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Zhang Y, Gao S, Xia S, Yang H, Bao X, Zhang Q, Xu Y. Linarin ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury by the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress targeting AKR1B1. Brain Res Bull 2024; 207:110868. [PMID: 38181967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to various factors, there is still a lack of effective neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke in clinical practice. Neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress are some of the important pathological mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Linarin has been reported to have anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects in myocardial ischemia, osteoarthritis, and kidney disease. Whether it exerts neuroprotective functions in ischemic stroke has not been investigated. The results showed that linarin could reduce the infarct volume in cerebral ischemia animal models, improve the neurological function scores and suppress the expression of inflammatory factors mediating the NF-κB. Meanwhile, it could protect the neurons from OGD/R-induced-apoptosis, which was related to the PERK-eIF2α pathway. Our results suggested linarin could inhibit neuronal inflammation and apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of linarin may be related to the inhibition of AKR1B1. Our study offers new insight into protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury by linarin treatment in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingxiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing 210008, China; Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Li L, Ling Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Gao G. Proteomics-based screening of AKR1B1 as a therapeutic target and validation study for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16709. [PMID: 38188141 PMCID: PMC10768659 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) pose significant global health challenges, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Dysregulated protein expression has been implicated in the initiation and progression of sepsis and SA-AKI. Identifying potential protein targets and modulating their expression is crucial for exploring alternative therapies. Method We established an SA-AKI rat model using cecum ligation perforation (CLP) and employed differential proteomic techniques to identify protein expression variations in kidney tissues. Aldose reductase (AKR1B1) emerged as a promising target. The SA-AKI rat model received treatment with the aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), epalrestat. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) levels, as well as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the serum and kidney tissues, were monitored. Hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining and a pathological damage scoring scale assessed renal tissue damage, while protein blotting determined PKC (protein kinase C)/NF-κB pathway protein expression. Result Differential proteomics revealed significant downregulation of seven proteins and upregulation of 17 proteins in the SA-AKI rat model renal tissues. AKR1B1 protein expression was notably elevated, confirmed by Western blot. ARI prophylactic administration and ARI treatment groups exhibited reduced renal injury, low BUN and CRE levels and decreased IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared to the CLP group. These changes were statistically significant (P < 0.05). AKR1B1, PKC-α, and NF-κB protein expression levels were also lowered in the ARI prophylactic administration and ARI treatment groups compared to the CLP group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Epalrestat appeared to inhibit the PKC/NF-κB inflammatory pathway by inhibiting AKR1B1, resulting in reduced inflammatory cytokine levels in renal tissues and blood. This mitigated renal tissue injuries and improved the systemic inflammatory response in the severe sepsis rat model. Consequently, AKR1B1 holds promise as a target for treating sepsis-associated acute kidney injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zaiqin Ling
- Department of Tubercular Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingsheng Wang
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fuyang People’s Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Yun Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Central Hospital Affliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangsheng Gao
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Central Hospital Affliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Wang L, Huang B, Zeng Y, Yang J, Li Z, Ng JPL, Xu X, Su L, Yun X, Qu L, Chen R, Luo W, Wang Y, Chen C, Yang L, Qu Y, Zhang W, Chan JTW, Wang X, Law BYK, Mok SWF, Chung SK, Wong VKW. N-Acetylcysteine overcomes epalrestat-mediated increase of toxic 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and potentiates the anti-arthritic effect of epalrestat in AIA model. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4082-4102. [PMID: 37705749 PMCID: PMC10496504 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), has been clinically adopted in treating diabetic neuropathy in China and Japan. Apart from the involvement in diabetic complications, AR has been implicated in inflammation. Here, we seek to investigate the feasibility of clinically approved ARI, epalrestat, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The mRNA level of AR was markedly upregulated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of RA patients when compared to those of healthy donors. Besides, the disease activity of RA patients is positively correlated with AR expression. Epalrestat significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the human RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAFLSs). Unexpectedly, epalrestat treatment alone markedly exaggerated the disease severity in adjuvant induced arthritic (AIA) rats with elevated Th17 cell proportion and increased inflammatory markers, probably resulting from the increased levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Interestingly, the combined treatment of epalrestat with N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), an anti-oxidant, to AIA rats dramatically suppressed the production of 4-HNE, MDA and inflammatory cytokines, and significantly improved the arthritic condition. Taken together, the anti-arthritic effect of epalrestat was diminished or even overridden by the excessive accumulation of toxic 4-HNE or other reactive aldehydes in AIA rats due to AR inhibition. Co-treatment with NAC significantly reversed epalrestat-induced upregulation of 4-HNE level and potentiated the anti-arthritic effect of epalrestat, suggesting that the combined therapy of epalrestat with NAC may sever as a potential approach in treating RA. Importantly, it could be regarded as a safe intervention for RA patients who need epalrestat for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Baixiong Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jiujie Yang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Macau Medical Science and Technology Research Association, Macau, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau, China
- Macau Medical Science and Technology Research Association, Macau, China
| | - Jerome P. L. Ng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiongfei Xu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lu Su
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yun
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Liqun Qu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ruihong Chen
