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Ma J, Wang X, Jia Y, Tan F, Yuan X, Du J. The roles of B cells in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Immunol 2024; 171:36-46. [PMID: 38763105 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Damage to the heart can start the repair process and cause cardiac remodeling. B cells play an important role in this process. B cells are recruited to the injured place and activate cardiac remodeling through secreting antibodies and cytokines. Different types of B cells showed specific functions in the heart. Among all types of B cells, heart-associated B cells play a vital role in the heart by secreting TGFβ1. B cells participate in the activation of fibroblasts and promote cardiac fibrosis. Four subtypes of B cells in the heart revealed the relationship between the B cells' heterogeneity and cardiac remodeling. Many cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are related to B cells. The primary mechanisms of these B cell-related activities will be discussed in this review, which may also suggest potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuewang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyan Tan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jianlin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Gu J, Zhou Z, Xu S, Pan W, Wang J, Liu O, Wang S, Xu J. Topical Application of Nitrate Ameliorates Skin Fibrosis by Regulating ST2 +CD4 + T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis Mouse Model. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01870-0. [PMID: 38945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.06.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by intractable multiorgan fibrosis caused by vascular and immune dysfunction. Currently, effective therapeutic options for patients with SSc are limited. Nitrate, an abundant nutrient in the diet, has been demonstrated to be preventative and therapeutic for several diseases. To determine whether nitrate can slow or reverse SSc progression, topical application of nitrate delivered by dissolving microneedles was used to treat a bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model. In this study, nitrate considerably attenuated dermal thickness, stiffness, and collagen deposition. Bulk RNA sequencing of skin revealed that Cd4 was a key hub gene in SSc nitrate therapy. In addition, bleomycin-induced cytokines and chemokines were inhibited by nitrate, and CD4+ T cells infiltration markedly declined. Il4, Il6, Il13, and Tgfb expressions in CD4+ T cells isolated from skin biopsies also significantly decreased. Mechanistically, Il1rl1, a type 2 immune response inducer, was markedly repressed in isolated CD4+ T cells and dermal tissues after nitrate treatment. Remarkably, compared with wild-type mice, mice lacking Il1rl1 showed impaired transcriptional profiles after intradermal bleomycin injection. Adoptive transfer of ST2+CD4+ T cells promoted bleomycin-induced Rag2-/- mice dermal fibrosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that nitrate targeting ST2+CD4+ T cells is an effective therapeutic option for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Gu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shihan Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research, Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care, Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Centre for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Homeostatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Research Units of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Junji Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Immunology Research Centre for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Periodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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3
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Cheng TY, Chen YC, Li SJ, Lin FJ, Lu YY, Lee TI, Lee TW, Higa S, Kao YH, Chen YJ. Interleukin-33/ST2 axis involvement in atrial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Transl Res 2024; 268:1-12. [PMID: 38244770 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33, a cytokine involved in immune responses, can activate its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), is elevated during atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in atrial arrhythmia is unclear. This study explored the pathological effects of the IL-33/ST2 axis on atrial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Patch clamping, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting were used to analyze the electrical characteristics of and protein activity in atrial myocytes (HL-1) treated with recombinant IL-33 protein and/or ST2-neutralizing antibodies for 48 hrs. Telemetric electrocardiographic recordings, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemistry staining of the atrium were performed in mice receiving tail vein injections with nonspecific immunoglobulin (control), IL-33, and IL-33 combined with anti-ST2 antibody for 2 weeks. IL-33-treated HL-1 cells had a reduced action potential duration, lower L-type Ca2+ current, greater sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content, increased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) current, elevation of K+ currents, and increased intracellular calcium transient. IL-33-treated HL-1 myocytes had greater activation of the calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) axis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) / NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling than did control cells. IL-33 treated cells also had greater expression of Nav1.5, Kv1.5, NCX, and NLRP3 than did control cells. Pretreatment with neutralizing anti-ST2 antibody attenuated IL-33-mediated activation of CaMKII/RyR2 and NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling. IL-33-injected mice had more atrial ectopic beats and increased AF episodes, greater atrial fibrosis, and elevation of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling than did controls or mice treated with IL-33 combined with anti-ST2 antibody. Thus, IL-33 recombinant protein treatment promotes atrial remodeling through ST2 signaling. Blocking the IL-33/ST2 axis might be an innovative therapeutic approach for patients with atrial arrhythmia and elevated serum IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Jung Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Jhih Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24257, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, 1199 Makiminato, Urasoe City, Okinawa 901-2131, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
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Witz A, Effertz D, Goebel N, Schwab M, Franke UFW, Torzewski M. Pro-Calcifying Role of Enzymatically Modified LDL (eLDL) in Aortic Valve Sclerosis via Induction of IL-6 and IL-33. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1091. [PMID: 37509127 PMCID: PMC10377083 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the contributors to atherogenesis is enzymatically modified LDL (eLDL). eLDL was detected in all stages of aortic valve sclerosis and was demonstrated to trigger the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), which has been identified as a pro-inflammatory protein in atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the influence of eLDL on IL-6 and IL-33 induction, and also the impact of eLDL on calcification in aortic valve stenosis (AS). eLDL upregulated phosphate-induced calcification in valvular interstitial cells (VICs)/myofibroblasts isolated from diseased aortic valves, as demonstrated by alizarin red staining. Functional studies demonstrated activation of p38 MAPK as well as an altered gene expression of osteogenic genes known to be involved in vascular calcification. In parallel with the activation of p38 MAPK, eLDL also induced upregulation of the cytokines IL-6 and IL-33. The results suggest a pro-calcifying role of eLDL in AS via induction of IL-6 and IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Witz
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Denise Effertz
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nora Goebel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich F W Franke
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Torzewski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
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Stephenson KE, Porte J, Kelly A, Wallace WA, Huntington CE, Overed-Sayer CL, Cohen ES, Jenkins RG, John AE. The IL-33:ST2 axis is unlikely to play a central fibrogenic role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:89. [PMID: 36949463 PMCID: PMC10035257 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease (ILD) with limited treatment options. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is proposed to play a role in the development of IPF however the exclusive use of prophylactic dosing regimens means that the therapeutic benefit of targeting this cytokine in IPF is unclear. METHODS IL-33 expression was assessed in ILD lung sections and human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) by immunohistochemistry and gene/protein expression and responses of HLFs to IL-33 stimulation measured by qPCR. In vivo, the fibrotic potential of IL-33:ST2 signalling was assessed using a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and therapeutic dosing with an ST2-Fc fusion protein. Lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for measurement of inflammatory and fibrotic endpoints. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) or IL-33 and fibrotic readouts assessed. RESULTS IL-33 was expressed by fibrotic fibroblasts in situ and was increased by TGFβ treatment in vitro. IL-33 treatment of HLFs did not induce IL6, CXCL8, ACTA2 and COL1A1 mRNA expression with these cells found to lack the IL-33 receptor ST2. Similarly, IL-33 stimulation had no effect on ACTA2, COL1A1, FN1 and fibronectin expression by PCLS. Despite having effects on inflammation suggestive of target engagement, therapeutic dosing with the ST2-Fc fusion protein failed to reduce BLM-induced fibrosis measured by hydroxyproline content or Ashcroft score. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings suggest the IL-33:ST2 axis does not play a central fibrogenic role in the lungs with therapeutic blockade of this pathway unlikely to surpass the current standard of care for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Stephenson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joanne Porte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aoife Kelly
