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Dai X, Shi X, Luo M, Li P, Gao Y. Integrative analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles reveals enhanced arginine metabolism in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1241. [PMID: 38104097 PMCID: PMC10724921 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a common solid tumor that affects a significant number of men worldwide. Conventional androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) increases the risk of developing castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Effective clinical management of patients with CRPC is challenging due to the limited understanding. METHODS In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and the androgen-independent cells developed from LNCaP cells (LNCaP-ADR) were investigated using RNA-sequencing and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The differentially expressed genes and metabolites were analyzed, and integrative analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic data was further conducted to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic characteristics in LNCaP-ADR cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) was employed to ascertain the mRNA expression levels of the selected differentially expressed genes. RESULTS The arginine and proline metabolism pathway was identified as a commonly altered pathway at both the transcriptional and metabolic levels. In the LNCaP-ADR cells, significant upregulation was observed for metabolites including 5-Aminopentanoic acid, L-Arginine, L-Glutamic acid, N-Acetyl-L-alanine, and Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid at the metabolic level. At the transcriptional level, MAOA, ALDH3A2, ALDH2, ARG1, CKMT2, and CNDP1 were found to be significantly upregulated in the LNCaP-ADR cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified various enriched gene sets in the LNCaP-ADR cells, encompassing inflammatory response, 9plus2 motile cilium, motile cilium, ciliary plasm, cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility, cilium movement, cilium, response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, PTEN DN.V1 DN, SRC UP.V1 UP, IL15 UP.V1 DN, RB DN.V1 DN, AKT UP MTOR DN.V1 UP, VEGF A UP.V1 UP, and KRAS.LUNG.BREAST UP.V1 UP. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the substantial association between the arginine and proline metabolism pathway and CRPC, emphasizing the need to prioritize strategies that target dysregulated metabolites and differentially expressed genes as essential interventions in the clinical management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, China
| | - Mingxiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yujing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Qiu W, Sang T, Chen H, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhou H. Wenzi Jiedu Recipe ameliorates colorectal cancer by remodeling the gut microbiota and tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:915498. [PMID: 36212428 PMCID: PMC9541612 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.915498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionWenzi Jiedu Recipe (WJR), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been proven to be clinically useful in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its underlying mechanisms are still elusive, which limits its wider application. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of WJR on CRC and elucidate mechanisms underlying its action.MethodsNetwork pharmacology was employed to clarify the “herb-active ingredient-target” network of WJR. The 16S rDNA sequencing method was used to analyze the changes of gut microbes mediated by WJR in tumor-bearing mice with CRC. The proportions of CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell were measured by flow cytometry. Levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assessed by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsWJR showed significant anti-CRC effects both in vitro and in vivo. Network pharmacology revealed that WJR exerts anti-CRC therapeutic effect on multiple targets and signaling pathways. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that WJR therapy significantly enriched for Oscillibacter and Bacteroides_acidifacien. In particular, we found that WJR significantly increased the proportion of CD8+ T cells and the expression of immune-associated cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.ConclusionThe regulation of gut microbiota by WJR may be the breakthrough point to clarify its mechanism of action in the treatment of CRC, and it has a good prospect of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqing Sang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Science and Technology Department, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongguang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongguang Zhou,
