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Skrede S, Bogavac-Stanojević N, Dreesen E, Nielsen E, Zaninotto M, Mulleman D. Therapeutic drug monitoring of monoclonal antibodies in chronic inflammatory diseases: A snapshot of laboratories and applications across Europe. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:556-560. [PMID: 38278525 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) action ENOTTA (The European Network on Optimising Treatment with Therapeutic Antibodies in chronic inflammatory diseases) was launched in 2022. To pave the way for harmonization of analytical methods for quantitation of serum levels of therapeutic antibodies in research and clinical settings, ENOTTA recently performed an online survey mapping laboratories in the field. The survey, which contained 30 questions surrounding therapeutic drug monitoring of relevant drugs and anti-drug antibodies, was distributed via the ENOTTA and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory networks. Among 63 respondents across Europe, 45 reported analytical activity, with a range of utilized methods. Future engagement of as many sites as possible will enable comparison of methodologies and facilitate progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Martina Zaninotto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Padova University Hospital, Padova, PD, Italy
- Chief of the "Working Group Harmonization" of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM), Milan, Italy
| | - Denis Mulleman
- EA 6295 Nanomedicines and Nanoprobes, Departement of Rheumatology, University of Tours, Tours, France
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2
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Valdés-Delgado T, Aguado-Paredes A, Merino-Bohórquez V, Martín-Manzanares J, Alonso MM, Maldonado B, Castro L, Belvis M, Benítez B, Caunedo Á, Calleja MÁ, Argüelles-Arias F. Performance of a New Rapid Point-of-Care Test for Infliximab Levels in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparison to ELISA. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:228-234. [PMID: 37943382 PMCID: PMC10787688 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) optimizes patients' treatment. The reference technique is based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) although point of care (POC) assays are being developed. AIMS To assess the performance of a new rapid immunochromatographic POC assay (Promonitor Quick IFX) compared with ELISA technique to measure infliximab levels in patients with IBD. METHODS A prospective, observational, unicentric study was performed on capillary blood samples from patients with IBD before infliximab infusion (trough levels). Infliximab levels and anti-infliximab antibodies were measured using the ELISA technique (Promonitor IFX) and the POC assay. Correlation between both techniques was assessed by Pearson's coefficient. Quantitative differences were evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis. Samples were stratified according to infliximab therapeutic ranges (< 3 μg/mL, 3-8 μg/mL, and > 8 μg/mL). RESULTS A total of 135 experimental samples were assessed. Infliximab levels showed a high correlation between POC and ELISA tests (r = 0.84, P < 0.001). The mean difference between tests was 1.46 μg/mL (P < 0.001), being minimal for concentrations < 8 μg/mL. POC and ELISA assays showed an overall concordance of 87.4%. Most samples were in the same therapeutic range, which lead to equivalent therapeutic decisions. POC and ELISA assays detected the presence of anti-infliximab antibodies in 2.2% and 3.7% of the samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS POC assay results in blood samples from patients with IBD were comparable to those obtained with the reference ELISA technique. The POC assay could be considered for routine testing based on its ease of use and rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Valdés-Delgado
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Merino-Bohórquez
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - María Mercedes Alonso
- Nursing, Hospital Virgen Universitario Virgen Macarena y de Sán Lázaro, Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Maldonado
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Luisa Castro
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - María Belvis
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Benítez
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Caunedo
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Federico Argüelles-Arias
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, C/Dr. Fedriani, 3, 41009, Seville, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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3
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Cheli S, Savino D, Penagini F, Zuccotti G, Zuin G, Clementi E, Cattaneo D. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-TNFα Inhibitors: A Matter of Cut-Off Ranges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1834. [PMID: 37514022 PMCID: PMC10386140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a useful tool for optimising the use of anti-TNFα inhibitors in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Recently, point-of-care methods for the quantification of drug levels and anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have been developed to overcome the limitations of conventional enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISAs). Here, we evaluated the performance, interchangeability, and agreement between an automated ELISA-based immunoassay (CHORUS Promonitor) and the lateral flow assay (RIDA®QUICK) for the quantification of infliximab (IFX, n = 65) and adalimumab (ADM, n = 58) plasma levels in IBD patients. Thirty-two samples for IFX and twenty-three samples for ADM that tested positively for the presence of ADAs were also used. Overall, data analysis showed a good agreement of ADM trough concentrations (R2 = 0.75) between the two assays as well as for ADA measurement (K > 0.8). However, IFX levels highlighted a weak correlation (R2 = 0.58) between the two kits, with the RIDA®QUICK assay overestimating IFX plasma values by 30% when compared to the CHORUS Promonitor kit. Results from this study show that the two assays are not quantitatively and qualitatively interchangeable due to substantial discrepancies in some results. Accordingly, the same assay should be used for the longitudinal follow-up of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cheli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Savino