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine L Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Interstitial lung disease unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alison E John
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Shaha A, Islam R, Tanaka N, Kashiwada Y, Fukui H, Takeda N, Kitamura Y, Mizuguchi H. Betuletol, a Propolis Component, Suppresses IL-33 Gene Expression and Effective against Eosinophilia. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175459. [PMID: 36080225 PMCID: PMC9457836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis, a resinous substance produced by honeybees, has been used in folk medicine since ancient times due to its many biological benefits such as antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Propolis contains flavonoids, terpenoids, aromatic aldehydes, and alcohols, which vary with different climate and environmental conditions. In our study, we examined the antiallergic activity of Brazilian green propolis (BGP) and isolated the active compound that can suppress an allergy-sensitive gene, IL-33, expression and eosinophilia. Ethanolic extract of BGP freeze-dried powder was fractionated with several solvent systems, and the active fractions were collected based on activity measurement. The single active compound was found by thin-layer chromatography. Using column chromatography and NMR, the active compound was isolated and identified as 3,5,7-trihydroxy-6,4’-dimethoxyflavone, also known as betuletol. Further, the antiallergic activity of that has been examined in PMA-induced up-regulation of IL-33 gene expression in Swiss 3T3 cells. Our data showed the IL-33 gene suppression both by BGP and the isolated active compound, betuletol. We also found that betuletol suppressed ERK phosphorylation, suggesting it could be effective in suppressing IL-33 mediated eosinophilic chronic inflammation and will provide new insights to develop potent therapeutics against allergic inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurpita Shaha
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Naonobu Tanaka
- Department of Parmacognosy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Department of Parmacognosy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukui
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
- Medical Corporation Kinshukai, Osaka 558-0011, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-721-24-9462
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7
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Wu X, Ming B, Wu T, Gao R, Hu P, Tang J, Zhong J, Zheng F, Dong L. IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to the dermal fibrosis of systemic sclerosis via promoting fibroblasts activation. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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IL-33/ST2 Activation Is involved in Ro60-Regulated Photosensitivity in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:4955761. [PMID: 35909659 PMCID: PMC9328989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4955761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 33 contributes to various inflammatory processes. IL-33/ST2 activation participates in systemic lupus erythematous via binding to the receptor of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 protein (ST2). However, whether IL-33/ST2 interferes with the nosogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) has not been reported so far. Herein, we proposed to disclose the impacts on IL-33/ST2 activation and Ro60 on CLE and their potential implications in the photosensitization of CLE cells. IL-33, ST2, and Ro60 in CLE patients' skin lesions were detected. Murine keratinocytes stimulated with or without IL-33 were irradiated by ultraviolet B (UVB), and the levels of Ro60 and inflammation markers were determined. Keratinocytes were cocultured with J774.2 macrophages and stimulated with IL-33 for analysis of chemostasis. The results identified that IL-33, ST2, and downstream inflammation markers were significantly upregulated in CLE lesions with Ro60 overexpression. Additionally, IL-33 treatment promoted the upregulation of Ro60 induced by UVB treatment in murine keratinocytes. Moreover, IL-33 stimulates keratinocytes to induce macrophage migration via enhancing the generation of the chemokine (C–C motif) ligands 17 and 22. Meanwhile, the silencing of ST2 or nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) suppression abolished IL-33-induced upregulation of Ro60 in keratinocytes. Similarly, the inhibition of SOX17 expression was followed by downregulation of Ro60 in keratinocytes following IL-33 stimulation. In addition, UVB irradiation upregulated SOX17 in keratinocytes. Conclusively, the IL-33/ST2 axis interferes with Ro60-regulated photosensitization via activating the NF-κB- and PI3K/Akt- and SOX17-related pathways.
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9
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Chade AR, Engel JE, Hall ME, Eirin A, Bidwell GL. Intrarenal modulation of NF-κB activity attenuates cardiac injury in a swine model of CKD: a renal-cardio axis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F411-F423. [PMID: 34396789 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00158.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high cardiovascular mortality. CKD and heart failure (HF) coexist in up to 50% of patients, and both associate with inflammation. We aimed to define the cardiac phenotype of a novel swine model of CKD and test the hypothesis that inflammation of renal origin propels the development of precursors of HF in CKD. CKD was induced in 14 pigs, which were followed for 14 wk. Renal (multidetector computed tomography) and cardiac (echocardiography) hemodynamics were quantified before and 8 wk after single intrarenal administration of placebo or a biopolymer-fused peptide inhibitor of NF-κB that blocks NF-κB activity and decreases inflammatory activity (SynB1-ELP-p50i). Blood was collected to quantify cytokines (TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukins), markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein), and biomarkers of HF (atrial and brain natriuretic peptides). Pigs were then euthanized, and kidneys and hearts were studied ex vivo. Normal pigs were used as time-matched controls. Renal dysfunction in CKD was accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, increased renal and cardiac expression of TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukins, canonical and noncanonical mediators of NF-κB signaling, circulating inflammatory factors, and biomarkers of HF. Notably, most of these changes were improved after intrarenal SynB1-SynB1-ELP-p50i, although cardiac inflammatory signaling remained unaltered. The translational traits of this model support its use as a platform to test novel technologies to protect the kidney and heart in CKD. A targeted inhibition of renal NF-κB signaling improves renal and cardiac function, suggesting an inflammatory renal-cardio axis underlying early HF pathophysiology in CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This work supports the role of inflammatory cytokines of renal origin in renal-cardio pathophysiology in CKD and that the heart may be a target. Furthermore, it supports the feasibility of a new strategy in a translational fashion, using targeted inhibition of renal NF-κB signaling to offset the development of cardiac injury in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, grid.410721.1University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jason E Engel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, grid.410721.1University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, grid.410721.1University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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10
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Tan R, Yu H, Han X, Liu Y, Yang X, Xia YL, Yin X. Circulating Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 Predicts Recurrence After Radiofrequency Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:653312. [PMID: 34222362 PMCID: PMC8245690 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.653312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A more extensively fibrotic left atrium contributes to atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence, persistence, and recurrence. The soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) has emerged as a ventricular fibrotic biomarker for patients with heart failure. The present study is to investigate associations between circulating sST2 and risk of recurrence after ablation in AF patients. Methods: We measured the baseline plasma level of sST2 from patients with persistent AF (n = 117) and paroxysmal AF (n = 93) patients. Patients were followed up for 15 months after ablation. The relationship between circulating sST2 and recurrence was assessed by multivariable Cox regression. The cutoff value of sST2 was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve. The relationship between baseline sST2 level and left atrial volume index (LAVI) was assessed by multivariate linear regression analysis. Serial sST2 measurements were also conducted after 24 h, 6 months, and 15 months of ablation. ST2 localization was examined in left atrial appendages of persistent AF patients by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: Baseline sST2 positively associated with LAVI in the persistent AF group, and elevated sST2 (≥39.25 ng/ml) independently increased the risk of recurrence after ablation (area under the curve = 0.748), with hazard ratio of 1.038 (95% confidence interval 1.017–1.060, P < 0.001) when adjusted for co-variables. In contrast, elevated sST2 cannot predict recurrence in paroxysmal AF. Conclusions: In persistent AF patients, increased sST2 serves as a marker of recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. Patients with sST2 ≥ 39.25 ng/ml are more likely to develop recurrence within a year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Haixu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yun-Long Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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11