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weidan Luo
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yuanqing Qu
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Joyce Tsz Wai Chan
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xingxia Wang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Non-acidic bifunctional benzothiazole-based thiazolidinones with antimicrobial and aldose reductase inhibitory activity as a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1837-1848. [PMID: 34366640 PMCID: PMC8335715 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Microbial infections that lead to sepsis syndrome are associated with an increased production of inflammatory molecules. Aldose reductase has recently emerged as a molecular target that is involved in various inflammatory diseases, including sepsis. Herein, a series of previously synthesized benzothiazole-based thiazolidinones that exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activities has been evaluated for inhibition efficacy against aldose reductase and selectivity toward aldehyde reductase under in vitro conditions. The most promising inhibitor 5 was characterized with IC50 value of 3.99 μM and a moderate selectivity. Molecular docking simulations revealed the binding mode of compounds at the active site of human aldose reductase. Moreover, owning to the absence of an acidic pharmacophore, good membrane permeation of the novel aldose reductase inhibitors was predicted. Excellent “drug-likeness” was assessed for most of the compounds by applying the criteria of Lipinski’s “rule of five”. ![]()
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The PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-Organic Osmolytes Pathway in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Essential Player in Osmotic Homeostasis, Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration to Therapeutic Target. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040350. [PMID: 33808305 PMCID: PMC8066813 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the absence of dystrophin from the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) causes muscle membrane instability, which leads to myofiber necrosis, hampered regeneration, and chronic inflammation. The resulting disabled DAPC-associated cellular pathways have been described both at the molecular and the therapeutical level, with the Toll-like receptor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway (NF-ƘB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, and the transforming growth factor-β pathways receiving the most attention. In this review, we specifically focus on the protein kinase A/ mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5/organic osmolytes (PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes) pathway. This pathway plays an important role in osmotic homeostasis essential to normal cell physiology via its regulation of the influx/efflux of organic osmolytes. Besides, NFAT5 plays an essential role in cell survival under hyperosmolar conditions, in skeletal muscle regeneration, and in tissue inflammation, closely interacting with the master regulator of inflammation NF-ƘB. We describe the involvement of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway in DMD pathophysiology and provide a clear overview of which therapeutic molecules could be of potential benefit to DMD patients. We conclude that modulation of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway could be developed as supportive treatment for DMD in conjunction with genetic therapy.
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Shyni GL, Renjitha J, B Somappa S, Raghu KG. Zerumin A attenuates the inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-11. [PMID: 33755281 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zerumin A (ZA) is one of the potential components of Curcuma amada rhizomes, and it has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. This study deals with the beneficial activity of ZA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Herein, H9c2 cells were preincubated with ZA for 1 h and stimulated with LPS for 24 h. The cells were analyzed for the expression of various pro-inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules. Results showed that the cell viability was significantly improved and reactive oxygen species production was alleviated remarkably with ZA pretreatment. We also found that ZA pretreatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels, and nitric oxide (NO) release in LPS-stimulated cells. In addition, ZA significantly ameliorated LPS-elicited overexpression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in H9c2 cells, and it upregulated the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Moreover, pretreatment with ZA and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway inhibitors also reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38. ZA significantly inhibited IkB-a phosphorylation and nuclear factor (NF)-kB p65 subunit translocation into nuclei. Overall data demonstrated that ZA protects cardiomyocytes against LPS injury by inhibiting NF-kB p65 activation via the MAPK signaling pathway in vitro. These findings suggest that ZA may be a promising agent for a detailed study for the prevention or treatment of myocardial dysfunction in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Shyni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - J Renjitha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Sasidhar B Somappa
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - K G Raghu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Mechanism Laboratory, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
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Luo F, Jiang W, Xu Y, Liu XM, Wang W, Zhang W, Luo C. The Mechanisms Involved in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Alleviation of Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice: A Pilot Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 93:100593. [PMID: 32760471 PMCID: PMC7393454 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury is a common complication of sepsis in intensive care unit patients. Inflammation is among the main mechanisms of sepsis. Therefore, suppression of inflammation is an important mechanism for sepsis treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Objective The present study investigated the effects of MSCs on sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice underwent a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation to induce sepsis and then received either normal saline or MSCs (1 × 106 cells intravenously) at 3 hours after surgery. Survival after surgery was assessed. Lung injury was assessed by histology score, the presence of lung edema, vascular permeability, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Finally, we tested nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in lung tissue. Results As expected, CLP caused lung injury as indicated by significant increases in the histopathology score, lung wet to dry weight ratio, and total protein concentration. However, mice treated with MSCs had amelioration of the lung histopathologic changes, lung wet to dry weight ratio, and total protein concentration. The levels of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 17 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were dramatically decreased after MSCs treatment. In contrast, expression of interleukin 10 was increased after MSCs treatment. Moreover, mice treated with MSCs had a higher survival rate than the CLP group. Neutrophil infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was attenuated after MSCs injection, but the amounts of macrophages observed in the MSC group showed no significant differences compared with the CLP group. In addition, MSCs treatment significantly reduced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in lung tissue. Conclusions Based on the above findings, treatment with MSCs dampened the inflammatory response and inhibited nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in the mouse CLP model. Thus, MSCs may be a potential new agent for the treatment of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX-XXX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Mei Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Congjuan Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
