a unique opportunity to study innate and antigen-specific memory responses in mucosal tissues and in the blood. Vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine offers a model to study immune responses to an inactivated immunogen. Studies with these and other vaccines are beginning to reunite the estranged fields of immunology and vaccinology, yielding unexpected insights about mechanisms of viral immunity. Vaccines that have been proven to be of immense benefit in saving lives offer us a new fringe benefit: lessons in viral immunology.
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20
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Campi-Azevedo AC, de Araújo-Porto LP, Luiza-Silva M, Batista MA, Martins MA, Sathler-Avelar R, da Silveira-Lemos D, Camacho LAB, de Menezes Martins R, de Lourdes de Sousa Maia M, Farias RHG, da Silva Freire M, Galler R, Homma A, Ribeiro JGL, Lemos JAC, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Caldas IR, Elói-Santos SM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. 17DD and 17D-213/77 yellow fever substrains trigger a balanced cytokine profile in primary vaccinated children. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49828. [PMID: 23251351 PMCID: PMC3519464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the cytokine-mediated immune response in children submitted to primary vaccination with the YF-17D-213/77 or YF-17DD yellow fever (YF) substrains. METHODS A non-probabilistic sample of eighty healthy primary vaccinated (PV) children was selected on the basis of their previously known humoral immune response to the YF vaccines. The selected children were categorized according to their YF-neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT) and referred to as seroconverters (PV-PRNT(+)) or nonseroconverters (PV-PRNT(-)). Following revaccination with the YF-17DD, the PV-PRNT(-) children (YF-17D-213/77 and YF-17DD groups) seroconverted and were referred as RV-PRNT(+). The cytokine-mediated immune response was investigated after short-term in vitro cultures of whole blood samples. The results are expressed as frequency of high cytokine producers, taking the global median of the cytokine index (YF-Ag/control) as the cut-off. RESULTS The YF-17D-213/77 and the YF-17DD substrains triggered a balanced overall inflammatory/regulatory cytokine pattern in PV-PRNT(+), with a slight predominance of IL-12 in YF-17DD vaccinees and a modest prevalence of IL-10 in YF-17D-213/77. Prominent frequency of neutrophil-derived TNF-α and neutrophils and monocyte-producing IL-12 were the major features of PV-PRNT(+) in the YF-17DD, whereas relevant inflammatory response, mediated by IL-12(+)CD8(+) T cells, was the hallmark of the YF-17D-213/77 vaccinees. Both substrains were able to elicit particular but relevant inflammatory events, regardless of the anti-YF PRNT antibody levels. PV-PRNT(-) children belonging to the YF-17DD arm presented gaps in the inflammatory cytokine signature, especially in terms of the innate immunity, whereas in the YF-17D-213/77 arm the most relevant gap was the deficiency of IL-12-producing CD8(+)T cells. Revaccination with YF-17DD prompted a balanced cytokine profile in YF-17DD nonresponders and a robust inflammatory profile in YF-17D-213/77 nonresponders. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that, just like the YF-17DD reference vaccine, the YF-17D-213/77 seed lot induced a mixed pattern of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, supporting its universal use for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Luiza Pacheco de Araújo-Porto
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Luiza-Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maurício Azevedo Batista
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marina Angela Martins
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Renato Sathler-Avelar
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Reinaldo de Menezes Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcos da Silva Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Galler
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Akira Homma
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Bio-Manguinhos - FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Auxiliadora-Martins
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Elói-Santos
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Abstract
Vaccines represent a potent tool to prevent or contain infectious diseases with high morbidity or mortality. However, despite their widespread use, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effective elicitation of protective immune responses by vaccines. Recent research suggests that this represents the cooperative action of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunity is made of a multifaceted set of integrated responses involving a dynamic interaction of thousands of molecules, whose list is constantly updated to fill the several empty spaces of this puzzle. The recent development of new technologies and computational tools permits the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of immunity over time. Here, we review the role of the innate immunity in the host response to vaccine antigens and the potential of systems biology in providing relevant and novel insights in the mechanisms of action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Woodson SE, Holbrook MR. Infection of hepatocytes with 17-D vaccine-strain yellow fever virus induces a strong pro-inflammatory host response. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2262-2271. [PMID: 21697351 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) causes serious disease in endemic areas of South America and Africa, even though a very well tolerated vaccine is available. YFV primarily targets the liver where as many as 80 % of hepatocytes may be involved during infection. The objective of this project was to compare and contrast the cytokine response from hepatocytes infected with either wild-type (Asibi) or vaccine (17-D-204) strains of YFV, with the goal of identifying responses that might be correlated with disease severity or vaccine efficacy. We report here that PH5CH8 hepatocytes support a productive infection with both wild-type and vaccine-strain YFV. Infection with either virus resulted in elevated expression of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-α) with a corresponding increase in transcription. Hepatocytes infected with vaccine virus had a more profound response than did cells infected with wild-type virus. Pre-stimulation of hepatocytes with IL-6 resulted in reduced viral titres, elevated concentrations of cytokines released from Asibi virus-infected cells and improved cell viability in cells infected with 17-D virus. Data reported here suggest that 17-D virus stimulates an appropriate antiviral inflammatory response in hepatocytes, while Asibi virus can attenuate the host response. These data identify potential mechanisms that are associated with increased virulence in wild-type virus infections and also provide clues towards potential immune-response limitations that may be associated with vaccine-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Woodson