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Garcia-Pena A, Ibarrola J, Navarro A, Sadaba A, Tiraplegui C, Garaikoetxea M, Arrieta V, Matilla L, Fernández-Celis A, Sadaba R, Alvarez V, Gainza A, Jover E, López-Andrés N. Activation of the Interleukin-33/ST2 Pathway Exerts Deleterious Effects in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052310. [PMID: 33669101 PMCID: PMC7956196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a frequent cause of heart failure and death worldwide, but its etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. Interleukin (IL)-33 regulates inflammation and thrombosis in the vascular endothelium and may play a role in the atherosclerotic process, but its role in mitral valve has not been investigated. We aim to explore IL-33 as a possible inductor of myxomatous degeneration in human mitral valves. We enrolled 103 patients suffering from severe mitral regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration undergoing mitral valve replacement. Immunohistochemistry of the resected leaflets showed IL-33 and ST2 expression in both valve interstitial cells (VICs) and valve endothelial cells (VECs). Positive correlations were found between the levels of IL-33 and molecules implicated in the development of myxomatous MVD, such as proteoglycans, extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors), inflammatory and fibrotic markers. Stimulation of single cell cultures of VICs and VECs with recombinant human IL-33 induced the expression of activated VIC markers, endothelial–mesenchymal transition of VECs, proteoglycan synthesis, inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix turnover. Our findings suggest that the IL-33/ST2 system may be involved in the development of myxomatous MVD by enhancing extracellular matrix remodeling.
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12
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Jiang L, Shao Y, Tian Y, Ouyang C, Wang X. Nuclear Alarmin Cytokines in Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7206451. [PMID: 33344656 PMCID: PMC7732391 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7206451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are some nonspecific and highly conserved molecular structures of exogenous specific microbial pathogens, whose products can be recognized by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on innate immune cells and induce an inflammatory response. Under physiological stress, activated or damaged cells might release some endogenous proteins that can also bind to PRR and cause a harmful aseptic inflammatory response. These endogenous proteins were named damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins. Indeed, alarmins can also play a beneficial role in the tissue repair in certain environments. Besides, some alarmin cytokines have been reported to have both nuclear and extracellular effects. This group of proteins includes high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-33, IL-1α, IL-1F7b, and IL-16. In this article, we review the involvement of nuclear alarmins such as HMGB1, IL-33, and IL-1α under physiological state or stress state and suggest a novel activity of these molecules as central initiators in the development of sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yijia Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Changsheng Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Geriatric Medical Center, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, China
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13
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Wang Y, Su H, Yan M, Zhang L, Tang J, Li Q, Gu X, Gong Q. Interleukin-33 Promotes Cell Survival via p38 MAPK-Mediated Interleukin-6 Gene Expression and Release in Pediatric AML. Front Immunol 2020; 11:595053. [PMID: 33324412 PMCID: PMC7726021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of immature myeloid blasts in the bone marrow (BM). Cytokine provide signals for leukemia cells to improve their survival in the BM microenvironment. Previously, we identified interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a promoter of cell survival in a human AML cell line and primary mouse leukemia cells. In this study, we report that the cell surface expression of IL-33–specific receptor, Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1 (IL1RL1), is elevated in BM cells from AML patients at diagnosis, and the serum level of IL-33 in AML patients is higher than that of healthy donor controls. Moreover, IL-33 levels are found to be positively associated with IL-6 levels in pediatric patients with AML. In vitro, IL-33 treatment increased IL-6 mRNA expression and protein level in BM and peripheral blood (PB) cells from AML patients. Evidence was also provided that IL-33 inhibits cell apoptosis by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway using human AML cell line and AML patient samples. Finally, we confirmed that IL-33 activated IL-6 expression in a manner that required p38 MAPK pathway using clinical AML samples. Taken together, we identified a potential mechanism of IL-33–mediated survival involving p38 MAPK in pediatric AML patients that would facilitate future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muxia Yan
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanxin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Clinical Biological Resource Bank and Clinical Lab, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different myocardial conditions. Fibrosis may reflect activation of reparative or maladaptive processes. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the central cellular effectors in cardiac fibrosis, serving as the main source of matrix proteins. Immune cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also acquire a fibrogenic phenotype under conditions of stress, activating fibroblast populations. Fibrogenic growth factors (such as transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factors), cytokines [including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4], and neurohumoral pathways trigger fibrogenic signalling cascades through binding to surface receptors, and activation of downstream signalling cascades. In addition, matricellular macromolecules are deposited in the remodelling myocardium and regulate matrix assembly, while modulating signal transduction cascades and protease or growth factor activity. Cardiac fibroblasts can also sense mechanical stress through mechanosensitive receptors, ion channels and integrins, activating intracellular fibrogenic cascades that contribute to fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Although subpopulations of fibroblast-like cells may exert important protective actions in both reparative and interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, ultimately fibrotic changes perturb systolic and diastolic function, and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias. This review article discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis in various myocardial diseases, including myocardial infarction, heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, genetic cardiomyopathies, and diabetic heart disease. Development of fibrosis-targeting therapies for patients with myocardial diseases will require not only understanding of the functional pluralism of cardiac fibroblasts and dissection of the molecular basis for fibrotic remodelling, but also appreciation of the pathophysiologic heterogeneity of fibrosis-associated myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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Yangngam S, Thongchot S, Pongpaibul A, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Pinlaor S, Thuwajit P, Okada S, Hermoso MA, Thuwajit C. High level of interleukin-33 in cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts correlates with good prognosis and suppressed migration in cholangiocarcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:6571-6581. [PMID: 33046978 PMCID: PMC7545672 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) promotes cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) genesis in a mouse model, however, its function in human CCA has not been clearly understood. This study was aimed to investigate IL-33 level in CCA tissues and its clinicopathological correlations. The results revealed that IL-33 was found in both cancer cells and stromal cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) staining patterns which were divided into high (CH) and low level (CL) in cancer cells; and presence (FP) and absence (FA) in CAFs. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in the CL group were significantly correlated with a short 2-year survival time (P = 0.027). The CL/FP group had a shorter survival time compared to the other groups with statistical significance for 2-year (P = 0.030) and 5-year (P = 0.023) survivals. In contrast, CH/FP patients had significantly greater 2-year (P = 0.003) and 5-year (P = 0.003) survivals. Univariate and multivariate analysis confirmed that CL/FP was a significantly independent risk factor whereas CH/FP was a significant protective factor in CCA patients. High IL-33 expressing CCA cells had low migration, but they showed increased migration when IL-33 expression was knocked down. The low level of recombinant human IL-33 (rhIL-33) (0.002 - 2 ng/ml) could promote CCA cell migration, in contrast to the suppressive effect at a high dose (20 - 200 ng/ml). In conclusion, the combination of high IL-33 level in cancer cells and CAFs is a potentially good prognosis marker in CCA patients. The in vitro migration suppressive effect of IL-33 may be the potential mechanism supporting its role as a good prognostic marker in CCA patients. The obtained results strengthen IL-33 as a promising predictor and therapeutic target for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Yangngam