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Herosimczyk A, Lepczyński A, Ożgo M, Barszcz M, Marynowska M, Tuśnio A, Taciak M, Markulen A, Skomiał J. Proteome changes in ileal mucosa of young pigs resulting
from different levels of native chicory inulin in the diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93737/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Ballekova J, Soltesova-Prnova M, Majekova M, Stefek M. Does inhibition of aldose reductase contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant? Physiol Res 2017; 66:687-693. [PMID: 28406694 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate aldose reductase inhibitory action of setipiprant as a potential additional mechanism contributing to its anti-inflammatory action. Aldose reductase activity was determined by spectrophotometric measuring of NADPH consumption. Setipiprant was found to inhibit aldose reductase/NADPH-mediated reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxynonenal glutathione and prostaglandin H2 substrates, all relevant to the process of inflammation. Molecular modeling simulations into the aldose reductase inhibitor binding site revealed an interaction pattern of setipiprant. Considering multifactorial etiology of inflammatory pathologies, it is suggested that, in addition to the antagonizing prostaglandin D2 receptor, inhibition of aldose reductase may contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Singh M, Kapoor A, McCracken J, Hill B, Bhatnagar A. Aldose reductase (AKR1B) deficiency promotes phagocytosis in bone marrow derived mouse macrophages. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 265:16-23. [PMID: 28111134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical drivers of the immune response during infection and inflammation. The pathogenesis of several inflammatory conditions, such as diabetes, cancer and sepsis has been linked with aldose reductase (AR), a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. However, the role of AR in the early stages of innate immunity such as phagocytosis remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of AR in regulating the growth and the phagocytic activity of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages (BMMs) from AR-null and wild-type (WT) mice. We found that macrophages derived from AR-null mice were larger in size and had a slower growth rate than those derived from WT mice. The AR-null macrophages also displayed higher basal, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated phagocytic activity than WT macrophages. Moreover, absence of AR led to a marked increase in cellular levels of both ATP and NADPH. These data suggest that metabolic pathways involving AR suppress macrophage energy production, and that inhibition of AR could induce a favorable metabolic state that promotes macrophage phagocytosis. Hence, modulation of macrophage metabolism by inhibition of AR might represent a novel strategy to modulate host defense responses and to modify metabolism to promote macrophage hypertrophy and phagocytosis under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, Clayton Rd., Richmond Heights, MO, USA
| | | | - Bradford Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Li Z, He C, Yuan B, Dong X, Chen X. Injectable Polysaccharide Hydrogels as Biocompatible Platforms for Localized and Sustained Delivery of Antibiotics for Preventing Local Infections. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chaoliang He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Baoming Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics; The Second Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics; The Second Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Lin CH, Lin CC. Sitagliptin attenuates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cardiomyocytes via nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2609-2615. [PMID: 27284355 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) are responsible for glucose homeostasis, and have been shown to reduce inflammation in preclinical studies. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sitagliptin, an inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on cardiomyoblasts during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Exposure to LPS increased the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL)-6 and IL-1β in H9c2 cells, and also resulted in elevations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Treatment with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin dose-dependently downregulated the mRNA levels of IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated H9c2 cells. In addition, sitagliptin inhibited the increased protein expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. NF-κB mRNA expression was reduced and its translocation to the nucleus was suppressed by treatment with sitagliptin. The present results demonstrated that sitagliptin exerts a beneficial effect on cardiomyoblasts exposed to LPS by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators and suppressing NF-κB activation. These findings indicate that the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin may serve a function in cardiac remodeling attributed to sepsis-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 11241, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chung-Ching Lin
- Seeing Bioscience Co., Ltd., Datong, Taipei 22067, Taiwan R.O.C
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Zeng KW, Li J, Dong X, Wang YH, Ma ZZ, Jiang Y, Jin HW, Tu PF. Anti-neuroinflammatory efficacy of the aldose reductase inhibitor FMHM via phospholipase C/protein kinase C-dependent NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:159-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chatzopoulou M, Pegklidou K, Papastavrou N, Demopoulos VJ. Development of aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1365-80. [PMID: 24090200 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.843524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence attributes a significant role to aldose reductase (ALR2) in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory pathologies. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were found to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, they disrupt signaling cascades that lead to the production of cytokines/chemokines, which induce and exacerbate inflammation. As a result, ARIs might hold a significant therapeutic potential as alternate anti-inflammatory drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present a comprehensive review of the current data that support the central role of ALR2 in several inflammatory pathologies (i.e., diabetes, cancer, sepsis, asthma and ocular inflammation). Further, the authors describe the potential underlying molecular mechanisms and provide a commentary on the status of ARIs in this field. EXPERT OPINION It is important that future efforts focus on delineating all the steps of the molecular mechanism that implicates ALR2 in inflammatory pathologies. At the same time, utilizing the previous efforts in the field of ARIs, several candidates that have been proven safe in the clinic may be evaluated for their clinical significance as anti-inflammatory medication. Finally, structurally novel ARIs, designed to target specifically the proinflammatory subpocket of ALR2, should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece ;