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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23
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Jiang X, Dalebout TJ, Bredenbeek PJ, Carrion R, Brasky K, Patterson J, Goicochea M, Bryant J, Salvato MS, Lukashevich IS. Yellow fever 17D-vectored vaccines expressing Lassa virus GP1 and GP2 glycoproteins provide protection against fatal disease in guinea pigs. Vaccine 2011; 29:1248-57. [PMID: 21145373 PMCID: PMC3297484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) and Lassa Fever (LF) are two prevalent hemorrhagic fevers co-circulating in West Africa and responsible for thousands of deaths annually. The YF vaccine 17D has been used as a vector for the Lassa virus glycoprotein precursor (LASV-GPC) or their subunits, GP1 (attachment glycoprotein) and GP2 (fusion glycoprotein). Cloning shorter inserts, LASV-GP1 and -GP2, between YF17D E and NS1 genes enhanced genetic stability of recombinant viruses, YF17D/LASV-GP1 and -GP2, in comparison with YF17D/LASV-GPC recombinant. The recombinant viruses were replication competent and properly processed YF proteins and LASV GP antigens in infected cells. YF17D/LASV-GP1 and -GP2 induced specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice and protected strain 13 guinea pigs against fatal LF. Unlike immunization with live attenuated reassortant vaccine ML29, immunization with YF17D/LASV-GP1 and -GP2 did not provide sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates the feasibility of YF17D-based vaccine to control LF in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim J. Dalebout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Bredenbeek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen Brasky
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jean Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marco Goicochea
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria S. Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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24
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CD8+ gamma-delta TCR+ and CD4+ T cells produce IFN-γ at 5-7 days after yellow fever vaccination in Indian rhesus macaques, before the induction of classical antigen-specific T cell responses. Vaccine 2010; 28:8183-8. [PMID: 20939995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The yellow fever 17D (YF-17D) vaccine is one of the most efficacious vaccines developed to date. Interestingly, vaccination with YF-17D induces IFN-γ production early after vaccination (days 5-7) before the development of classical antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses. Here we investigated the cellular source of this early IFN-γ production. At days 5 and 7 post-vaccination activated CD8(+) gamma-delta TCR T cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α. Activated CD4(+) T cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α at day 7 post-vaccination. This early IFN-γ production was also induced after vaccination with recombinant YF-17D (rYF-17D), but was not observed after recombinant Adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vaccination. Early IFN-γ production, therefore, might be an important aspect of yellow fever vaccination.
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25
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Silva ML, Martins MA, Espírito-Santo LR, Campi-Azevedo AC, Silveira-Lemos D, Ribeiro JGL, Homma A, Kroon EG, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Elói-Santos SM, Martins-Filho OA. Characterization of main cytokine sources from the innate and adaptive immune responses following primary 17DD yellow fever vaccination in adults. Vaccine 2010; 29:583-92. [PMID: 20732465 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of immune response following yellow fever (YF-17DD) vaccination are still poorly understood. In this study, we have performed a longitudinal investigation (days 0, 7, 15 and 30) to characterize the cytokine profile of innate and adaptive immunity following YF-17DD first-time vaccination. Data from non-stimulated cultures demonstrated a prominent participation of the innate immunity with increased frequency of TNF-α(+) neutrophils and IFN-γ(+) NK-cells at day 7 besides TNF-α(+) monocytes at day 7, day 15 and day 30. Increased frequency of IL-10(+) monocytes was observed at day 15 and day 30, and decreased percentage of IL-4(+) NK-cells were detected at day 7, day 15 and day 30. Time-dependent and oscillating cytokine pattern was observed in CD4(+) T-cells, with low percentage of IL-12(+), IL-4(+) and IL-10(+) cells at day 7 and increased frequency of TNF-α(+) cells at day 15 besides IFN-γ(+) and IL-5(+) cells at day 15 and day 30. Later changes with increased percentage of IL-12(+) and IL-5(+)CD8(+) T-cells were observed at day 30. Increased frequency of IL-10(+) B-cells was observed at day 15, when seroconversion was detected in all vaccinees. The overall cytokine analysis of non-stimulated leukocytes showed a transient shift towards a pro-inflammatory profile at day 7, mainly due to changes in the innate immunity, which draws back toward a mixed/regulatory pattern at day 15 and day 30. The changes induced by the in vitro YF-17DD vaccine-stimulation were mainly observed at day 0 and day 7 (before seroconversion) with minor changes at day 15 and day 30 (after seroconversion). These data support the hypothesis that a complex network with mixed pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine profile is associated with the establishment of the protective immunity following YF-17DD primo-vaccination, free of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
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26