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suyanee Thongchot
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University 10700, Thailand
| | - Ananya Pongpaibul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL 8380453 Chile
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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16
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Janikowska G, Kurzeja E, Janikowski M, Strzałka-Mrozik B, Pyka-Pająk A, Janikowski T. The Effect of Cyclosporine A on Dermal Fibroblast Cell - Transcriptomic Analysis of Inflammatory Response Pathway. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1213-1223. [PMID: 32297577 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first immunosuppressive drug - cyclosporine A (CsA) has many unquestioned merits in maintaining organ transplants in patients, as well as, in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases, also associated with cutaneous manifestations. The main task of this drug is to suppress the inflammatory response at the sites of action, which is not well known. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of CsA in therapeutic concentration on the expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response pathway in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF; CC-2511), and this study attempted to determine the mechanism of its action. METHODS The cytotoxicity MTT test was performed. The expression of the inflammatory response pathway genes was determined using HG-U133A_2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Statistical analysis was performed by GeneSpring 13.0 software using the PL-Grid platform. RESULTS Among the 5,300 mRNA, only 573 were changed significantly in response to CsA compared to the control fibroblasts (P≤0.05). CsA inhibited the expression of most genes associated with the inflammatory response in NHDFs. There were only 19 genes with a fold change (FC) lower than -2.0, among which EGR1, FOS, PBK, CDK1 and TOP2A had the lowest expression, as did CXCL2 which can directly impact inflammation. Furthermore, ZNF451 was strongly induced, and COL1A1, COL3A1, IL33, TNFRSFs were weakly up-regulated (FC lower than 2.0). CONCLUSION The CsA in therapeutic concentration influences the genes linked to the inflammatory response (in the transcriptional level) in human dermal fibroblasts. The findings suggest that the potential mechanism of CsA action in this concentration and on these genes can be associated with a profibrotic and proapoptotic, and genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Janikowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurzeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Janikowski
- Student Scientific Club at the Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Alina Pyka-Pająk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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17
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Kotsiou OS, Gourgoulianis KI, Zarogiannis SG. IL-33/ST2 Axis in Organ Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2432. [PMID: 30405626 PMCID: PMC6207585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in immunity and cell homeostasis by promoting wound healing and tissue repair. However, it is also involved in the loss of balance between extensive inflammation and tissue regeneration lead to remodeling, the hallmark of fibrosis. The aim of the current review is to critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis. The role of the axis in tissue remodeling is better understood considering its crucial role reported in organ development and regeneration. Generally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has mainly anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative effects; however, chronic tissue injury is responsible for pro-fibrogenetic responses. Regarding pulmonary fibrosis mature IL-33 enhances pro-fibrogenic type 2 cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner, while full-length IL-33 is also implicated in the pulmonary fibrotic process in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent fashion. In liver fibrosis, evidence indicate that when acute and massive liver damage occurs, the release of IL-33 might act as an activator of tissue-protective mechanisms, while in cases of chronic injury IL-33 plays the role of a hepatic fibrotic factor. IL-33 signaling has also been involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, IL-33 could be used as an early marker for ulcer-associated activated fibroblasts and myofibroblast trans-differentiation; thus one cannot rule out its potential role in inflammatory bowel disease-associated fibrosis. Similarly, the upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axismay contribute to tubular cell injury and fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of various cell types in the kidneys. Of note, IL-33 exerts a cardioprotective role via ST2 signaling, while soluble ST2 has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, IL-33 is a crucial cytokine in skin pathology responsible for abnormal fibroblast proliferation, leukocyte infiltration and morphologic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Overall, emerging data support a novel contribution of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue fibrosis and highlight the significant role of the Th2 pattern of immune response in the pathophysiology of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
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18
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Altara R, Ghali R, Mallat Z, Cataliotti A, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Conflicting vascular and metabolic impact of the IL-33/sST2 axis. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 114:1578-1594. [PMID: 29982301 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33), which is expressed by several immune cell types, endothelial and epithelial cells, and fibroblasts, is a cytokine of the IL-1 family that acts both intra- and extracellularly to either enhance or resolve the inflammatory response. Intracellular IL-33 acts in the nucleus as a regulator of transcription. Once released from cells by mechanical stress, inflammatory cytokines, or necrosis, extracellular IL-33 is proteolytically processed to act in an autocrine/paracrine manner as an 'alarmin' on neighbouring or various immune cells expressing the ST2 receptor. Thus, IL-33 may serve an important role in tissue preservation and repair in response to injury; however, the actions of IL-33 are dampened by a soluble form of ST2 (sST2) that acts as a decoy receptor and is produced by endothelial and certain immune cells. Accumulating evidence supports the conclusion that sST2 is a biomarker of vascular health with diagnostic and/or prognostic value in various cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, giant-cell arteritis, acute aortic dissection, and ischaemic stroke, as well as obesity and diabetes. Although sST2 levels are positively associated with cardiovascular disease severity, the assumption that IL-33 is always beneficial is naïve. It is increasingly appreciated that the pathophysiological importance of IL-33 is highly dependent on cellular and temporal expression. Although IL-33 is atheroprotective and may prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes by regulating lipid metabolism, IL-33 appears to drive endothelial inflammation. Here, we review the current knowledge of the IL-33/ST2/sST2 signalling network and discuss its pathophysiological and translational implications in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Altara
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Building 7, 4th floor, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Rana Ghali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut & Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut-Lebanon
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm), Unit 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Cataliotti
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, University of Oslo, Building 7, 4th floor, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, Norway
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut & Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Riad El-Solh, Beirut-Lebanon
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19
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Bageghni SA, Hemmings KE, Zava N, Denton CP, Porter KE, Ainscough JFX, Drinkhill MJ, Turner NA. Cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAP kinase promotes cardiac hypertrophy via a putative paracrine interleukin-6 signaling mechanism. FASEB J 2018; 32:4941-4954. [PMID: 29601781 PMCID: PMC6629170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701455rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAPK contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Our study used a novel fibroblast-specific, tamoxifen-inducible p38α knockout (KO) mouse line to characterize the role of fibroblast p38α in modulating cardiac hypertrophy, and we elucidated the mechanism. Myocardial injury was induced in tamoxifen-treated Cre-positive p38α KO mice or control littermates via chronic infusion of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. Cardiac function was assessed by pressure-volume conductance catheter analysis and was evaluated for cardiac hypertrophy at tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Isoproterenol infusion in control mice promoted overt cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction (reduced ejection fraction, increased end systolic volume, increased cardiac weight index, increased cardiomyocyte area, increased fibrosis, and up-regulation of myocyte fetal genes and hypertrophy-associated microRNAs). Fibroblast-specific p38α KO mice exhibited marked protection against myocardial injury, with isoproterenol-induced alterations in cardiac function, histology, and molecular markers all being attenuated. In vitro mechanistic studies determined that cardiac fibroblasts responded to damaged myocardium by secreting several paracrine factors known to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, including IL-6, whose secretion was dependent upon p38α activity. In conclusion, cardiac fibroblast p38α contributes to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction, potentially via a mechanism involving paracrine fibroblast-to-myocyte IL-6 signaling.-Bageghni, S. A., Hemmings, K. E., Zava, N., Denton, C. P., Porter, K. E., Ainscough, J. F. X., Drinkhill, M. J., Turner, N. A. Cardiac fibroblast-specific p38α MAP kinase promotes cardiac hypertrophy via a putative paracrine interleukin-6 signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumia A. Bageghni