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Alves JN, Pires KMP, Lanzetti M, Barroso MV, Benjamim CF, Costa CA, Resende AC, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Porto LC, Valença SS. Critical role for CCR2 and HMGB1 in induction of experimental endotoxic shock. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tang J, Du Y, Petrash JM, Sheibani N, Kern TS. Deletion of aldose reductase from mice inhibits diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration and superoxide generation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62081. [PMID: 23614016 PMCID: PMC3628579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pharmacologic inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) previously has been studied with respect to diabetic retinopathy with mixed results. Since drugs can have off-target effects, we studied the effects of AR deletion on the development and molecular abnormalities that contribute to diabetic retinopathy. Since recent data suggests an important role for leukocytes in the development of the retinopathy, we determined also if AR in leukocytes contributes to leukocyte-mediated death of retinal endothelial cells in diabetes. Methods Wild-type (WT; C57BL/6J) and AR deficient (AR−/−) mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Mice were sacrificed at 2 and 10 months of diabetes to evaluate retinal vascular histopathology, to quantify retinal superoxide production and biochemical and physiological abnormalities in the retina, and to assess the number of retinal endothelial cells killed by blood leukocytes in a co-culture system. Results Diabetes in WT mice developed the expected degeneration of retinal capillaries, and increased generation of superoxide by the retina. Leukocytes from diabetic WT mice also killed more retinal endothelial cells than did leukocytes from nondiabetic animals (p<0.0001). Deletion of AR largely (P<0.05) inhibited the diabetes-induced degeneration of retinal capillaries, as well as the increase in superoxide production by retina. AR-deficiency significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced increase in expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in retina, but had no significant effect on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), phosphorylated p38 MAPK, or killing of retinal endothelial cells by leukocytes. Conclusions AR contributes to the degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetic mice. Deletion of the enzyme inhibits the diabetes-induced increase in expression of iNOS and of superoxide production, but does not correct a variety of other pro-inflammatory abnormalities associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland VAMC Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Silva JBNFD, Oliveira SKMD, Campos IA, Carvalho-Júnior CHRD, Coutinho TDC, Silva TG. Propionibacterium acnes-killed attenuates the inflammatory response and protects mice from sepsis by modulating inflammatory factors. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 17:20-6. [PMID: 23290472 PMCID: PMC9427393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is a systemic inflammation associated with infection caused by pathogenic micro-organisms with high mortality rates. Objective In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Propionibacterium acnes-killed against polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Methods The mice were treated by intramuscular route in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days before the cecal ligation and puncture induction. The control group animals received vehicle (saline solution 0.9%) and the animals of the treated group received the P. acnes-killed (0.4 mg/animal). After anesthesia, midline laparotomy was performed with exposure of cecum followed by ligature and one transverse perforation of the same, with a 18 G needle, for induction of lethal sepsis. After surgery, the cecum of the animals was replaced into the peritoneal cavity, and it was closed with a 4.0 nylon suture. The survival of animals subjected to lethal sepsis was evaluated after cecal ligation and puncture induction. Six hours after the induction of sepsis, neutrophil migration, the number of bacteria, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were performed in the peritoneal lavage. Results Prophylactic treatment with P. acnes-killed increased the survival of the animals, followed by a significant decrease in the TNF-α, IL-10, and MCP-1 levels, 6 h after cecal ligation and puncture. Furthermore, P. acnes-killed administration reduced the number of bacteria in the peritoneal cavity with increased migration of leukocytes, especially neutrophils. Conclusion P. acnes-killed promoted increased survival rate of animals with sepsis, in part attributed to its immunomodulatory properties against pathogenic microorganisms, as well as better control of infection by reducing bacterial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bruno Nunes Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratory Bioassays for Research of Drugs, Department of Antibiotics, Biological Science Center, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Abstract
In medicinal chemistry, carbaboranes can be employed either as boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) or as scaffolds for radiodiagnostic or therapeutic agents. We have developed a suitable synthesis employing the phosphoramidite method to connect meta-carbaboranyl bis-phosphonites with the 6'-OH group of isopropylidene-protected galactose, followed by oxidation or sulfurization to give the corresponding bis-phosphonates. Deprotection yielded water-soluble compounds. The corresponding disodium salts exhibit especially low cytotoxicity. Preliminary results on the in vivo toxicity and biodistribution of two compounds in mice indicated a lack of selectivity for the cotton rat lung (CRL) tumor chosen for the experiment. For the incorporation of carbaboranes into breast tumor-selective modified neuropeptide Y, [F7, P34]-NPY, a synthesis of a carbaborane-modified lysine derivative was developed. Linkage of the lysine to the boron cluster was achieved by using a propionic acid spacer. Incorporation of the amino acid derivatives into NPY and [F7, P34]-NPY by solid-phase peptide synthesis was successful. Preliminary studies showed that the receptor binding affinity and signal transduction of the boron-modified peptides were very well retained. Asborin, the carbaborane analogue of aspirin, is a rather weak inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, but a highly potent aldo/keto reductase 1A1 (AKR1A1) inhibitor. Modification either at the carboxyl group or at the chlorophenyl ring in indomethacin with ortho- and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives gave active derivatives only for the ortho-carbaborane directly attached to the carboxyl group, while the corresponding adamantyl and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives were inactive.