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Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms with Prostate Cancer Risk from a Study in Central China. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:1259009. [PMID: 36034203 PMCID: PMC9392598 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1259009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study intended to investigate five cytokine gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their associations with prostate cancer risk. Genotypes of five cytokine gene SNPs were detected by MassARRAY for blood samples from a group of patients with prostate cancer (n = 90) and a control group (n = 140) in central China. The differences in tumor clinical stages, Gleason scores, and PSA values in patients with prostate cancer were also investigated. The frequencies of the five cytokine gene SNPs (L-1β rs16944, IL-4 rs2070874, IL-4rs2227284, IL-16 rs7175701, and IL-16 rs11556218) genotypes were not found to be significantly mutated in prostate cancer patients compared with the control group. In addition, for five cytokine gene SNPs genotypic comparisons, patients with different Gleason scores, clinical stages, and PSA values were grouped into two subgroups. There was also no statistically significant association in all these subgroups. Our study suggests that cytokine gene polymorphisms may not be a risk factor for prostate cancer in a central Chinese population. Nevertheless, more large-scale studies on the Chinese population are necessary to examine our conclusions. The discovery of cytokine gene polymorphisms related to prostate cancer could update our understanding of the etiology and improve our knowledge of the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Zakariya BF, Almohaidi AMS, Şimşek SA, Kamal AM, Al-Dabbagh WH, Al-Waysi SA. Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin-18 gene and breast cancer in Iraqi women. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e18. [PMID: 35794698 PMCID: PMC9299566 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
According to long-term projections, by 2030, the world’s population is predicted to reach 7.5 billion individuals, and there will be roughly 27 million new cancer cases diagnosed. The global burden of breast cancer (BC) is expected to rise. According to the Ministry of Health-Iraqi Cancer Registry, cancer is the second largest cause of death after cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the interleukin-18 (IL18) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) –607C/A rs1946518 and –137G/C rs187238 using the sequence-specific amplification-polymerase chain reaction approach. Regarding the position –607C/A, there was a highly significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies in patients and controls (χ2 = 3.16 and χ2 = 16.5), respectively. The AA and CA genotypes were associated with significantly increased BC risk (odds ratio [OR], 3.68; p = 0.004 and OR, 2.83; p = 0.04, respectively). Women with the A allele had a 5.03-fold increased susceptibility to BC. The C allele may be a protective allele against BC (OR, 0.19). Although position –137G/C showed no significant differences in the CC genotype distribution (p = 0.18), the frequency of the CC genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls. In contrast, patients had a significantly higher frequency of GC genotypes than controls (p = 0.04), which was associated with an increased risk of developing BC (OR, 2.63). The G allele frequency was significantly lower in patients than in controls (55.0% vs. 76.2%, respectively). This SNP may be considered a common genotype in the Iraqi population, with the wild-type G allele having a protective function (OR, 0.19) and the mutant C allele having an environmental effect (OR, 2.63).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Fadıl Zakariya
- Department of Biology, Institute of Sciences, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankırı Merkez 18100, Turkey
| | - Asmaa M Salih Almohaidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10022, Iraq
| | - Seçil Akilli Şimşek
- Department of Biology, Institute of Sciences, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankırı Merkez 18100, Turkey
| | - Areege Mustafa Kamal
- Department of Pathology/Oncology, Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad 10011, Iraq
| | | | - Safaa A Al-Waysi
- Department of Microbiology, Medical City Teaching Hospital, Baghdad 10011, Iraq