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karen E. Hemmings
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ngonidzashe Zava
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Justin F. X. Ainscough
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark J. Drinkhill
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
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20
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Weiskirchen R, Weiskirchen S, Tacke F. Organ and tissue fibrosis: Molecular signals, cellular mechanisms and translational implications. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:2-15. [PMID: 29958900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis denotes excessive scarring, which exceeds the normal wound healing response to injury in many tissues. Although the extracellular matrix deposition appears unstructured disrupting the normal tissue architecture and subsequently impairing proper organ function, fibrogenesis is a highly orchestrated process determined by defined sequences of molecular signals and cellular response mechanisms. Persistent injury and parenchymal cell death provokes tissue inflammation, macrophage activation and immune cell infiltration. The release of biologically highly active soluble mediators (alarmins, cytokines, chemokines) lead to the local activation of collagen producing mesenchymal cells such as pericytes, myofibroblasts or Gli1 positive mesenchymal stem cell-like cells, to a transition of various cell types into myofibroblasts as well as to the recruitment of fibroblast precursors. Clinical observations and experimental models highlighted that fibrosis is not a one-way road. Specific mechanistic principles of fibrosis regression involve the resolution of chronic tissue injury, the shift of inflammatory processes towards recovery, deactivation of myofibroblasts and finally fibrolysis of excess matrix scaffold. The thorough understanding of common principles of fibrogenic molecular signals and cellular mechanisms in various organs - such as liver, kidney, lung, heart or skin - is the basis for developing improved diagnostics including biomarkers or imaging techniques and novel antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Dept. of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Germany.
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21
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Pinto SM, Subbannayya Y, Rex DAB, Raju R, Chatterjee O, Advani J, Radhakrishnan A, Keshava Prasad TS, Wani MR, Pandey A. A network map of IL-33 signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:615-624. [PMID: 29705949 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that play a central role in the regulation of immune responses. Its release from epithelial and endothelial cells is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell damage and by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activity of IL-33 is mediated by binding to the IL-33 receptor complex (IL-33R) and activation of NF-κB signaling via the classical MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6 module. IL-33 also induces the phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and PI3K/AKT signaling modules resulting in the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aberrant signaling by IL-33 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis among others. Considering the biomedical importance of IL-33, we developed a pathway resource of signaling events mediated by IL-33/IL-33R in this study. Using data mined from the published literature, we describe an integrated pathway reaction map of IL-33/IL-33R consisting of 681 proteins and 765 reactions. These include information pertaining to 19 physical interaction events, 740 enzyme catalysis events, 6 protein translocation events, 4 activation/inhibition events, 9 transcriptional regulators and 2492 gene regulation events. The pathway map is publicly available through NetPath ( http://www.netpath.org /), a resource of human signaling pathways developed previously by our group. This resource will provide a platform to the scientific community in facilitating identification of novel therapeutic targets for diseases associated with dysregulated IL-33 signaling. Database URL: http://www.netpath.org/pathways?path_id=NetPath_120 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha M Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India. .,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - D A B Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Computational Biology Group, Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Mohan R Wani
- National Centre for Cell Science, S.P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India. .,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733, N Broadway, MRB 527, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Eissmann MF, Dijkstra C, Wouters MA, Baloyan D, Mouradov D, Nguyen PM, Davalos-Salas M, Putoczki TL, Sieber OM, Mariadason JM, Ernst M, Masson F. Interleukin 33 Signaling Restrains Sporadic Colon Cancer in an Interferon-γ-Dependent Manner. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:409-421. [PMID: 29463593 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL33) is an inflammatory cytokine released during necrotic cell death. The epithelium and stroma of the intestine express large amounts of IL33 and its receptor St2. IL33 is therefore continuously released during homeostatic turnover of the intestinal mucosa. Although IL33 can prevent colon cancer associated with inflammatory colitis, the contribution of IL33 signaling to sporadic colon cancer remains unknown. Here, we utilized a mouse model of sporadic colon cancer to investigate the contribution of IL33 signaling to tumorigenesis in the absence of preexisting inflammation. We demonstrated that genetic ablation of St2 enhanced colon tumor development. Conversely, administration of recombinant IL33 reduced growth of colon cancer cell allografts. In reciprocal bone marrow chimeras, the concurrent loss of IL33 signaling within radioresistant nonhematopoietic, and the radiosensitive hematopoietic, compartments was associated with increased tumor burden. We detected St2 expression within the radioresistant mesenchymal cell compartment of the colon whose stimulation with IL33 induced expression of bona fide NF-κB target genes. Mechanistically, we discovered that St2 deficiency within the nonhematopoietic compartment coincided with increased abundance of regulatory T cells and suppression of an IFNγ gene expression signature, whereas IL33 administration triggered IFNγ expression by tumor allograft-infiltrating T cells. The decrease of this IFNγ gene expression signature was associated with more aggressive disease in human colon cancer patients, suggesting that lack of IL33 signaling impaired the generation of a potent IFNγ-mediated antitumor immune response. Collectively, our data reveal that IL33 functions as a tumor suppressor in sporadic colon cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(4); 409-21. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F Eissmann
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Dijkstra
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Merridee A Wouters
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Baloyan
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul M Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mercedes Davalos-Salas
- Oncogenic Transcription Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Oncogenic Transcription Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Frederick Masson
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Interleukin-33 levels are elevated in chronic allograft dysfunction of kidney transplant recipients and promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition of human kidney (HK-2) cells. Gene 2017; 644:113-121. [PMID: 29122645 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the potential role of interleukin (IL)-33 in transplanted kidney interstitial fibrosis and the associated mechanism. Serum IL-33 levels were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in healthy volunteers, stable kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) (stable), KTRs with acute rejection (AR), and KTRs with chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) (CAD). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of IL-33 in human kidney tissues obtained from control and CAD patients. In addition, human kidney (HK)-2 cells were treated with human IL-33 at different doses or intervals, and the markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assessed by the presence of proteins and mRNA extracted from these cells using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Cell motility and migration were evaluated with a cell motility and migration assay. The mechanism involved in EMT induced by IL-33 was investigated by Western blot. Finally, fibronectin, E-cadherin, and α-SMA expression, as well as the level of activity in the MAPK signaling pathway in the kidney tissues from the control and CAD group were also detected using a Western blot and an IHC staining assay. The intensity of fibrosis was substantially higher in the CAD group. IL-33 was significantly upregulated in the CAD patients compared to the control group. In vitro, IL-33 could induce EMT in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner and promoted both the cellular motility and migration capabilities of HK-2 cells. Moreover, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of EMT induced by IL-33, which was consistent with the in vivo results of the kidney specimens from the control and CAD patients. IL-33 was upregulated in CAD patients and could promote EMT of HK-2 cells.