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Penagini
- Pediatric Department, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zuin
- Pediatrics, IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori Foundation, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
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4
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Gehin JE, Goll GL, Brun MK, Jani M, Bolstad N, Syversen SW. Assessing Immunogenicity of Biologic Drugs in Inflammatory Joint Diseases: Progress Towards Personalized Medicine. BioDrugs 2022; 36:731-748. [PMID: 36315391 PMCID: PMC9649489 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biologic drugs have greatly improved treatment outcomes of inflammatory joint diseases, but a substantial proportion of patients either do not respond to treatment or lose response over time. Drug immunogenicity, manifested as the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAb), constitute a significant clinical problem. Anti-drug antibodies influence the pharmacokinetics of the drug, are associated with reduced clinical efficacy, and an increased risk of adverse events such as infusion reactions. The prevalence of ADAb differs among drugs and diseases, and the detection of ADAb also depends on the assay format. Most data exist for the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors infliximab and adalimumab, with a frequency of ADAb that ranges from 10 to 60% across studies. Measurement of ADAb and serum drug concentrations, therapeutic drug monitoring, has been suggested as a strategy to optimize therapy with biologic drugs. Although the recent randomized clinical Norwegian Drug Monitoring (NOR-DRUM) trials show promise towards a personalized medicine prescribing approach by therapeutic drug monitoring, several challenges remain. A plethora of assay formats, with widely differing properties, is currently used for measuring ADAb. Comparing results between different assays and laboratories is difficult, which complicates the development of cut-offs necessary for guidelines and the implementation of ADAb measurements in clinical practice. With the possible exception of infliximab, limited data on clinical relevance and cost effectiveness exist to support therapeutic drug monitoring as a routine clinical strategy to monitor biologic drugs in inflammatory joint diseases. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the characteristics and prevalence of ADAb, predisposing factors to ADAb formation, commonly used assessment methods, clinical consequences of ADAb, and the potential implications of ADAb assessments for everyday treatment of inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Elin Gehin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4953, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Guro Løvik Goll
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marthe Kirkesæther Brun
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Meghna Jani
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Nydalen, Box 4953, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Watterdal Syversen
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Song JH, Hong SN, Kim ER, Chang DK, Kim YH. Performance of Remsima® Monitor Drug Level versus RIDASCREEN IFX Monitoring in therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A study of diagnostic accuracy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30683. [PMID: 36197194 PMCID: PMC9509095 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is effective in optimizing the efficacy of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An affordable way of monitoring is in high demand. This study evaluated the analytical and clinical performances of the newly available Remsima monitor kits and compared them with the established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The trough level of infliximab in patients with IBD treated with an infliximab originator (Remicade) or biosimilar compounds (Remsima and Remaloce) was measured using a Remsima® Monitor Drug Level (Remsima) kit at the Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Twenty-six plasma samples were collected immediately before the infusion of infliximab from 18 patients with IBD (Remicade, n = 8; Remsima, n = 6; and Remaloce, n = 4). The intra-assay intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the RIDA and Remsima kits was 0.951 (95% CI = 0.908-0.976) and 0.990 (95% CI = 0.981-0.995). The inter-assay ICC of infliximab trough level between the RIDA and Remsima kits was very high (R = 0.971; 95% CI = 0.935-0.987), and the mean difference between the kits was 1.458 (95% limits of agreement = -3.302 to 6.219). The intra- and inter-assay reliabilities of all types of infliximab did not show significant differences. Qualitative stratification revealed substantial similarities between the kits (weighted kappa = 0.798). This study indicated that the Remsima kit was reproducible and highly correlated with the RIDA kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hye Song