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Akondy RS, Monson ND, Miller JD, Edupuganti S, Teuwen D, Wu H, Quyyumi F, Garg S, Altman JD, Del Rio C, Keyserling HL, Ploss A, Rice CM, Orenstein WA, Mulligan MJ, Ahmed R. The yellow fever virus vaccine induces a broad and polyfunctional human memory CD8+ T cell response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7919-30. [PMID: 19933869 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The live yellow fever vaccine (YF-17D) offers a unique opportunity to study memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation in humans following an acute viral infection. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response using overlapping peptides spanning the entire viral genome. Our results showed that the YF-17D vaccine induces a broad CD8(+) T cell response targeting several epitopes within each viral protein. We identified a dominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope in the NS4B protein and used tetramers specific for this epitope to track the CD8(+) T cell response over a 2 year period. This longitudinal analysis showed the following. 1) Memory CD8(+) T cells appear to pass through an effector phase and then gradually down-regulate expression of activation markers and effector molecules. 2) This effector phase was characterized by down-regulation of CD127, Bcl-2, CCR7, and CD45RA and was followed by a substantial contraction resulting in a pool of memory T cells that re-expressed CD127, Bcl-2, and CD45RA. 3) These memory cells were polyfunctional in terms of degranulation and production of the cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, and MIP-1beta. 4) The YF-17D-specific memory CD8(+) T cells had a phenotype (CCR7(-)CD45RA(+)) that is typically associated with terminally differentiated cells with limited proliferative capacity (T(EMRA)). However, these cells exhibited robust proliferative potential showing that expression of CD45RA may not always associate with terminal differentiation and, in fact, may be an indicator of highly functional memory CD8(+) T cells generated after acute viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30022, USA
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27
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Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:741-7. [PMID: 19763148 DOI: 10.1038/nri2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite their great success, we understand little about how effective vaccines stimulate protective immune responses. Two recent developments promise to yield such understanding: the appreciation of the crucial role of the innate immune system in sensing microorganisms and tuning immune responses, and advances in systems biology. Here I review how these developments are yielding insights into the mechanism of action of the yellow fever vaccine, one of the most successful vaccines ever developed, and the broader implications for vaccinology.
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral haemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal viral diseases. At present, an efficient vaccine for prevention is available, but may cause serious adverse events. METHODS The authors review the up-to-date knowledge for serious adverse events of the yellow fever vaccine (YFSAE): hypersensitivity reactions, neurotropic and viscerotropic syndromes. RESULTS The incidence of YFSAE has been associated with increasing age and thymus disorders, but still a number of cases with any risk factor remain unexplained, which suggests that other factors, from the virus or the host, could be involved in the appearance of these postvaccinal adverse events. CONCLUSIONS YFSAE are uncommon but must be prevented. Further research on the virus-host immune response is needed to have a better understanding of the basis for the appearance of these severe side effects after vaccination. Vaccination should be limited to people with a true risk of exposure to wild-type yellow fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Domingo
- Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Barrett ADT, Teuwen DE. Yellow fever vaccine - how does it work and why do rare cases of serious adverse events take place? Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:308-13. [PMID: 19520559 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever 17D vaccine is one of the most successful vaccines ever developed and over 540 million doses have been used. Nevertheless there has been very little known about the mechanism of protection induced by the vaccine. The last couple of years have seen important advances made in understanding how the vaccine works involving studies of the innate and adaptive immune responses plus a systems biology approach. Like all vaccines, the 17D vaccine causes rare serious adverse events (SAEs) following immunization. At present, the mechanism(s) of SAEs is(are) poorly understood but our advances in understanding the immune response induced by the vaccine have promise to help elucidate the mechanism of SAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
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30
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Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, Moser JM, Mehta RS, Drake DR, Castro E, Akondy R, Rinfret A, Yassine-Diab B, Said EA, Chouikh Y, Cameron MJ, Clum R, Kelvin D, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Balderas RS, Wilkinson P, Pantaleo G, Tartaglia J, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3119-31. [PMID: 19047440 PMCID: PMC2605227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune-mediated protection to most viral and cancer vaccines are still unknown. This impedes the development of novel vaccines to incurable diseases such as HIV and cancer. In this study, we have used functional genomics and polychromatic flow cytometry to define the signature of the immune response to the yellow fever (YF) vaccine 17D (YF17D) in a cohort of 40 volunteers followed for up to 1 yr after vaccination. We show that immunization with YF17D leads to an integrated immune response that includes several effector arms of innate immunity, including complement, the inflammasome, and interferons, as well as adaptive immunity as shown by an early T cell response followed by a brisk and variable B cell response. Development of these responses is preceded, as demonstrated in three independent vaccination trials and in a novel in vitro system of primary immune responses (modular immune in vitro construct [MIMIC] system), by the coordinated up-regulation of transcripts for specific transcription factors, including STAT1, IRF7, and ETS2, which are upstream of the different effector arms of the immune response. These results clearly show that the immune response to a strong vaccine is preceded by coordinated induction of master transcription factors that lead to the development of a broad, polyfunctional, and persistent immune response that integrates all effector cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gaucher
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM) Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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