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Ungurianu A, Zanfirescu A, Grădinaru D, Ionescu-Tîrgoviște C, Dănciulescu Miulescu R, Margină D. Interleukins and redox impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: mini-review and pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin 2022; 38:511-522. [PMID: 35067142 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2033049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality, low-grade inflammation being acknowledged as a key contributor to its development and progression. A tailored therapeutic approach, based on sensitive and specific biomarkers, could allow a more accurate analysis of disease susceptibility/prognostic and of the response to treatment. OBJECTIVES This mini-review and pilot study had two main goals: (1) reviewing the most recent literature encompassing the use of interleukins as inflammatory markers influenced by the redox imbalances in T2DM and (2) assessing parameters that conjunctly evaluate the redox impairment and inflammatory burden of T2DM patients, taking into consideration smoking status, as such group-specific biomarkers are scarcely reported in literature. METHODS Firstly, PubMed database was surveyed to select and review the relevant studies employing interleukins as T2DM biomarkers and to assess if studies using combined inflammatory-redox indices were reported. Then, routine biochemical parameters were assessed in a pilot study -T2DM patients with 3 subgroups: non-smokers, smokers and ex-smokers, were compared to a control group of non-diabetic, apparently healthy non-smokers. Protein (AOPPs, AGEs), lipid/HDL (Amplex Red-based method) oxidative damage and inflammatory status (CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) biomarkers were assessed. Cytokine ratios and 2 oxidative-inflammatory status indices were developed (IH1 and IH2) and evaluated. RESULTS We observed significant differences in terms of serum redox and inflammatory status (AOPPs, AGEs, CRP, CRP/HDL, CRP/IL-6, IL-10/IL-6, IH1) between T2DM patients compared to control and, moreover, between the subgroups formed considering smoking status (CRP, CRP/HDL, IH1). Glycemic control strongly influenced inflammatory status biomarkers: glycemia was positively correlated with the inflammatory parameters (CRP/IL-10) and inversely with the anti-inflammatory ones (IL-10, IL-10/IL-1β ratio). CONCLUSIONS Several of the assessed parameters may possess prognostic value for diabetics, especially when comparing subgroups with a different smoking history and could prove useful in clinical practice for assessing disease progress and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Ungurianu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Zanfirescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Grădinaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Rucsandra Dănciulescu Miulescu
- N. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Margină
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer susceptibility: Evidence from a meta-analysis. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Chuo D, Lin D, Yin M, Chen Y. Genetic Variants of the MIF Gene and Susceptibility of Rectal Cancer. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:55-60. [PMID: 33469341 PMCID: PMC7812028 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s282653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal cancer (RC) has been documented to be a highly invasive malignant neoplasm worldwide. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunoregulation, inflammation. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified that MIF was involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of RC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This case-control study evaluated associations of genetic variants of the MIF gene and serum level of MIF with susceptibility of RC. RESULTS We found MIF level was associated with an increased risk of RC (OR for per unit: 1.38, 95% CI:1.32-1.44; P < 0.001). Both MIF rs2012133 (OR = 1.30; 95% CIs = 1.08-1.58; P = 0.007) and rs755622 (OR = 1.45; 95% CIs = 1.15-1.82; P = 0.002) were significantly associated with increased risk of RC. Besides, we also found MIF rs5844572 was significantly associated with increased susceptibility of RC, with OR for per CATT repeat of 1.28 (95% CIs: 1.16-1.41; P < 0.001). Further, we found all three variants of the MIF gene, rs5844572, rs2012133 and rs755622, could increase serum level of MIF. CONCLUSION This study suggests that MIF plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of RC and could be used as a biomarker for early detection and prediction of RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Chuo
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Lin
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingdi Yin
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuze Chen
- Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province110042, People’s Republic of China
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Yuanyuan G, Xue Y, Yachao L, Xiao F, Xu C. Association between IL-18 -607 C/A Polymorphism and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1595-1602. [PMID: 31244277 PMCID: PMC7021598 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.6.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence shows that cytokines play an important role in the proliferation of prostate
cancer. This research is trying to determine that IL-18 -607 C/A polymorphism confers susceptibility to prostate cancer.