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Pandey S, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. A potential therapeutic role for aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:329-39. [PMID: 22283786 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.656198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldose reductase (AR) was initially thought to be involved in the secondary diabetic complications because of its glucose-reducing potential. However, evidence from recent studies indicates that AR is an excellent reducer of a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes as well as their glutathione conjugates, which regulate inflammatory signals initiated by oxidants such as cytokines, growth factors and bacterial endotoxins, and revealed the potential use of AR inhibition as an approach to prevent inflammatory complications. AREAS COVERED An extensive Internet and Medline search was performed to retrieve information on understanding the role of AR inhibition in the pathophysiology of endotoxin-mediated inflammatory disorders. Overall, inhibition of AR appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia, sepsis and other related inflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Current knowledge provides enough evidence to indicate that AR inhibition is a logical therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases. Since AR inhibitors have already gone to Phase III clinical studies for diabetic complications and found to be safe for human use, their use in endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases could be expedited. However, one of the major challenges will be the discovery of AR-regulated clinically relevant biomarkers to identify susceptible individuals at risk of developing inflammatory diseases, thereby warranting future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Pandey
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Galveston, TX 77555 , USA
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Takahashi K, Mizukami H, Kamata K, Inaba W, Kato N, Hibi C, Yagihashi S. Amelioration of acute kidney injury in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome by an aldose reductase inhibitor, fidarestat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30134. [PMID: 22253906 PMCID: PMC3257265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a fatal disease because of multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury is a serious complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and its genesis is still unclear posing a difficulty for an effective treatment. Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor is recently found to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac failure and its lethality. We studied the effects of AR inhibitor on LPS-induced acute kidney injury and its mechanism. Methods Mice were injected with LPS and the effects of AR inhibitor (Fidarestat 32 mg/kg) before or after LPS injection were examined for the mortality, severity of renal failure and kidney pathology. Serum concentrations of cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and their mRNA expressions in the lung, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. We also evaluated polyol metabolites in the kidney. Results Mortality rate within 72 hours was significantly less in LPS-injected mice treated with AR inhibitor both before (29%) and after LPS injection (40%) than untreated mice (90%). LPS-injected mice showed marked increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and cytokines, and AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the changes. LPS-induced acute kidney injury was associated with vacuolar degeneration and apoptosis of renal tubular cells as well as infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. With improvement of such pathological findings, AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the elevation of cytokine mRNA levels in multiple organs and renal sorbitol accumulation. Conclusion AR inhibitor treatment ameliorated LPS-induced acute kidney injury, resulting in the lowered mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kamata
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shoeb M, Yadav UCS, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Inhibition of aldose reductase prevents endotoxin-induced inflammation by regulating the arachidonic acid pathway in murine macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1686-96. [PMID: 21856412 PMCID: PMC3188329 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce release of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolic products, which play important roles in the inflammatory process. We have shown earlier that LPS-induced signals in macrophages are mediated by aldose reductase (AR). Here we have investigated the role of AR in LPS-induced release of AA metabolites and their modulation using a potent pharmacological inhibitor, fidarestat, and AR siRNA ablation in RAW264.7 macrophages and AR-knockout mouse peritoneal macrophages and heart tissue. Inhibition or genetic ablation of AR prevented the LPS-induced synthesis and release of AA metabolites such as PGE2, TXB, PGI2, and LTBs in macrophages. LPS-induced activation of cPLA2 was also prevented by AR inhibition. Similarly, AR inhibition also prevented the calcium ionophore A23187-induced cPLA2 and LTB4 in macrophages. Further, AR inhibition by fidarestat prevented the expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes such as COX-2 and LOX-5 in RAW264.7 cells and AR-knockout mouse-derived peritoneal macrophages. LPS-induced expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes and their catalyzed metabolic products was significantly lower in peritoneal macrophages and heart tissue from AR-knockout mice. LPS-induced activation of redox-sensitive signaling intermediates such as MAPKs, transcription factor NF-κB, and EGR-1, a transcriptional regulator of mPGES-1, which in collaboration with COX-2 leads to the production of PGE2, was also significantly prevented by AR inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that AR mediates LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the AA-metabolic pathway and thus provide a novel role for AR inhibition in preventing inflammatory complications such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kota V Ramana