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Noh Hong, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Brun MK, Goll GL, Jørgensen KK, Sexton J, Gehin JE, Sandanger Ø, Olsen IC, Klaasen RA, Warren DJ, Mørk C, Kvien TK, Jahnsen J, Bolstad N, Haavardsholm EA, Syversen SW. Risk factors for anti-drug antibody formation to infliximab: Secondary analyses of a randomised controlled trial. J Intern Med 2022; 292:477-491. [PMID: 35411981 PMCID: PMC9545769 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-drug antibodies (ADAb) frequently form early in the treatment course of infliximab and other tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, leading to treatment failure and adverse events. OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for ADAb in the early phase of infliximab treatment. METHODS Patients (n = 410) with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases who initiated infliximab treatment were included in the 38-week Norwegian Drug Monitoring Trial (NOR-DRUM) A and randomised 1:1 to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) or standard therapy. Serum levels of infliximab and ADAb were measured at each infusion. Possible risk factors for ADAb formation were assessed using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS ADAb were detected in 78 (19%) patients. A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (odds ratio [OR], 1.9 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-3.6]) and lifetime smoking (OR, 2.0 [CI 1.1-3.6]) were baseline risk factors, while baseline use of concomitant immunosuppressors (OR, 0.4 [CI 0.2-0.8]) and a diagnosis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) (OR, 0.4 [CI 0.2-0.8]) reduced the risk of ADAb. Higher disease activity during follow-up (OR, 1.1 [CI 1.0-1.1]) and "drug holidays" of more than 11 weeks (OR, 4.1 [CI 1.2-13.8]) increased the risk of ADAb, whereas higher infliximab doses (OR, 0.1 [CI 0.0-0.3) and higher serum infliximab concentrations (OR, 0.7 [CI 0.6-0.8]) reduced the risk of immunogenicity. CONCLUSION Several risk factors for ADAb formation during early-phase infliximab treatment were identified. This knowledge provides a basis for treatment strategies to mitigate the formation of ADAb and identify patients in whom these measures are of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Kirkesaether Brun
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro Løvik Goll
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Joseph Sexton
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Elin Gehin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Inge Christoffer Olsen
- Department of Research Support for Clinical Trials, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf Anton Klaasen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - David John Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cato Mørk
- Akershus Dermatology Center, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Tore K Kvien
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen A Haavardsholm
- Division of Rheumatology and Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Validation Study of a New Random-Access Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Analyzer i-TRACK10® to Monitor Infliximab and Adalimumab Serum Trough Levels and Anti-Drug Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179561. [PMID: 36076966 PMCID: PMC9455629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Monitoring of biological TNF inhibitors is a very important tool to guide clinical decisions using specialized algorithms, especially in gastroenterology. A new chemiluminescent instrument (i-TRACK10® from Theradiag) could replace ELISA techniques to calculate the dosage of drugs and anti-drug antibodies. In this bi-centric study, we explored the analytical performances of i-TRACK10® using manual or automated (DS2®) ELISA Lisa-Tracker® assays, and compared the results. Patients and methods. Intra- and inter-run performances were evaluated with i-TRACK10® in two different laboratories and for two different ranges of values for infliximab, adalimumab, and their respective antibodies. Patients’ samples were used in the labs to compare the results obtained between the new instrument and either the manual Lisa-Tracker® or the automated DS2. Results. Intra- and inter-run performances were satisfactory, with values between 1.8% and 16.1% (for inter-run imprecision at low/medium values of infliximab). Results were generally comparable between assays. with the lowest value of correlation at 0.59 (anti-adalimumab dosage between i-TRACK10® and manual ELISA). Most often, values of drugs and anti-drug antibodies were higher with i-TRACK10® than with manual ELISA assay, and correlation values were better with automated ELISA. Agreements were globally acceptable, and the lowest coefficients of 0.7 was obtained for adalimumab values between i-TRACK10® and the two ELISA methods, and for anti-adalimumab values between i-TRACK10® and manual ELISA. The type of assay can potentially induce a change in the class of patients and lead to divergent therapeutic decisions. Conclusions. The new random-access instrument i-TRACK10® presents many advantages in a routine laboratory: rapidity, the possibility of standardization, usability, and expansion of the measurement range. Despite the relatively good agreement of results, it is preferable to use the same assay in longitudinal follow-up of a patient, because quantitative results were not completely equivalent especially for anti-drug antibodies.