Methods: Meta-analysis was used to collect data. The relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search
from PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database
(CBM) to obtain related studies published up to December 6, 2017. The association between interleukin (IL)-18 -607 C/A
polymorphism and prostate cancer risk was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) together with their 95% confidence intervals
(CIs). Results: Nine case-control studies from 6 articles were eventually identified. In the overall population, there is a
significant association between IL-18 -607 C/A polymorphism and prostate cancer risk in recessive (CC versus CA/AA:
OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.15-0.27, P = 0.000) or dominant (CC/CA versus AA:OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.30–0.57, P = 0.000)
models. In the sub-group analysis according to ethnicity, for Asians, IL-18 -607 C/A polymorphism was significantly
associated with prostate cancer in allele contrast (C versus. A: OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.70-0.97, P=0.019), homozygote
(CC versus. AA: OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.50-0.92, P=0.013), recessive (CC versus. CA/AA: OR=0.19, 95%CI=0.13-0.27,
P=0.000), and dominant (CC/CA versus. AA: OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.28-0.48, P=0.000) models, for Caucasians, IL-18
-607 C/A polymorphism was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk in allele contrast (C versus. A: OR=1.27,
95%CI=1.02-1.58, P=0.033), homozygote (CC versus. AA: OR=1.86, 95%CI=1.19-2.91, P=0.007) and recessive (CC
versus. CA/AA: OR=0.25, 95%CI=0.19-0.33, P=0.000) models. Conclusion: This meta-analysis has shown that IL-18
-607 C/A polymorphism contributes to a decreased risk of prostate cancer risk in the Asian population but an increased
risk in the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Yuanyuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. ,Central Laboratory of Pediatric Research Institute, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Li Yachao
- Central Laboratory of Pediatric Research Institute, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Central Laboratory of Pediatric Research Institute, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Dwivedi S, Purohit P, Misra R, Pareek P, Vishnoi JR, Misra S, Sharma P. Methods for Isolation of High Quality and Quantity of miRNA and Single Cell Suspension for Flow-Cytometry from Breast Cancer Tissue: A Comparative Analysis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:39-44. [PMID: 30728671 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate methods may cause substantial loss not only in the quantity but also in quality of the product. This study aimed to determine the best method for making single cell suspension for isolation of RNA and flow cytometer analysis from cancer tissue. We compared two methods of tissue disruption used during RNA isolation and flow cytometer analysis. Mechanical tissue disruption method and enzymatic tissue digestion method are commonly used for making single cell suspension before RNA isolation and flow cytometer analysis. 20 resected tissue samples were dissociated into single cells by mechanical and enzymatic methods. Quality and quantity of isolated miRNA was graded by the ratio of 260/280 nm and by running gels. The results revealed that mechanical hand held tissue homogenizer showed better yield than enzymatic (719.12 ± 513.67 vs. 524.87 ± 388.18 ng/µl) and the quality 260/280 nm ratio was significantly better [2.15 ± 0.21 vs. 1.57 ± 0.23; 95% CI (0.402-0.730); p < 0.001] in mechanical method than enzymatic. However, for flow cytometer enzymatic digestion was best. The mechanical method is very suitable for isolating miRNA than enzymatic while enzymatic digestion is most favorable for flow-cytometer analysis as it reduces debris in comparison of mechanical process of shearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- 1Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- 1Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Radhieka Misra
- 2Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- 3Department of Radio-Therapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- 4Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- 4Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- 1Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
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Dwivedi S, Purohit P, Misra R, Lingeswaran M, Vishnoi JR, Pareek P, Misra S, Sharma P. Single Cell Omics of Breast Cancer: An Update on Characterization and Diagnosis. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:3-18. [PMID: 30728668 PMCID: PMC6346617 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-019-0811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is recognized for its different clinical behaviors and patient outcomes, regardless of common histopathological features at diagnosis. The heterogeneity and dynamics of breast cancer undergoing clonal evolution produces cells with distinct degrees of drug resistance and metastatic potential. Presently, single cell analysis have made outstanding advancements, overshadowing the hurdles of heterogeneity linked with vast populations. The speedy progression in sequencing analysis now allow unbiased, high-output and high-resolution elucidation of the heterogeneity from individual cell within a population. Classical therapeutics strategies for individual patients are governed by the presence and absence of expression pattern of the estrogen and progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. However, such tactics for clinical classification have fruitfulness in selection of targeted therapies, short-term patient responses but unable to predict the long-term survival. In any phenotypic alterations, like breast cancer