- Correspondence: Kota V Ramana, PhD , Telephone (409)-772-2202, Fax: 409-772-9679 and mailing address: #6.614D BSB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA
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Yadav UCS, Shoeb M, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase deficiency protects from autoimmune- and endotoxin-induced uveitis in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8076-85. [PMID: 21911582 PMCID: PMC3208006 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of aldose reductase (AR) deficiency in protecting the chronic experimental autoimmune (EAU) and acute endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in c57BL/6 mice. METHODS The WT and AR-null (ARKO) mice were immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding peptide (hIRPB-1-20), to induce EAU, or were injected subcutaneously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg) to induce EIU. The mice were killed on day 21 for EAU and at 24 hours for EIU, when the disease was at its peak, and the eyes were immediately enucleated for histologic and biochemical studies. Spleen-derived T-lymphocytes were used to study the antigen-specific immune response in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In WT-EAU mice, severe damage to the retinal wall, especially to the photoreceptor layer was observed, corresponding to a pathologic score of ∼2, which was significantly prevented in the ARKO or AR inhibitor-treated mice. The levels of cytokines and chemokines increased markedly in the whole-eye homogenates of WT-EAU mice, but not in ARKO-EAU mice. Further, expression of inflammatory marker proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 was increased in the WT-EIU mouse eyes but not in the ARKO-EIU eyes. The T cells proliferated vigorously when exposed to the hIRPB antigen in vitro and secreted various cytokines and chemokines, which were significantly inhibited in the T cells isolated from the ARKO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AR-deficiency/inhibition protects against acute as well as chronic forms of ocular inflammatory complications such as uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C. S. Yadav
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammed Shoeb
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Satish K. Srivastava
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kota V. Ramana
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Yadav UCS, Shoeb M, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by aldose reductase inhibition in Lewis rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8033-41. [PMID: 21900376 PMCID: PMC3208000 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, the authors showed that the inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) prevents bacterial endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. They have now investigated the efficacy of AR inhibitors in the prevention of experimental autoimmune-induced uveitis (EAU) in rats. METHODS Lewis rats were immunized with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding peptide (IRBP) to develop EAU. Two or 8 days after immunization, the rats started receiving the AR inhibitor fidarestat (7 mg/kg/d; intraperitoneally). They were killed when the disease was at its peak; aqueous humor (AqH) was collected from one eye, and the other eye of each rat was used for histologic studies. The protein concentration and the levels of inflammatory markers were determined in AqH. Immunohistochemical analysis of eye sections was performed to determine the expression of inflammatory markers. The effect of AR inhibition on immune response was investigated in isolated T lymphocytes. RESULTS Immunization of rats by IRBP peptide resulted in a significant infiltration of leukocytes in the posterior and the anterior chambers of the eye. Further, EAU caused an increase in the concentration of proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in AqH, and the expression of inflammatory markers such as inducible-nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase-2 in the rat eye ciliary bodies and retina. Treatment with fidarestat significantly prevented the EAU-induced ocular inflammatory changes. AR inhibition also prevented the proliferation of spleen-derived T cells isolated from EAU rats in response to the IRBP antigen. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AR could be a novel mediator of bovine IRBP-induced uveitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C. S. Yadav
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mohammad Shoeb
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Satish K. Srivastava
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kota V. Ramana
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Scholz M, Steinhagen M, Heiker JT, Beck-Sickinger AG, Hey-Hawkins E. Asborin inhibits Aldo/Keto reductase 1A1. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:89-93. [PMID: 20967818 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Asborin is the carbaborane analogue of aspirin. Replacement of the phenyl ring in aspirin by ortho-carbaborane was found to change the pharmacological profile of the compound remarkably. Unlike aspirin, asborin cannot selectively acetylate a single serine residue in the active site of cyclooxygenase, and as a result inhibitory potency is reduced. Activation of the acetyl group and the presence of the hydrophobic and bulky cluster therefore did not meet the requirements for cyclooxygenase inhibition. Both features, however, match perfectly for inhibition of the aldo/keto reductase family. Herein, we describe the identification of aldo/keto reductase (AKR) 1A1 as an enzymatic target of asborin, which is inhibited in the low micromolar range. The detailed mode of inhibition was studied and is discussed with respect to the cluster properties. The results shed light on how ortho-carbaborane can be used as a drug synthon, as well as on the development of carbaborane-based inhibitors of other aldo/keto reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scholz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