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Quantification of infliximab and adalimumab in human plasma by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry kit and comparison with two ELISA methods. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:831-844. [PMID: 35735172 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study compared the performance of plasma infliximab and adalimumab quantification using a commercially available kit (mAbXmise kit) and mass spectrometry readout to that of two ELISA methods in patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease. Methods & results: The mAbXmise method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was linear from 2 to 100 μg/ml. It was validated according to international guidelines. Regarding cross-validation for infliximab (n = 70), the mean bias with LC-MS/MS assay was approximately threefold higher with the commercial ELISA assay compared with the in-house ELISA (-6.1 vs -1.8 μg/ml, respectively). The mean bias between the LC-MS/MS assay and in-house ELISA was -1.2 μg/ml for adalimumab (n = 35). Conclusion: The LC-MS/MS method is a powerful alternative to immunoassays to monitor concentrations of infliximab and adalimumab.
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A Comprehensive Literature Review and Expert Consensus Statement on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Biologics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:2014-2025. [PMID: 34388143 PMCID: PMC9674375 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of biologics is a rapidly evolving field. We aimed to provide a consensus statement regarding the clinical utility of TDM for biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A modified Delphi method was applied to develop consensus statements. A comprehensive literature review was performed regarding TDM of biologic therapies in IBD, and 45 statements were subsequently formulated on the potential application of TDM in IBD. The statements, along with literature, were then presented to a panel of 10 gastroenterologists with expertise in IBD and TDM who anonymously rated them on a scale of 1-10 (1 = strongly disagree and 10 = strongly agree). An expert consensus development meeting was held virtually to review, discuss, refine, and reformulate statements that did not meet criteria for agreement or that were ambiguous. During the meeting, additional statements were proposed. Panelists then confidentially revoted, and statements rated ≥7 by 80% or more of the participants were accepted. During the virtual meeting, 8 statements were reworded, 7 new statements were proposed, and 19 statements were rerated. Consensus was finally reached in 48/49 statements. The panel agreed that reactive TDM should be used for all biologics for both primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response. It was recommended that treatment discontinuation should not be considered for infliximab or adalimumab until a drug concentration of at least 10-15 μg/mL was achieved. Consensus was also achieved regarding the utility of proactive TDM for anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. It was recommended to perform proactive TDM after induction and at least once during maintenance. Consensus was achieved in most cases regarding the utility of TDM of biologics in IBD, specifically for reactive and proactive TDM of anti-tumor necrosis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Ogdie
- University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia
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11
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Wadhwa M, Bird C, Atkinson E, Cludts I, Rigsby P. The First WHO International Standard for Adalimumab: Dual Role in Bioactivity and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636420. [PMID: 33936049 PMCID: PMC8082443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanded availability of adalimumab products continues to widen patient access and reduce costs with substantial benefit to healthcare systems. However, the long-term success of these medicines is highly dependent on maintaining consistency in quality, safety and efficacy while minimizing any risk of divergence during life-cycle management. In recognition of this need and demand from global manufacturers, the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological standardization established the WHO 1st International standard (IS) for Adalimumab (coded 17/236) in October 2019 with a defined unitage ascribed to each of the individual bioactivities evaluated in the study namely, TNF-α binding, TNF-α neutralization, complement dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. For development of the IS, two candidate standards were manufactured as per WHO recommendations. Analysis of extensive datasets generated by testing of a common set of samples including the candidate standards by multiple stakeholders including regulatory agencies using their own qualified assays in a large international collaborative study showed comparable biological activity for the tested candidates for the different activities. Use of a common standard significantly decreased the variability of bioassays and improved agreement in potency estimates. Data