disease, molecular signature have proven its implication, as we aware that individual cell's state is regulated at diverse levels, such as DNA, RNA and protein, by multifaceted interplay of intrinsic biomolecules pathways existing in the organism and extrinsic stimuli such as ambient environment. Thus for complete understanding, complete profiling of single cell requires a synchronous investigations from different levels (multi-omics) to avoid incomplete information produced from single cell. In this article, initially we briefed on novel updates of various methods available to explore omics and then we finally pinpointed on various omics (i.e. genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics) data and few special aspects of circulating tumor cells, disseminated tumor cells and cancer stem cells, so far available from various studies that can be used for better management of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Radhieka Misra
- Under-graduate Medical Scholar, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Malavika Lingeswaran
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Jeewan Ram Vishnoi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radio-Therapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
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Li J, Qiu G, Fang B, Dai X, Cai J. Deficiency of IL-18 Aggravates Esophageal Carcinoma Through Inhibiting IFN-γ Production by CD8 +T Cells and NK Cells. Inflammation 2018; 41:667-676. [PMID: 29264744 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential role of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in immunomodulation during tumorigenesis of esophageal carcinoma and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we employed IL-18 knockout mice for this purpose. Carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) was administrated in drinking water to induce occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). T cell activation as indicated by the surface CD molecules was analyzed with flow cytometry. The serous content of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) along with other cytokines was determined by inflammatory human cytokine cytometric bead array. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by co-culture of tumor cells with immune cells and relative cell viability was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Apoptotic cells were stained with Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Our data demonstrated that deficiency of IL-18 promoted the progression and development of 4NQO-induced ESCC. Loss of IL-18 suppressed the activation of T cells in the esophagus. Deficiency of IL-18 inhibited the IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Absence of IL-18 inhibited the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells and NK cell in vitro. Moreover, deficiency of IL-18 promoted the apoptosis of CD8+ T cells and inhibited the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vitro. Our data elucidated the immunomodulatory role of IL-18 during tumorigenesis of ESCC, whose deficiency compromised antitumor immunity and contributed to immune escape of esophageal carcinoma. Our results also indicated the therapeutic potential of exogenous IL-18 against ESCC, which warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Li
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Gang Qiu
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Baoshuan Fang
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
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Staal J, Beyaert R. Inflammation and NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cells 2018; 7:E122. [PMID: 30158439 PMCID: PMC6162478 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent form of cancer that is usually slow-developing and benign. Due to its high prevalence, it is, however, still the second most common cause of death by cancer in men in the West. The higher prevalence of prostate cancer in the West might be due to elevated inflammation from metabolic syndrome or associated comorbidities. NF-κB activation and many other signals associated with inflammation are known to contribute to prostate cancer malignancy. Inflammatory signals have also been associated with the development of castration resistance and resistance against other androgen depletion strategies, which is a major therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the role of inflammation and its link with androgen signaling in prostate cancer. We further describe the role of NF-κB in prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation, major NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer, and the crosstalk between NF-κB and androgen receptor signaling. Several NF-κB-induced risk factors in prostate cancer and their potential for therapeutic targeting in the clinic are described. A better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that control the development of prostate cancer and resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy will eventually lead to novel treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Qiao X, Xu D, Sun D, Sun S, Huang Z, Cui W. Association analysis of interleukin-18 gene promoter region polymorphisms and susceptibility to sporadic breast cancer in Chinese Han women. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22591. [PMID: 29926984 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-18-137G/C, -607G/T polymorphisms play multiple roles in various cancers. However, studies focused on its involvement in breast cancer remain controversial, and no study has taken the interaction between interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene polymorphism and body mass index (BMI), menopause into consideration. The study investigated the association between IL-18-137, -607 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer and a possible interaction between the 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and BMI, menopause in Chinese Han woman. METHODS A total of 488 participants, including 178 patients with breast cancer, 150 patients with benign breast disease and 160 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-direct sequencing technology was used to identify the genotypes. RESULTS 137 G/C genotype can decrease the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31-0.93; P = .025). In benign group, subjects with G/C genotype of IL-18-137G/C polymorphism had a 1.89-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer (95% CI = 1.05-3.41; P = .032). Among postmenopausal subjects, people with G/T genotype of IL-18-607 polymorphism had a 7.97-fold increased risk of lymph node metastasis compared with those with T/T homozygotes (95% CI = 1.95-32.65; P = .0045). Among Overweight and obese patients with breast cancer (BMI ≥ 24), people with G/T genotype of IL-18-607 polymorphism had a 5.45-fold increased risk of lymph node metastasis compared with those with T/T homozygotes (95% CI = 1.74-17.06; P = .034). CONCLUSIONS IL-18-137 G/C genotype may be a protective factor for healthy group, but a risk factor for benign group. IL-18-607 G/T genotype have an interaction with menopausal and BMI. The synergetic effect can further increase the risk of lymph node metastasis for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Danfei Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sijin Sun
- Eight-Year Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Heart Center, Beijing Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Men T, Yu C, Wang D, Liu F, Li J, Qi X, Yang C, Jiang W, Wei X, Li X, Wang B, Mi J, Tian G. The impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene 4 polymorphisms on peripheral blood IL-10 variation and prostate cancer risk based on published studies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45994-46005. [PMID: 28526808 PMCID: PMC5542243 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study purported to investigate the impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene 4 polymorphisms (−1082G>A, -819T>C, -592A>C and 210T>C) on peripheral blood IL-10 variation and prostate cancer (PCa) risk, with a special consideration given to various origins of between-study heterogeneity. 2 researchers independently fulfilled literature retrieval, quality assessment and information collection. Sub-grouped analyses per ethnicity, continent, design type, control source, genotyping procedure, genotype validation, age-matched status, study sample size, quality score and controls’ mean age were conducted, respectively. Total 17 unduplicated studies (patients/controls: 7561/8101) were assessable for PCa risk, and 4 unduplicated studies (1189 subjects) for peripheral blood IL-10 variation. Pooling all assessable studies identified a marginally significant association between the -1082A allele and increased PCa risk (odds ratio (OR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 to 1.21) (Heterogeneity I2=64.3%), and no significance was detected in sub-grouped analyses of this polymorphism. Contrastingly, the -592C allele was significantly associated with reduced PCa risk in both prospective (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.95) and population-based (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.00) studies (Heterogeneity I2=0.0% and 18.1%). Moreover, carriers of combined -592CA/CC genotypes had a significant higher level of peripheral blood IL-10 than the -592AA genotype carriers (weighted mean difference=0.45 and 0.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.67 and 0.30 to 0.39). The above comparisons possessed a low probability of publication bias. In sum, our findings suggested that IL-10 gene -592A>C polymorphism may represent a promising candidate locus for the occurrence of PCa, and further signified a contributing role of this polymorphism in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Men
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Cuicui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Qi
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodan Wei
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xuri Li
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Dwivedi S, Purohit P, Misra R, Pareek P, Goel A, Khattri S, Pant KK, Misra S, Sharma P. Diseases and Molecular Diagnostics: A Step Closer to Precision Medicine. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 32:374-398. [PMID: 29062170 PMCID: PMC5634985 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current advent of molecular technologies together with a multidisciplinary interplay of several fields led to the development of genomics, which concentrates on the detection of pathogenic events at the genome level. The structural and functional genomics approaches have now pinpointed the technical challenge in the exploration of disease-related genes and the recognition of their structural alterations or elucidation of gene function. Various promising technologies and diagnostic applications of structural genomics are currently preparing a large database of disease-genes, genetic alterations etc., by mutation scanning and DNA chip technology. Further the functional genomics also exploring the expression genetics (hybridization-, PCR- and sequence-based technologies), two-hybrid technology, next generation sequencing with Bioinformatics and computational biology. Advances in microarray “chip” technology as microarrays have allowed the parallel analysis of gene expression patterns of thousands of genes simultaneously. Sequence information collected from the genomes of many individuals is leading to the rapid discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. Further advances of genetic engineering have also revolutionized immunoassay biotechnology via engineering of antibody-encoding genes and the phage display technology. The Biotechnology plays an important role in the development of diagnostic assays in response to an outbreak or critical disease response need. However, there is also need to pinpoint various obstacles and issues related to the commercialization and widespread dispersal of genetic knowledge derived from the exploitation of the biotechnology industry and the development and marketing of diagnostic services. Implementation of genetic criteria for patient selection and individual assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment emerges as a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Thus this field is revolutionizing current era and further it may open new vistas in the field of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Radhieka Misra
- Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Puneet Pareek
- Department of Radio-Therapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University, Lucknow, 226003 India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 India
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Prospects of Molecular Biotechnology in Diagnostics: Step Towards Precision Medicine. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 32:121-123. [PMID: 28428685 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shi X, Xie X, Xun X, Jia Y, Li S. Associations of IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with the risk of urologic cancer: a meta-analysis based on 18,415 subjects. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:2034. [PMID: 27995011 PMCID: PMC5127928 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a powerful modulator of anti-tumor immune responses. The IL-10 promoter region polymorphisms are known to regulate IL-10 production, and thus are thought to be implicated in tumorigenesis. Recently, the roles of these polymorphisms in urologic cancer have been extensively studied, with conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted the present meta-analysis to better elucidate the correlations between IL-10 polymorphisms and urologic cancer risk. Methods Eligible articles were searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and CNKI up to May 2016. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to detect any potential associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and the risk of urologic cancer. Results A total of 22 case–control studies including 8572 patients and 9843 controls were analyzed. The overall meta-analysis results showed that IL-10 −592C>A polymorphism was significantly associated with urologic cancer in CA versus AA (P = 0.04, OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.99) and AA versus CC+CA (P = 0.03, OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.31). Subgroup analyses by cancer types suggested there were significant associations between all the three investigated IL-10 polymorphisms and bladder cancer. However, subgroup analyses by ethnicity only detected a weak association between IL-10 −819C>T and Asian population. Conclusions Our findings suggests that IL-10 −592C>A polymorphism may implicate with urologic cancer risk. Besides, promoter region polymorphisms of IL-10 may serve as potential biological markers, especially for bladder cancer. Furthermore, IL-10 −819C>T polymorphism may contribute to urologic cancer susceptibility in Asians while all the three studied variants of IL-10 did not relate to Caucasian urologic cancer predisposition.
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Dwivedi S, Goel A, Mandhani A, Khattri S, Sharma P, Misra S, Pant KK. Functional genetic variability at promoters of pro-(IL-18) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory affects their mRNA expression and survival in prostate carcinoma patients: Five year follow-up study. Prostate 2015; 75:1737-46. [PMID: 26277868 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is an important hallmark of all cancers. The net inflammatory response is determined by a delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, is determined by the genetic make-up. The present study investigates the role of variations in the promoter regions of IL-18 and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) cytokines on mRNA expressions and survival in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. METHODS The study was conducted on 584 volunteer males (291 patients of PCa, between 40-80 years of age. Genetic variants were studied by using RFLP and confirmed by probe based method. Expressions of mRNA were evaluated by real-time PCR (Roche light cycler 480). Relative mRNA and fold change gene expressions were analyzed by ([1/2] (ΔCt) ) and (2(-ΔΔCt) ) methods, respectively, and 5 year follow-ups were evaluated by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test with Log-rank test for trends. RESULTS IL-18 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in GG genotypes (at -137) of PCa with relative mRNA expression of 13.95, that is, 8.48 folds higher (P < 0.05) than controls; and showed a significant median survival of 1243 days. The CC genotypes of IL-10 at both loci (-819 T/C and -592C/A) showed 3.63 and 3.52 higher relative mRNA expressions than controls, but poor survival of 984 and 1052 days than TT of 1359 days and AA of 1371 days. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants of pro-inflammatory IL-18 which showed higher relative mRNA expressions have better survival. Genetic variants of anti-inflammatory IL-10 with higher relative mRNA expression showed decreased chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Apul Goel
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anil Mandhani
- Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Khattri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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