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24
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Wounds that heal and wounds that don't - The role of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue repair and tumorigenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:41-50. [PMID: 27521518 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. IL-33 is predominantly located within the nucleus of cells where it plays a role in gene regulation. Given the right combination of signals and cellular damage, stored IL-33 is released from the cell where it can interact with its receptor ST2, triggering danger-associated responses and act as a cellular "alarmin". Whilst IL-33/ST2 signalling has been shown to induce potent pro-inflammatory responses that can be detrimental in certain disease states, a dichotomous, protective role of IL-33 in promoting wound healing has also emerged in multiple tissues types. This review will explore the current literature concerning this homeostatic role of IL-33/ST2 in tissue repair and also review its role in uncontrolled wound responses as seen in both fibrosis and tumorigenesis.
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25
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Borthwick LA. The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:517-34. [PMID: 27001429 PMCID: PMC4896974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 cytokine family comprises 11 members (7 ligands with agonist activity, 3 receptor antagonists and 1 anti-inflammatory cytokine) and is recognised as a key mediator of inflammation and fibrosis in multiple tissues including the lung. IL-1 targeted therapies have been successfully employed to treat a range of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis. This review will introduce the members of the IL-1 cytokine family, briefly discuss the cellular origins and cellular targets and provide an overview of the role of these molecules in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Borthwick
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, 4th Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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26
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Saadah OI, Al-Harthi SE, Al-Mughales JA, Bin-Taleb YY, Baeshen RS. Serum Interleukin-33 level in Saudi children with inflammatory bowel disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:16000-16006. [PMID: 26884875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-1 family and has been shown to be associated with mucosal inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the serum level of IL-33 in children with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and to correlate the level with the disease progression. In this cross sectional prospective study, we enrolled 50 children with IBD from KAUH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and 34 healthy control subjects between June 2012 and December 2012. Serum IL-33 was assessed by ELISA and CRP by immunonephelometric assay. Results from our study showed 32 CD and 18 UC patients included. The median age was 13.5 years for CD patients, 11.9 years for UC patients and 11.2 years for controls. Females constituted 53%, 66.7% and 59% of CD, UC and control subjects respectively. The median serum IL-33 in UC patients of 55.5 pg/mL was significantly higher than the median IL-33 level of 41 pg/mL in the healthy control (P=0.04) but no significant difference was found between the median IL-33 level in the sera of CD and the control group (P=0.7). A higher median IL-33 level was also found in active disease (P=0.03). In our cohort, the serum level of IL-33 was positively correlated with hs-CRP (r=0.48, P < 0.001). To conclude, our results support that serum IL-33 level is increased in children with UC as compared with control. Serum level is correlated with the disease activity; therefore it could be used as a potential biomarker for monitoring the severity of the disease in children with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar I Saadah
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology / Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer E Al-Harthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil A Al-Mughales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagoub Y Bin-Taleb
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology / Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Baeshen
- Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by complex multicellular alterations, such as cardiomyocyte growth, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation. The heart consists of myocytes and nonmyocytes, such as fibroblasts, vascular cells, and blood cells, and these cells communicate with each other directly or indirectly via a variety of autocrine or paracrine mediators. Accumulating evidence has suggested that nonmyocytes actively participate in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, recent progress in our understanding of the importance of nonmyocytes as a hub for induction of cardiac hypertrophy is summarized with an emphasis of the contribution of noncontact communication mediated by diffusible factors between cardiomyocytes and nonmyocytes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kamo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., H.A., I.K.); and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (H.A., I.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., H.A., I.K.); and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (H.A., I.K.)
| | - Issei Komuro
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., H.A., I.K.); and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan (H.A., I.K.)
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28
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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30
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Liu WJ, Yang YT, Zhao MQ, Dong XY, Gou HC, Pei JJ, Chen JD. PKR activation enhances replication of classical swine fever virus in PK-15 cells. Virus Res 2015; 204:47-57. [PMID: 25899421 PMCID: PMC7114430 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CSFV infection triggers PKR and eIF2α protein phosphorylation. PKR overexpression stimulates viral replication. PKR depletion blocks eIF2α phosphorylation and suppresses viral replication. PKR depletion increases IFN-β, and enhances the antiviral effect of IFN.