from this study clearly supports the utility of the IS as an important tool for assuring analytical assay performance, for bioassay calibration and validation, for identifying and controlling changes in bioactivity during life-cycle management and for global harmonization of adalimumab products. In addition, in a separate multi-center study which included involvement of hospital and clinical diagnostic laboratories, the suitability of the adalimumab IS for therapeutic drug monitoring assays was examined by analysis of data from testing of a common blind coded panel of adalimumab spiked serum samples representative of the clinical scenario along with the IS and in-house standards in diverse immunoassays/platforms. Both commercially available and in-house assays that are routinely used for assessing adalimumab trough levels were included. Excellent agreement in estimates for adalimumab content in the spiked samples was observed regardless of the standard or the method with inter-laboratory variability also similar regardless of the standard employed. This data, for the first time, provides support for the extended applicability of the IS in assays in use for therapeutic drug monitoring based on the mass content of the IS. The adalimumab IS, in fulfilling clinical demand, can help toward standardizing and harmonizing clinical monitoring assays for informed clinical decisions and/or personalized treatment strategies for better patient outcomes. Collectively, a significant role for the adalimumab IS in assuring the quality, safety and efficacy of adalimumab products globally is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Wadhwa
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bird
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Atkinson
- Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Cludts
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Analytical and Biological Sciences Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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12
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Papamichael K, Clarke WT, Vande Casteele N, Germansky KA, Feuerstein JD, Melmed GY, Siegel CA, Irving PM, Cheifetz AS. Comparison of Assays for Therapeutic Monitoring of Infliximab and Adalimumab in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:839-841.e2. [PMID: 32147594 PMCID: PMC7483237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparison data regarding anti-tumor necrosis factor drug concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the homogenous mobility shift assay (HMSA) are scarce.1-3 As decisions in clinical practice depend on the thresholds that define a therapeutic drug concentration, it is important to determine if this varies based on the type of assay used for therapeutic drug monitoring.4 We recently showed a discrepancy between a commercially available ELISA and the HMSA for both infliximab and adalimumab concentrations in patients with IBD.5 Based on the results of the study, Prometheus Laboratories (San Diego, CA) initiated a comprehensive review of their HMSA assays and found that there was an upward drift for both infliximab (from December 2017 to May 2019) and adalimumab (from August 2017 to May 2019), including when our study was performed. Prometheus Laboratories corrected the errant values and reported the revised drug concentrations to physicians (Supplementary Methods). We aimed to compare the corrected infliximab and adalimumab concentrations with the original ELISA values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William T Clarke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Katharine A Germansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph D Feuerstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gil Y Melmed
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Corey A Siegel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Cheifetz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Salvador-Martín S, Marín-Jiménez I, Menchén LA, López-Cauce B, López-Fernández LA, Lucendo AJ. Comparison of a new rapid method for determination of serum anti-adalimumab and anti-infliximab antibodies with two established ELISA kits. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114003. [PMID: 33714800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adalimumab (ADL), infliximab (IFX) and their biosimilars are widely used biological drugs. Some patients, however, generate neutralizing antibodies that hamper the effectiveness of these drugs. Evidence shows therapeutic drug monitoring of serum levels ADL/IFX and anti-drug antibodies (ADA) is useful to improve treatment effectiveness. We evaluated a new rapid quantitative method, Quantum Blue (QB), for determining serum anti-ADL and anti-IFX antibodies (Research Use Only labelling) by comparing it with two established ELISA kits, Promonitor (PM) and Lisa-Tracker (LT). METHODS Eighty samples (40 for each drug type) were analysed. Percentage of agreement and kappa statistic were used to compare positive/negative ADA results. Clinical implications for drug treatment in the patients with discordant results were evaluated. The Chi-square test was used to analyze differences for ADA detection in patients with disease flare and without concomitant