In the past years aldose reductase (AKR1B1; AR) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cataractogenesis. Subsequently, a number of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested for diabetic complications. Although, these inhibitors have found to be safe for human use, they have not been successful at the clinical studies because of limited efficacy. Recently, the potential physiological role of AR has been reassessed from a different point of view. Diverse groups suggested that AR besides reducing glucose, also efficiently reduces oxidative stress-generated lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates. Since lipid aldehydes alter cellular signals by regulating the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP1, inhibition of AR could inhibit such events. Indeed, a wide array of recent experimental evidence indicates that the inhibition of AR prevents oxidative stress-induced activation of NF-kB and AP1 signals that lead to cell death or growth. Further, AR inhibitors have been shown to prevent inflammatory complications such as sepsis, asthma, colon cancer and uveitis in rodent animal models. The new experimental in-vitro and in-vivo data has provided a basis for investigating the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors in preventing other inflammatory complications than diabetes. This review describes how the recent studies have identified novel plethoric physiological and pathophysiological significance of AR in mediating inflammatory complications, and how the discovery of such new insights for this old enzyme could have considerable importance in envisioning potential new therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses oxidative stress-induced inflammatory disorders. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:330-8. [PMID: 21354119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced inflammation is a major contributor to several disease conditions including sepsis, carcinogenesis and metastasis, diabetic complications, allergic asthma, uveitis and after cataract surgery posterior capsular opacification. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and subsequent expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are characteristics of inflammatory disorders, we envisioned that by blocking the molecular signals of ROS that activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, various inflammatory diseases could be ameliorated. We have indeed demonstrated that ROS-induced lipid peroxidation-derived lipid aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and their glutathione-conjugates (e.g. GS-HNE) are efficiently reduced by aldose reductase to corresponding alcohols which mediate the inflammatory signals. Our results showed that inhibition of aldose reductase (AKR1B1) significantly prevented the inflammatory signals induced by cytokines, growth factors, endotoxins, high glucose, allergens and auto-immune reactions in cellular as well as animal models. We have demonstrated that AKR1B1 inhibitor, fidarestat, significantly prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-, growth factors-, lipopolysachharide (LPS)-, and environmental allergens-induced inflammatory signals that cause various inflammatory diseases. In animal models of inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, uveitis, asthma, and cancer (colon, breast, prostate and lung) and metastasis, inhibition of AKR1B1 significantly ameliorated the disease. Our results from various cellular and animal models representing a number of inflammatory conditions suggest that ROS-induced inflammatory response could be reduced by inhibition of AKR1B1, thereby decreasing the progression of the disease and if the therapy is initiated early, the disease could be eliminated. Since fidarestat has already undergone phase III clinical trial for diabetic neuropathy and found to be safe, though clinically not very effective, our results indicate that it can be developed for the therapy of a number of inflammation-related diseases. Our results thus offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of inflammatory diseases.
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Dunston CR, Griffiths HR, Lambert PA, Staddon S, Vernallis AB. Proteomic analysis of the anti-inflammatory action of minocycline. Proteomics 2010; 11:42-51. [PMID: 21182193 PMCID: PMC3430857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline possesses anti-inflammatory properties independently of its antibiotic activity although the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines and pro-inflammatory protein expression are reduced by minocycline in cultured macrophages. Here, we tested a range of clinically important tetracycline compounds (oxytetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline and tigecycline) and showed that they all inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production. We made the novel finding that tigecycline inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production to a greater extent than the other tetracycline compounds tested. To identify potential targets for minocycline, we assessed alterations in the macrophage proteome induced by LPS in the presence or absence of a minocycline pre-treatment using 2-DE and nanoLC-MS. We found a number of proteins, mainly involved in cellular metabolism (ATP synthase β-subunit and aldose reductase) or stress response (heat shock proteins), which were altered in expression in response to LPS, some of which were restored, at least in part, by minocycline. This is the first study to document proteomic changes induced by minocycline. The observation that minocycline inhibits some, but not all, of the LPS-induced proteomic changes shows that minocycline specifically affects some signalling pathways and does not completely inhibit macrophage activation.
