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Rooke Z, Zainal Abidin N, Harris C, Brodlie M. Neutrophils and RSV: differences with age. Thorax 2024; 79:489-490. [PMID: 38388487 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-221177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Rooke
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Noreen Zainal Abidin
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caroline Harris
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Dalziel SR, Haskell L, O'Brien S, Borland ML, Plint AC, Babl FE, Oakley E. Bronchiolitis. Lancet 2022; 400:392-406. [PMID: 35785792 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral bronchiolitis is the most common cause of admission to hospital for infants in high-income countries. Respiratory syncytial virus accounts for 60-80% of bronchiolitis presentations. Bronchiolitis is diagnosed clinically without the need for viral testing. Management recommendations, based predominantly on high-quality evidence, advise clinicians to support hydration and oxygenation only. Evidence suggests no benefit with use of glucocorticoids or bronchodilators, with further evidence required to support use of hypertonic saline in bronchiolitis. Evidence is scarce in the intensive care unit. Evidence suggests use of high-flow therapy in bronchiolitis is limited to rescue therapy after failure of standard subnasal oxygen only in infants who are hypoxic and does not decrease rates of intensive care unit admission or intubation. Despite systematic reviews and international clinical practice guidelines promoting supportive rather than interventional therapy, universal de-implementation of interventional care in bronchiolitis has not occurred and remains a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Dalziel
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Libby Haskell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Children's Emergency Department, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharon O'Brien
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Nursing, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Division of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amy C Plint
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Emergency Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franz E Babl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ed Oakley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Predicting the severity of viral bronchiolitis in children. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis is one of the common causes of hospitalization and mortality, especially among children in the first year of life who have risk factors (prematurity, congenital heart defects, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, immunosuppression). As factors associated with the severe course of bronchiolitis, along with the traditional ones, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes of the immune response molecules can be considered.The aim. Based on the analysis of clinical, laboratory and molecular genetic parameters, to identify prognostic criteria for the severe course of acute viral bronchiolitis in children.Materials and methods. The study included 106 children with acute viral bronchiolitis (severe course – 34, mild course – 72), the etiology of which in 67.9 % was respiratory syncytial virus. Forty-seven anamnestic, clinical, traditional laboratory and molecular genetic parameters were assessed as prognostic criteria. Determination of SNP genes of cytokines IL-4 (C-589T), IL-10 (G-1082A), IL-10 (C-592A), IL-10 (C-819T), TNF-α (G-308A), IL-17A (G197A), IL-17F (His161Arg), TLR2-753ArgGln, TLR6-Ser249Pro in venous blood was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction method.Results. An additional criterion for the risk of developing a severe course of bronchiolitis can be the mutant genotype (AA) SNP of the IL-10 gene (C-592A), which was detected exclusively in the group of patients with severe bronchiolitis, increasing the risk of developing a severe disease by 16.11 times (OR = 16.11; 95 % CI: 0.81–121.22, p = 0.02) in conjunction with already established modifying factors: the presence of congenital heart disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prematurity, birth weight < 1500 g. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the established risk factors, a method has been developed that allows calculate the likelihood of developing a severe course of acute viral bronchiolitis. Conclusion. The use of the developed prediction method will not only increase the likelihood of developing severe acute viral bronchiolitis in children, but also determine the priority group among children with predictors of severe viral bronchiolitis for priority immunoprophylaxis against RS-virus infection.