immunosuppressant treatment. RESULTS Agreement exceeded 80 % among anti-ADL methods. Although LT ELISA showed a lower capacity in detecting anti-ADL antibodies, discrepancies were found for levels close to the cut-off concentration, thus having minimal impact on clinical decisions. Conversely, QB anti-IFX displayed low agreement with PM and LT ELISA kits (67.5 % and 50 %, respectively), and was unable to detect high levels of antibodies, therefore having major clinical implications. Agreement between PM and LT ELISA anti-IFX kits was 82.5 % with all discordant results being undetected for PM and slightly positive for LT. CONCLUSION QB anti-ADL shows similar performance to ELISA kits while QB anti-IFX needs further improvements to achieve reliable antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Laserna-Mendieta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, Spain; Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Salvador-Martín
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Menchén
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Cauce
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A López-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Clinical Research Network (SCReN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo J Lucendo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Network Centre for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
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Villemonteix J, Guérin-El Khourouj V, Hugot JP, Giardini C, Carcelain G, Martinez-Vinson C. Comparison of three immunoassays for infliximab trough level monitoring in paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. Biologicals 2021; 70:17-21. [PMID: 33676831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many clinical studies in paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) use infliximab trough level (IFX-TL) and detection of antibody against infliximab (ATI). Hence, comparison of commercially available assays is needed in paediatric samples to assess their reliability and their comparability. We measured IFX-TL and ATI-TL in sera samples of 53 IBD children using three ELISA kits: Lisa-Tracker® Duo Infliximab (Theradiag®), Ridascreen® IFX monitoring (R-Biopharm®) and Promonitor® IFX (Grifols®). Regarding IFX-TL, median values were comparable (p > 0.05), a good statistical correlation has been observed (0.73 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.85) between tested assays and the Bland-Altman analysis found an excellent agreement with a bias estimated between -0.56 and 0.12 and few values outside the 95% limits of agreement. However, qualitative comparison with therapeutic interval classifications showed some discrepancies (30.2%), mainly due to values near thresholds and more often than not with Theradiag® (22.6%). For ATI, because of non-standardized units, the qualitative comparison found a sensibly good agreement (98.1%). These data show a good agreement of IFX-TL and ATI measurement between three marketed ELISA assays with a small bias obtained. Variations in some results can lead to divergent therapeutic interval classifications and prompt us to be cautious in the interpretation of values near therapeutic thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Villemonteix
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Guérin-El Khourouj
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Giardini
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guislaine Carcelain
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christine Martinez-Vinson
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, 48, Boulevard Sérurier 75935 PARIS Cedex 19, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Truffot A, Gautier-Veyret E, Baillet A, Jourdil JF, Stanke-Labesque F, Gottenberg JE. Variability of rituximab and tocilizumab trough concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1090-1099. [PMID: 33638167 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are eligible for treatment with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), as well as others, such as rituximab (RTX) and tocilizumab (TCZ). Although pharmacokinetic variability and the link between concentration-clinical response of anti-TNFα mAbs have been well-described, little is known about RTX and TCZ. We aimed to evaluate the variability of RTX and TCZ serum concentrations in RA patients treated in second-line and the relationship between RTX/TCZ concentrations and the clinical response. Serum mAb trough concentrations of RA patients treated with RTX (n = 35) or TCZ (n = 46) were determined at week 24 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The clinical response was assessed at week 24 by the change in the disease activity score in the 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate from baseline (ΔDAS28-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations. RTX and TCZ trough concentrations were highly variable, with a coefficient of variation of 171.3% for RTX (median [10th-90th percentiles]: <1.0 µg/mL [<1.0-5.1]) and 132.6% for TCZ (median [10th-90th percentiles]: 5.4 µg/mL [<1.0-27.8]). Univariate analysis did not identify any determinants of such variability, except cotreatment with methotrexate, which was associated with lower RTX concentrations (P = 0.03). The response to treatment was not related to the RTX or TCZ trough concentration. RTX and TCZ trough concentrations at 24 weeks were highly variable in RA patients treated in the second line, without any link concentration-clinical response having been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Truffot