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine disease that is responsible for economic losses worldwide. Protein kinase R (PK)R is an important protein in the host viral response; however, the role of PKR in CSFV infection remains unknown. This issue was addressed in the present study using the PK-15 swine kidney cell line. We found that CSFV infection increased the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)2α and its kinase PKR. However, the expression of viral proteins continued to increase. Furthermore, PKR overexpression enhanced CSFV replication, while PKR inhibition resulted in reduced CSFV replication and an increase in interferon (IFN) induction. In addition, PKR was responsible for eIF2α phosphorylation in CSFV-infected cells. These results suggest that the activation of PKR during CSFV infection is beneficial to the virus. The virus is able to commandeer the host cell's translation machinery for viral protein synthesis while evading innate immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You-Tian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming-Qiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong-Chao Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing-Jing Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin-Ding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu Shan Road, Tian He District, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Gao Q, Li Y, Li M. The potential role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in fibrotic diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:15-22. [PMID: 25881899 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-012r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, a new member of the IL-1F, is widely expressed throughout the body and can be up-regulated by stimulation with proinflammatory factors. It has been identified as a functional ligand for the plasma membrane receptor complex that is a heterodimer consisting of membrane-bound ST2L, which is a member of the IL-1R family, and IL-1RAcP. IL-33 is crucial for the induction of Th2 immune responses. Additionally, under other circumstances, it can also act as an endogenous danger signal. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that IL-33 may be related to the development and progression of fibrotic diseases. It has proinflammatory effects in some fibrotic diseases but has anti-inflammatory effects in others. In this review, the biologic characteristics of IL-33 and the role of the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in various fibrotic diseases will be discussed. We hope this overview will provide new insights for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Mingcai Li
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
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32
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Vallejo-Vaz AJ. Novel Biomarkers in Heart Failure Beyond Natriuretic Peptides - The Case for Soluble ST2. Eur Cardiol 2015; 10:37-41. [PMID: 30310421 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2015.10.01.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more effective management of heart failure over the past few decades, its burden as a chronic disease has grown and is expected to continue to rise, representing a major health problem for years to come. Having reliable tools for early diagnosis and risk stratification can help managing the condition more efficiently. In this context, the interest for biomarkers has increased considerably in the last years following the useful clinical role of B-type natriuretic peptides. These biomarkers have been extensively studied and have become established diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in heart failure. Despite their usefulness, limitations still remain a problem in clinical practice and the search for new biomarkers has therefore continued. Amongst the most promising newer biomarkers, soluble ST2 deserves further consideration. The present review will focus on the role of this new biomarker in the context of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Vallejo-Vaz
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
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33
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Yi X, Li X, Zhou Y, Ren S, Wan W, Feng G, Jiang X. Hepatocyte growth factor regulates the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation and secretory function of cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:381-90. [PMID: 24840640 PMCID: PMC4094591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and transformation into myofibroblasts play important roles in cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an antifibrotic factor in the process of pulmonary, renal and liver fibrosis, is a negative regulator of cardiac fibroblast transformation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). HGF expression levels were significantly reduced in the CFs following treatment with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h. The overexpression of HGF suppressed the proliferation, transformation and the secretory function of the CFs following treatment with TGF-β1, as indicated by the attenuated expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I and III, whereas the knockdown of HGF had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we identified that the phosphorylation of c-Met, Akt and total protein of TGIF was significantly inhibited by the knockdown of HGF, but was significantly enhanced by HGF overexpression. Collectively, these results indicate that HGF activates the c-Met-Akt-TGIF signaling pathway, inhibiting CF proliferation and transformation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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34
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Yu SL, Wong CK, Tam LS. The alarmin functions of high-mobility group box-1 and IL-33 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:739-49. [PMID: 23971752 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.814428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
'Alarmins' are a group of endogenous proteins or molecules that are released from cells during cellular demise to alert the host innate immune system. Two of them, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and IL-33 shared many similarities of cellular localization, functions and involvement in various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The expressions of HMGB1 and IL-33, and their corresponding receptors RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and ST2, respectively, are substantially upregulated in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). This review highlights the emerging roles of alarmin proteins in various pathologies of LN, by focusing on classical HMGB1 and a newly discovered alarmin IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Lian Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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35
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis are two closely related adaptive response mechanisms of the myocardium to mechanical, metabolic, and genetic stress that finally contribute to the development of heart failure (HF). This relation is based on a dynamic interplay between many cell types including cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts during disease progression. Both cell types secrete a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones that influence hypertrophic cardiomyocyte growth and fibrotic fibroblast activation in a paracrine and autocrine manner. It has become evident that, aside proteinous signals, microRNAs (miRNAs) and possible other RNA species such as long non-coding RNAs are potential players in such a cell-to-cell communication. By directly acting as paracrine signals or by modulating downstream intercellular signalling mediators, miRNAs can act as moderators of the intercellular crosstalk. These small regulators can potentially be secreted in a 'mircrine' fashion, so that miRNAs can be assumed as the message itself. This review will summarize the recent findings about the paracrine crosstalk between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and addresses how miRNAs may be involved in this interplay. It also highlights therapeutic strategies targeting factors of pathological communication for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Viereck
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies , IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover D-30625, Germany
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Lu D, Insel PA. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 6. Purinergic signaling and response in fibroblasts and tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C779-88. [PMID: 24352335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00381.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs as a result of the dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Tissue fibroblasts, resident cells responsible for the synthesis and turnover of ECM, are regulated via numerous hormonal and mechanical signals. The release of intracellular nucleotides and their resultant autocrine/paracrine signaling have been shown to play key roles in the homeostatic maintenance of tissue remodeling and in fibrotic response post-injury. Extracellular nucleotides signal through P2 nucleotide and P1 adenosine receptors to activate signaling networks that regulate the proliferation and activity of fibroblasts, which, in turn, influence tissue structure and pathologic remodeling. An important component in the signaling and functional responses of fibroblasts to extracellular ATP and adenosine is the expression and activity of ectonucleotideases that attenuate nucleotide-mediated signaling, and thereby integrate P2 receptor- and subsequent adenosine receptor-initiated responses. Results of studies of the mechanisms of cellular nucleotide release and the effects of this autocrine/paracrine signaling axis on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and the fibrotic phenotype have advanced understanding of tissue remodeling and fibrosis. This review summarizes recent findings related to purinergic signaling in the regulation of fibroblasts and the development of tissue fibrosis in the heart, lungs, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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Tumor necrosis factor α up-regulates endometrial milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 protein production via nuclear factor κB activation, resulting in cell migration of epithelial cells. Fertil Steril 2013; 101:552-9. [PMID: 24262600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, an early embryonic product, on endometrial epithelial cell migration and endometrial milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) production. DESIGN In vitro study. SETTING Academic center. INTERVENTION(S) Ishikawa cells, used as surrogates for human epithelial cells, were treated with and without TNF-α. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Effect of TNF-α on intracellular MFG-E8 protein was evaluated with the use of ELISA, Western blot, and subcellular fractionation. Specific inhibitors were used to study TNF-α mechanism of action. Effect of TNF-α on cell migration was studied with the use of a wound healing assay and reorganization of E-cadherin. RESULT(S) TNF-α induced: 1) significant up-regulation of MFG-E8 intracellular protein, which was attenuated by pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of nuclear factor κB; 2) increased transcription of MFG-E8 and other proinflammatory factors, such as interleukins 6 and 8, which were suppressed by cotreatment with hCG; and 3) significant cell migration with E-cadherin remodeling, changes associated with subcellular MFG-E8 relocalization. CONCLUSION(S) TNF-α up-regulates endometrial epithelial cell migration and MFG-E8 production, which are critical steps required for the endometrial changes during menstrual cycle as well as during embryonic attachment and invasion.
