Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β gene polymorphisms and risk of brain abscess in North Indian population

Genetic Variants Associated with Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris (AV) ranks among the common chronic inflammatory disorders that impact the sebaceous components of hair follicles. Acne vulgaris is characterised by cardinal manifestations such as the presence of pimples, nodules, pustules, and cysts, which have the potential to lead to the development of acne scarring and pigmentation. The phenomenon is influenced by polygenic inheritance or can be ascribed to the interplay between multiple genes and environmental factors. In recent years, some researchers have found that some genes (such as IL, TNF, RETN, CYP family, MMPs and TIMPs genes et al) are associated with acne vulgaris and may affect the progression and prognosis of the disease. The number of reviews addressing acne-associated genetic variants, however, is limited. In that case, we have compiled a list of prevalent genes associated with acne in recent times. This helps us understand acne's genetic basis and lets us step in early for people prone to severe acne, lowering the chance of acne scars.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflamatory cytokine genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis disease in the North Indian population

BACKGROUND

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in many regions of Asia. Cytokines, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory are key regulators playing a detrimental role in the host response to JE infection, pathogenesis and disease outcome. Evidently, the host's cytokine response is genetically determined, representing the complexity of interindividual differences regarding immune response to viral infection. The current study assesses the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of classical interleukin IL-1β and IL-10 with JEV susceptibility and disease severity in north Indian population.

METHODS

We performed a case-control study using 85 JE patients and 85 healthy controls. Polymorphisms in the IL-1β (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) genes were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. All continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed in percentage.

RESULTS

The mRNA level of IL-1β and IL-10 were found significantly increased in JE patients. In severe JE patients, IL-1β mRNA level was significantly higher with heterozygous (C/T) and homozygous (C/C) genotype compared to wild (T/T) genotype and mRNA level of IL-10 was higher in heterozygous genotype (A/G) compared to wild genotype (A/A). The C/T and C/C genotypes of IL-1β were significantly associated with higher risk of JE infection (p < 0.05, OR = 7.25 and 4.40) whereas, the A/G genotype of IL-10 was associated with a reduced risk of JEV infection (p < 0.05, OR = 0.30). The C allele of IL-1β was associated with fever and neck stiffness (p < 0.05) and CT genotype was associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in JE patients. Along with this, IL-10 polymorphism was found associated with fever, and AG genotype was found to be associated with worse disease outcomes such as neurological sequelae (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Mutant allele and genotype at IL-1β (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphism show increased expression of IL-1β and IL-10 in JE patients which contribute to disease severity as well as adverse outcomes of disease. Overall this is the first report from northern India, which shows the association of IL-1β and IL-10 polymorphisms with JEV infection.

Brain Abscess in the Current Decade (2010–2019) in India—A Review

Brain abscess outcomes have improved in recent years due to advancements in cranial imaging, microbiological techniques, minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures, and effective antibiotic treatments. However, the incidence of brain abscess remains unchanged in developing countries. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for references using the key words “brain abscess” and “India” and reviewed both retrospective and prospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals in the current decade to understand the present status. The review shows that the patients’ ages, the predominance of male patients, the symptoms and locations of brain abscesses, and the types of bacteria associated with them have remained unchanged over the past decade. The most common predisposing condition in recent years has been chronic suppurative otitis media with a mortality rate of 7 to 10%. Middle ear infection is often neglected and not treated aggressively in Asian countries. It requires multidisciplinary treatment strategies to address the primary source of infection and better health awareness to prevent the development of brain abscess.

Association between Interleukin-1β Polymorphism at Rs16944 and Glucose Metabolism: A Cohort Study

Background: This study explored the correlation between the interleukin-1β gene rs16944 polymorphism and diabetes through epidemiological and follow-up investigations.Methods: The study was conducted on 600 subjects with normal glucose metabolism recruited from participants of the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese type 2 diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal (REACTION) study in Luzhou, China in 2011. All subjects received a unified standardized questionnaire, physical examination, laboratory examination, and follow-up in 2016. Subjects were divided into normal glucose metabolism (NC), pre-diabetes (PDM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) groups according to their glucose metabolism after follow-up. The IL-1β gene rs16944 polymorphism was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) technique.Results: After follow-up, 386, 156, and 58 cases were observed in the NC, PDM, and T2DM groups, respectively. Serum IL-1β levels were compared to baselines at follow-up in the 3 groups; the difference in the T2DM group was statistically significant. The frequency distributions of the IL-1β gene rs16944 genotypes, i.e., CC, CT, and TT, were significantly different in the 3 groups, and the distributions in the T2DM and NC groups were significantly different. The frequency distributions of the C and T alleles of IL-1β rs16944 were not significantly different. Logistic regression analysis identified the CC+CT genotype as an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes in patients with normal glucose metabolism (OR = 2.457, 95% CI: 1.238-4.877).Conclusions: The IL-1β gene rs16944 C/T polymorphism may cause genetic susceptibility to T2DM in the Luzhou population. The CC+CT genotypes may increase T2DM risk.