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Athan Baillet
- GREPI TIMC, CNRS UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Jourdil
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Department of Rheumatology, National Reference Centre For Rare Systemic Auto-Immune Diseases, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, IBMC, CNRS UPR 3572, Strasbourg, France
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Hu W, Feng Y, Ye Z, Tang Z, Qian L, Wang Y, Huang Y. The Association Between Genetic Variants, Pharmacokinetics, and Infliximab Efficacy in Pediatric Patients With Crohn's Disease in China. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:744599. [PMID: 34966700 PMCID: PMC8711600 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.744599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infliximab is an effective therapy for Crohn's disease (CD). Early non-invasive predictors of disease remission allow for modification of treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between genetic variants, pharmacokinetics, and infliximab efficacy in pediatric patients with CD. Methods: This retrospective observational study included CD patients under infliximab therapy between August 2015 and December 2020. Information on demographics, laboratory tests, medication data, and disease activity index was collected. The trough levels of infliximab (TLI) and antibodies to infliximab (ATI) were measured at week 14, and reactive drug monitoring was performed during follow-up. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms involved in the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic response to infliximab were genotyped. Results: A total of 62 pediatric CD patients were enrolled. The clinical remission (CR) rate was 69.4 and 63.2% at week 14 and week 30, respectively. TLI at week 14 was significantly independently associated with CR at week 14 and mucosal healing (MH) at week 30 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.025, respectively). The optimal TLI threshold level capable of distinguishing between the CR and non-CR groups was 2.62 μg/ml (p < 0.001, area under the curve = 0.79, sensitivity = 69.2%, specificity = 78.9%), while that capable of distinguishing between the MH and non-MH groups was 3.34 μg/ml (p < 0.001, area under the curve = 0.85, sensitivity = 78.6%, specificity = 79.4%). Rs3397 in TNFRSF1B was associated with time to ATI production in CD patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Higher TLI contributed to achieving MH. Genotyping rs3397 in TNFRSF1B may identify patients who are prone to generating immunogenicity to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqing Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, National Children's Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Simultaneous quantification of rituximab and eculizumab in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and comparison with rituximab ELISA kits. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:60-66. [PMID: 33096054 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Specific and sensitive analytical techniques to quantify therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are required for therapeutic drug monitoring. The quantification of mAbs has been historically performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), for which the limitations in terms of specificity have led to the development of alternative analytical strategies. METHODS Here, we describe the validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantification of rituximab (RTX - anti-CD20) and eculizumab (ECU - anti-C5). Sample preparation was based on our previously published method, using protein G purification and trypsin digestion. A new specific peptide for RTX, containing an N-terminal pyroglutamine and a trypsin miss-cleavage, enables better sensitivity, while peptide of ECU was chosen thanks to an in silico trypsin digestion and the Skyline® software. Full-length stable-isotope-labeled adalimumab was added to plasma samples as an internal standard. RTX in 50 human serum samples was quantified by LC-MS/MS and the concentrations obtained compared to those obtained with two commercial ELISA kits (Lisa Tracker® and Promonitor®). RESULTS Calibration curves were linear from 1 to 200 µg.mL-1 for RTX and 5 to 200 µg.mL-1 for ECU, and within-day and between-day accuracy and precision fulfilled Food and Drug Administration validation criteria. Comparison of the LC-MS/MS method with ELISA showed a negligible bias with the Lisa Tracker® kit (4%), but significant bias with the Promonitor® assay (mean underestimation of 69% for the Promonitor® assay). CONCLUSIONS This new LC-MS/MS method allows the simultaneous quantification of RTX and ECU in human samples and could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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