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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5
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Ouyang T, Yang Z, Wan J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Kong L, Wang T, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis of host response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nsp15 in IPEC-J2 cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105195. [PMID: 34571150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus which is highly lethal to piglets, causing enormous economic losses to swine industry worldwide. Nsp15 protein is an endoribonuclease of PEDV and plays an indispensable role in the viral proliferation. We reported the transcription files of nsp15 transfected IPEC-J2 cells for the first time to broaden our understanding of PEDV pathogenesis. METHODS RNA-seq was performed to compare gene expression profiles between pCAGGS-HA-nsp15 transfected IPEC-J2 cells and pCAGGS-HA (empty vector) transfected IPEC-J2 cells. Immune-related genes and pathways were identified and analyzed to deepen our understanding of nsp15 for PEDV pathogenicity. IPEC-J2 cells transfected with pCAGGS-HA-CCL5/CXCL8/CXCL10 were infected with CV777 and the virus load of PEDV was detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS A total of 21,654 genes were obtained by RNA-Seq and 415 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 136 up-regulated and 279 down-regulated genes. A number of effect genes involved in immune responses and inflammation were differentially expressed. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 32 GO terms were significantly enriched and the DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways such as TNF signaling pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway. qRT-PCR results indicated the overexpression of selected chemokines, CCL5/CXCL8/CXCL10, can inhibit PEDV proliferation in IPEC-J2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptome profile illustrated a number of genes involving in immune responses and inflammation were inhibited by nsp15, such as CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, OAS, MXs, STAT1 and IRF9. The results suggested that nsp15 can antagonize IFNs and block chemokine system to provide an adequate intracellular environment for viral proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ouyang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zibing Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiawu Wan
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingbao Kong
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yihan Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microorganism and College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Bhattacharya S, Agarwal S, Shrimali NM, Guchhait P. Interplay between hypoxia and inflammation contributes to the progression and severity of respiratory viral diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101000. [PMID: 34294412 PMCID: PMC8287505 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
History of pandemics is dominated by viral infections and specifically respiratory viral diseases like influenza and COVID-19. Lower respiratory tract infection is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Crosstalk between resultant inflammation and hypoxic microenvironment may impair ventilatory response of lungs. This reduces arterial partial pressure of oxygen, termed as hypoxemia, which is observed in a section of patients with respiratory virus infections including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). In this review, we describe the interplay between inflammation and hypoxic microenvironment in respiratory viral infection and its contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Bhattacharya
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India; School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Orissa, India
| | - Sakshi Agarwal
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Nishith M Shrimali
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Santos LD, Antunes KH, Muraro SP, de Souza GF, da Silva AG, Felipe JDS, Zanetti LC, Czepielewski RS, Magnus K, Scotta M, Mattiello R, Maito F, de Souza APD, Weinlich R, Vinolo MAR, Porto BN. TNF-mediated alveolar macrophage necroptosis drives disease pathogenesis during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.03764-2020. [PMID: 33303545 PMCID: PMC8209485 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03764-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of acute bronchiolitis in infants under 2 years old. Necroptosis has been implicated in the outcomes of respiratory virus infections. We report that RSV infection triggers necroptosis in primary mouse macrophages and human monocytes in a RIPK1-, RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent manner. Moreover, necroptosis pathways are harmful to RSV clearance from alveolar macrophages. Additionally, Ripk3-/- mice were protected from RSV-induced weight loss and presented with reduced viral loads in the lungs.Alveolar macrophage depletion also protected mice from weight loss and decreased lung RSV virus load. Importantly, alveolar macrophage depletion abolished the upregulation of Ripk3 and Mlkl gene expression induced by RSV infection in the lung tissue.Autocrine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated RSV-triggered macrophage necroptosis and necroptosis pathways were also involved in TNF secretion even when macrophages were committed to cell death, which can worsen lung injury during RSV infection. In line, Tnfr1-/- mice had a marked decrease in Ripk3 and Mlkl gene expression and a sharp reduction in the numbers of necrotic alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Finally, we provide evidence that elevated nasal levels of TNF are associated with disease severity in infants with RSV bronchiolitis.We propose that targeting TNF and/or the necroptotic machinery may be valuable therapeutic approaches to reduce the respiratory morbidity caused by RSV infection in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Duarte Santos
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Krist Helen Antunes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Primon Muraro
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gabriela Fabiano de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Amanda Gonzalez da Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Souza Felipe
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Sanguinetti Czepielewski
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Dept of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karen Magnus
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Scotta
- Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rita Mattiello
- Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabio Maito