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Saglani S, Lui S, Ullmann N, Campbell GA, Sherburn RT, Mathie SA, Denney L, Bossley CJ, Oates T, Walker SA, Bush A, Lloyd CM. IL-33 promotes airway remodeling in pediatric patients with severe steroid-resistant asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:676-685.e13. [PMID: 23759184 PMCID: PMC4218948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TH2 cytokines are not responsible for the ongoing symptoms and pathology in children with severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA). IL-33 induces airway hyperresponsiveness, but its role in airway remodeling and steroid resistance is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the relationship between IL-33 and airway remodeling in pediatric patients with STRA. METHODS IL-33 levels were quantified in neonatal mice given inhaled house dust mite (HDM), and the effect of blocking IL-13 on remodeling and IL-33 levels was assessed. HDM-induced allergic airways disease (AAD) in neonatal ST2(-/-) mice lacking the IL-33 receptor was assessed, together with collagen production after IL-33 administration. The effect of steroid therapy on IL-33 levels in patients with neonatal AAD was explored. IL-33 expression was quantified in endobronchial biopsy (EB) specimens from children with STRA and related to remodeling, and collagen production by airway fibroblasts from pediatric patients stimulated with IL-33 and budesonide was quantified. RESULTS Blocking IL-13 after AAD was established in neonatal mice and did not reduce remodeling or IL-33 levels; airway hyperresponsiveness was only partially reduced. IL-33 promoted collagen synthesis both from asthmatic fibroblasts from pediatric patients and after intranasal administration in mice. Increased cellular expression of IL-33, but not IL-13, was associated with increased reticular basement membrane thickness in EB specimens from children with STRA, whereas remodeling was absent in HDM-exposed ST2(-/-) mice. IL-33 levels were maintained, whereas IL-13 levels were abrogated by steroid treatment in neonatal HDM-exposed mice and in EB specimens from children with STRA. CONCLUSION IL-33 is a relatively steroid-resistant mediator that promotes airway remodeling in patients with STRA and is an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Saglani
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Lui
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ullmann
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaynor A Campbell
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah T Sherburn
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara A Mathie
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Denney
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cara J Bossley
- Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Oates
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone A Walker
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bush
- Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, and National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Fock V, Mairhofer M, Otti GR, Hiden U, Spittler A, Zeisler H, Fiala C, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Macrophage-derived IL-33 is a critical factor for placental growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3734-43. [PMID: 23997215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, the most recently discovered member of the IL-1 superfamily and ligand for the transmembrane form of ST2 (ST2L), has been linked to several human pathologies including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. Deregulated levels of soluble ST2, the natural IL-33 inhibitor, have been reported in sera of preeclamptic patients. However, the role of IL-33 during healthy pregnancy remains elusive. In the current study, IL-33 was detected in the culture supernatants of human placental and decidual macrophages, identifying them as a major source of secreted IL-33 in the uteroplacental unit. Because flow cytometry and immunofluorescence stainings revealed membranous ST2L expression on specific trophoblast populations, we hypothesized that IL-33 stimulates trophoblasts in a paracrine manner. Indeed, BrdU incorporation assays revealed that recombinant human IL-33 significantly increased proliferation of primary trophoblasts as well as of villous cytotrophoblasts and cell column trophoblasts in placental explant cultures. These effects were fully abolished upon addition of soluble ST2. Interestingly, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that IL-33 activates AKT and ERK1/2 in primary trophoblasts and placental explants. Inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002) and MEK1/2 (UO126) efficiently blocked IL-33-induced proliferation in all model systems used. In summary, with IL-33, we define for the first time, to our knowledge, a macrophage-derived regulator of placental growth during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Fock
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Demyanets S, Kaun C, Pentz R, Krychtiuk KA, Rauscher S, Pfaffenberger S, Zuckermann A, Aliabadi A, Gröger M, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. Components of the interleukin-33/ST2 system are differentially expressed and regulated in human cardiac cells and in cells of the cardiac vasculature. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:16-26. [PMID: 23567618 PMCID: PMC3683148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a recently described member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, which was identified as a ligand for the ST2 receptor. Components of the IL-33/ST2 system were shown to be expressed in normal and pressure overloaded human myocardium, and soluble ST2 (sST2) has emerged as a prognostic biomarker in myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, expression and regulation of IL-33 in human adult cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts was not tested before. In this study we found that primary human adult cardiac fibroblasts (HACF) and human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) constitutively express nuclear IL-33 that is released during cell necrosis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-1β significantly increased both IL-33 protein and IL-33 mRNA expression in HACF and HACM as well as in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC). The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor dimethylfumarate inhibited TNF-α- and IL-1β-induced IL-33 production as well as nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 NF-κB subunits in these cells. Mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor U0126 abrogated TNF-α-, IFN-γ-, and IL-1β-induced and Janus-activated kinase inhibitor I reduced IFN-γ-induced IL-33 production. We detected IL-33 mRNA in human myocardial tissue from patients undergoing heart transplantation (n=27) where IL-33 mRNA levels statistically significant correlated with IFN-γ (r=0.591, p=0.001) and TNF-α (r=0.408, p=0.035) mRNA expression. Endothelial cells in human heart expressed IL-33 as well as ST2 protein. We also reveal that human cardiac and vascular cells have different distribution patterns of ST2 isoforms (sST2 and transmembrane ST2L) mRNA expression and produce different amounts of sST2 protein. Both human macrovascular (aortic and coronary artery) and heart microvascular endothelial cells express specific mRNA for both ST2 isoforms (ST2L and sST2) and are a source for sST2 protein, whereas cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts and vascular SMC express only minor amounts of ST2 mRNA and do not secrete detectable amounts of sST2 antigen. In accordance with the cellular distribution of ST2 receptor, human cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes as well as HCASMC did not respond to treatment with IL-33, as recombinant human IL-33 did not induce NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits nuclear translocation or increase IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) level in HACF, HACM and HCASMC. In summary, we found that endothelial cells seem to be the source of sST2 and the target for IL-33 in the cardiovascular system. IL-33 is expressed in the nucleus of human adult cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes and released during necrosis. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β increase IL-33 in these cells in vitro, and IL-33 mRNA levels correlated with TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression in human myocardial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Demyanets
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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The role of cardiac fibroblasts in the transition from inflammation to fibrosis following myocardial infarction. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:182-8. [PMID: 22885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in the repair and remodeling of the heart that occur following myocardial infarction (MI). The transition through the inflammatory, granulation and maturation phases of infarct healing is driven by cellular responses to local levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that fluctuate in a temporal and spatial manner. In the acute inflammatory phase early after MI, CF contribute to the inflammatory milieu through increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and they promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by increasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity. In the granulation phase, CF migrate into the infarct zone, proliferate and produce MMPs and pro-angiogenic molecules to facilitate revascularization. Fibroblasts also undergo a phenotypic change to become myofibroblasts. In the maturation phase, inflammation is reduced by anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increased levels of profibrotic stimuli induce myofibroblasts to synthesize new ECM to form a scar. The scar is contracted through the mechanical force generated by myofibroblasts, preventing cardiac dilation. In this review we discuss the transition from myocardial inflammation to fibrosis with particular focus on how CF respond to alterations in proinflammatory and profibrotic signals. By furthering our understanding of these events, it is hoped that new therapeutic interventions will be developed that selectively reduce adverse myocardial remodeling post-MI, while sparing essential repair mechanisms.
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