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Obrosova IG, Maksimchyk Y, Pacher P, Agardh E, Smith ML, El-Remessy AB, Agardh CD. Evaluation of the aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat retina. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26:135-42. [PMID: 20514433 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm_00000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and pre-treatment with the potent and specific aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat on apoptosis, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase expression, sorbitol pathway intermediate concentrations, and oxidative-nitrosative stress. Female Wistar rats were pre-treated with either vehicle (N-methyl-D-glucamine) or fidarestat, 32 mg kg(-1) d(-1) for both, in the right jugular vein, for 3 consecutive days. A group of vehicle- and fidarestat-treated rats were subjected to 45-min retinal ischemia followed by 24-h reperfusion. Ischemia was induced 30 min after the last vehicle or fidarestat administration. Retinal IR resulted in a remarkable increase in retinal cell death. The number of TUNEL-positive nuclei increased 48-fold in the IR group compared with non-ischemic controls (p<0.01), and this increase was partially prevented by fidarestat. AR expression (Western blot analysis) increased by 19% in the IR group (p<0.05), and this increase was prevented by fidarestat. Sorbitol dehydrogenase and nitrated protein expressions were similar among all experimental groups. Retinal sorbitol concentrations tended to increase in the IR group but the difference with non-ischemic controls did not achieve statistical significance (p=0.08). Retinal fructose concentrations were 2.2-fold greater in the IR group than in the non-ischemic controls (p<0.05). Fidarestat pre-treatment of rats subjected to IR reduced retinal sorbitol concentration to the levels in non-ischemic controls. Retinal fructose concentrations were reduced by 41% in fidarestat-pre-treated IR group vs. untreated ischemic controls (p=0.0517), but remained 30% higher than in the non-ischemic control group. In conclusion, IR injury to rat retina is associated with a dramatic increase in cell death, elevated AR expression and sorbitol pathway intermediate accumulation. These changes were prevented or alleviated by the AR inhibitor fidarestat. The results identify AR as an important therapeutic target for diseases involving IR injury, and provide the rationale for development of fidarestat and other AR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Zhang LN, Zheng JJ, Zhang L, Gong X, Huang H, Wang CD, Wang B, Wu MJ, Li XH, Sun WJ, Liu YJ, Wan JY. Protective effects of asiaticoside on septic lung injury in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:519-25. [PMID: 20471230 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asiaticoside (AS), a major triterpenoid saponin component isolated from Centella asiatica, has been described to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to determine the protective effects and the underlying mechanisms of AS on septic lung injury induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were pretreated with the AS (45 mg/kg) or AS as well as GW9662 at 1h before CLP, the survival, lung injury, inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were determined 24 h after CLP. The results showed that AS significantly decreased CLP-induced the mortality, lung pathological damage, the infiltration of mononuclear, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes and total proteins. Moreover, AS inhibited CLP-induced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in lung tissues, and the production of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Interestingly, the expression of PPAR-γ protein in lung tissue was up-regulated by AS. Furthermore, GW9662 (the inhibitor of PPAR-γ) significantly reversed these beneficial effects of AS in septic mice. These findings suggest that AS could effectively protect from septic lung injury induced by CLP and the underlying mechanisms might be related to up-regulation of PPAR-γ expression to some extent, which inhibits MAPKs and NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-na Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road 1, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
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Hayashi C, Madrigal AG, Liu X, Ukai T, Goswami S, Gudino CV, Gibson FC, Genco CA. Pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis is mediated in part via Toll-like receptor 2-induced inflammatory responses. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:334-43. [PMID: 20505314 DOI: 10.1159/000314686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans have established that polymorphisms in genes encoding the innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with inflammatory atherosclerosis. In hyperlipidemic mice, TLR2 and TLR4 have been reported to contribute to atherosclerosis progression. Human and mouse studies support a role for the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis in atherosclerosis, although the mechanisms by which this pathogen stimulates inflammatory atherosclerosis via innate immune system activation is not known. Using a genetically defined apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mouse model we demonstrate that pathogen-mediated inflammatory atherosclerosis occurs via both TLR2-dependent and TLR2-independent mechanisms. P. gingivalis infection in mice possessing functional TLR2 induced the accumulation of macrophages as well as inflammatory mediators including CD40, IFN-gamma and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in atherosclerotic lesions. The expression of these inflammatory mediators was reduced in atherosclerotic lesions from P. gingivalis-infected TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice. These studies provide a mechanistic link between an innate immune receptor and pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis by a clinically and biologically relevant bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Sections of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Reddy ABM, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 3 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1039-45. [PMID: 20348015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages which play a central role in the injury, infection and sepsis, use glucose as their primary source of metabolic energy. Increased glucose uptake in inflammatory cells is well known to be one of the responsible processes that cause inflammatory response and cytotoxicity. We have shown recently that the inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) prevents bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in macrophages. However, it is not known how AR inhibition prevents LPS-induced inflammation. Here in, we examined the effect of AR inhibition on LPS-induced glucose uptake and the expression of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT-3) in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Stimulation of macrophages with LPS-increased glucose uptake as measured by using C(14) labeled methyl-d-glucose and inhibition of AR prevented it. Similarly, ablation of AR by using AR-siRNA also prevented the LPS-induced glucose uptake in macrophages. Further, AR inhibition also prevented the LPS-induced up-regulation of GLUT-3 expression, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activation in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, LPS-induced down-regulation of cAMP response element modulator (CREM), phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and DNA-binding of CREB were also prevented by AR inhibition. Further, inhibition of AR or PKA also prevented the LPS-induced levels of GLUT-3 protein as well as mRNA in macrophages. These results indicate that AR mediates LPS-induced glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporter-3 via cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and thus represents a novel mechanism by which AR regulates LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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