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Health Science School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Dept of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Nery Porto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Infant Center, School of Life and Health Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil .,Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Rey-Jurado E, Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Becerra D, Porcelli SA, Carreño LJ, Kalergis AM. Contribution of NKT cells to the immune response and pathogenesis triggered by respiratory viruses. Virulence 2021; 11:580-593. [PMID: 32463330 PMCID: PMC7549913 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1770492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes, and their TCRs recognize glycolipids bound to the MHC-I-like molecule, CD1d. These cells modulate the inflammatory response in viral infections. Here, we evaluated the contribution of NKT cells in both hRSV and hMPV infections. A significant decrease in the number of neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD103+DCs infiltrating to the lungs, as well as an increased production of IFN-γ, were observed upon hRSV-infection in CD1d-deficient BALB/c mice, as compared to wild-type control mice. However, this effect was not observed in the CD1d-deficient BALB/c group, upon infection with hMPV. Importantly, reduced expression of CD1d in CD11b+ DCs and epithelial cells was found in hRSV -but not hMPV-infected mice. Besides, a reduction in the expression of CD1d in alveolar macrophages of lungs from hRSV- and hMPV-infected mice was found. Such reduction of CD1d expression interfered with NKT cells activation, and consequently IL-2 secretion, as characterized by in vitro experiments for both hRSV and hMPV infections. Furthermore, increased numbers of NKT cells recruited to the lungs in response to hRSV- but not hMPV-infection was detected, resulting in a reduction in the expression of IFN-γ and IL-2 by these cells. In conclusion, both hRSV and hMPV might be differently impairing NKT cells function and contributing to the immune response triggered by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Becerra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
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9
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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10
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Vázquez Y, González L, Noguera L, González PA, Riedel CA, Bertrand P, Bueno SM. Cytokines in the Respiratory Airway as Biomarkers of Severity and Prognosis for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: An Update. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1154. [PMID: 31214165 PMCID: PMC6557983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the most important causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and the main cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. Disease manifestations caused by hRSV may vary from mild to severe, occasionally requiring admission and hospitalization in intensive care units. Despite the high morbidity rates associated to bronchiolitis, treatment options against hRSV are limited and there are no current vaccination strategies to prevent infection. Importantly, the early identification of high-risk patients can help improve disease management and prevent complications associated with hRSV infection. Recently, the characterization of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns produced during hRSV-related inflammatory processes has allowed the identification of potential prognosis biomarkers. A suitable biomarker should allow predicting the severity of the infection in a simple and opportune manner and should ideally be obtained from non-invasive samples. Among the cytokines associated with hRSV disease severity, IL-8, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and IL-6, as well as the Th2-type cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-3, and IL-33 have been highlighted as molecules with prognostic value in hRSV infections. In this review, we discuss current studies that describe molecules produced by patients during hRSV infection and their potential as biomarkers to anticipate the severity of the disease caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liliana González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreani Noguera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Bertrand
- División de Pediatría, Unidad de Enfermedades Respiratorias Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bohmwald K, Gálvez NMS, Canedo-Marroquín G, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Andrade-Parra C, Gómez-Santander F, Kalergis AM. Contribution of Cytokines to Tissue Damage During Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936869 PMCID: PMC6431622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children younger than 2 years old, worldwide. Hospitalizations during the winter season due to hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and pneumonia increase every year. Despite this, there are no available vaccines to mitigate the health and economic burden caused by hRSV infection. The pathology caused by hRSV induces significant damage to the pulmonary epithelium, due to an excessive inflammatory response at the airways. Cytokines are considered essential players for the establishment and modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, which can either be beneficial or harmful for the host. The deleterious effect observed upon hRSV infection is mainly due to tissue damage caused by immune cells recruited to the site of infection. This cellular recruitment takes place due to an altered profile of cytokines secreted by epithelial cells. As a result of inflammatory cell recruitment, the amounts of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and CCL5 are further increased, while IL-10 and IFN-γ are decreased. However, additional studies are required to elicit the mediators directly associated with hRSV damage entirely. In addition to the detrimental induction of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory tract caused by hRSV, reports indicating alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. Indeed, elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), CCL2, and CCL4 have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with severe bronchiolitis and hRSV-associated encephalopathy. In this review article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the role of cytokines secreted upon hRSV infection and their potentially harmful contribution to tissue damage of the respiratory tract and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magdalena S. Pizarro-Ortega
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Andrade-Parra
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Gómez-Santander
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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