Tumor necrosis factor α-308 G/A and interleukin 1 β-511 C/T gene polymorphisms in patients with scarring acne

BACKGROUND

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder which may heal with scarring. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) are considered as the main responsible proinflammatory mediators of acne pathogenesis. Oversecretion of these cytokines was found to be associated with TNF α-308 G>A and IL-1β-511 C<T polymorphisms.

AIM

To evaluate the association of TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 gene polymorphisms with acne and postacne scarring susceptibility and acne severity.

METHODS

Study subjects included 90 patients with acne vulgaris (31 males, 59 females; mean age: 19.6 ± 3.7 years) and 30 healthy controls (11 males, 19 females; mean age: 19.2 ± 5.1 years). Patients were sub-grouped on the basis of acne severity into mild, moderate, and severe acne groups and on the presence postacne scarring into scarring acne and nonscarring acne groups. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained for performing real-time PCR analysis for detecting TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 genotypic variants.

RESULTS

Among patients, 21.7% (n = 26) had mild, 22.5% (n = 27) had moderate, 30.8% (n = 37) had severe, and 30% (n = 36) had scarring acne. Genotypic variants of TNF α-308 and IL-1β-511 did not statistically differ between acne patients and controls (P values: .245 and .466). When compared in terms of acne severity and the presence of postacne scarring, no statistical significance was observed regarding frequencies of genotypic variants related to the both TNF α-308 and IL-1β polymorphisms (P > .05).

CONCLUSION

TNF α-308 and IL-1β polymorphic variants are not associated with acne and postacne scarring susceptibility and acne severity.

Impact of IL1B gene polymorphisms and interleukin 1B levels on susceptibility to spontaneous preterm birth

OBJECTIVE

Genetic factors influence susceptibility to preterm birth (PTB) and the immune pathway of PTB that involves the production of cytokines such as interleukins has been implicated in PTB disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of interleukin 1β (IL1B) gene polymorphisms and IL1B levels with spontaneous PTB.

STUDY DESIGN

Peripheral maternal blood from 495 women was used for extraction of DNA and genotyping was carried out using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Maternal plasma was used to measure IL1B levels.

RESULTS

There was no significant association between the allelic and genotype distribution of IL1B single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1143634, rs1143627, rs16944) and the risk of PTB among Malaysian Malay women (rs1143634, P=0.722; rs1143627, P=0.543; rs16944, P=0.615). However, IL1B levels were significantly different between women who delivered preterm compared with those who delivered at term (P=0.030); high mean levels were observed among Malay women who delivered at preterm (mean=32.52) compared with term (mean=21.68). IL1B SNPs were not associated with IL1B plasma levels.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates a significant association between IL1B levels and reduced risk of PTB among the Malaysian Malay women. This study shows the impact of IL1B levels on susceptibility to PTB disease; however, the high levels of IL1B observed among women in the preterm group are not associated with IL1B SNPs investigated in this study; IL1B high levels may be because of other factors not explored in this study and therefore warrant further investigation.

IL-1B rs16944 polymorphism is related to septic shock and death

BACKGROUND

IL-1β is a primary mediator of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and it may lead to shock septic. Our aim was to analyse whether IL-1B rs16944 polymorphism is associated with the onset of septic shock and death after major surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed a case-control study on 467 patients who underwent major cardiac or abdominal surgery. Of them, 205 patients developed septic shock (cases, SS group) and 262 patients developed SIRS (controls, SIRS group). The primary outcome variables were the development of septic shock and death within 90 days after diagnosis of septic shock. The IL-1B rs16944 polymorphism was genotyped by Sequenom's MassARRAY platform. The association analysis was performed under a recessive genetic model (AA vs. GG/GC).

RESULTS

The frequency of septic shock was higher in patients with IL-1B rs16944 AA genotype than in patients with IL-1B rs16944 GG/AG genotype when all patients were taken into account (63·6% vs. 41·8%; P = 0·006), cardiac surgery (52·2% vs. 33·3%; P = 0·072) and abdominal surgery (76·2% vs. 50·2%; P = 0·023). However, the IL-1B rs16944 AA genotype was only associated with higher likelihood of septic shock in the analysis of all population [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2·26 (95%CI = 1·03; 4·97; P = 0·042], but not when it was stratified by cardiac surgery (P = 0·175) or abdominal surgery (P = 0·467). Similarly, IL-1B rs16944 AA genotype was also associated with higher likelihood of septic shock-related death in all population [aOR = 2·67 (95%CI = 1·07; 4·97); P = 0·035].

CONCLUSIONS

IL-1B rs16944 AA genotype seems to be related to the onset of septic shock and death in patients who underwent major surgery.

Association of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1 -2518 A>G gene polymorphism with brain abscess

Brain abscess develops in response to a parenchymal infection. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) play vital role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. We studied ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1 (-2518 A>G) polymorphisms among brain abscess patients. The genotypic distributions of ICAM-1 (K469E) and MCP-1 (-2518 A>G) were significantly different between patients and controls. Further, patient with predisposing factors, and also with culture result, we found significant association. The study revealed that the polymorphisms of these molecules lead to increased production, which appears to be a risk for the development of brain abscess.