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Akkerman R, Oerlemans MMP, Ferrari M, Fernández-Lainez C, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Walvoort MTC, de Vos P. Exopolysaccharide β-(2,6)-levan-type fructans have a molecular-weight-dependent modulatory effect on Toll-like receptor signalling. Food Funct 2024; 15:676-688. [PMID: 38108152 PMCID: PMC10802977 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03066k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Fructans are a group of dietary fibers which are known to have many beneficial effects including immune-modulating effects. A family of fructans are β-(2,6)-linked levan-type fructans that are known to serve as exopolysaccharides in the cell wall of many species of bacteria including commensal bacteria and probiotics. It is still largely unknown whether and how they can serve as immunomodulating molecules. RESULTS Microbial β-(2,6)-fructans were found to induce TLR-dependent activation of THP-1 cells, in a dose-dependent fashion. Low molecular weight (Mw), medium Mw and high Mw β-(2,6)-fructans activated both TLR2 and 4 in a dose- and molecular weight-dependent fashion. In addition, it was found that β-(2,6)-fructans were able to inhibit signalling of various TLRs with the strongest effect on TLR5 and 8, which were inhibited by all the β-(2,6)-fructans in a dose- and molecular weight-dependent fashion. The final effect of this activation and inhibition of TLRs on cytokine responses in human dendritic cells (DCs) was minor which may be explained by the counter-activating effects of the different β-(2,6)-linked levan-type fructans on inhibition of TLR signalling in the DCs. CONCLUSION A mechanism by which exopolysaccharide levan β-(2,6)-fructans can be immune-modulating is by impacting TLR signalling. This knowledge could lead to food in which exopolysaccharide levan β-(2,6)-fructans are added for preventing disorders where TLR-signalling is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein M P Oerlemans
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michela Ferrari
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Yang Q, Li M, Hou Y, He H, Sun S. High-mobility group box 1 emerges as a therapeutic target for asthma. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1124. [PMID: 38156383 PMCID: PMC10739362 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved nonhistone nuclear protein found in the calf thymus and participates in a variety of intracellular processes such as DNA transcription, replication and repair. In the cytoplasm, HMGB1 promotes mitochondrial autophagy and is involved in in cellular stress response. Once released into the extracellular, HMGB1 becomes an inflammatory factor that triggers inflammatory responses and a variety of immune responses. In addition, HMGB1 binding with the corresponding receptor can activate the downstream substrate to carry out several biological effects. Meanwhile, HMGB1 is involved in various signaling pathways, such as the HMGB1/RAGE pathway, HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and HMGB1/JAK/STAT pathway, which ultimately promote inflammation. Moreover, HMGB1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma by regulating downstream signaling pathways through corresponding receptors and mediates a number of signaling pathways in asthma, such as HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB, HMGB1/RAGE, HMGB1/TGF-β, and so forth. Accordingly, HMGB1 emerges as a therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- 2021 Class 2 of AnesthesiologyKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yunjiao Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Huilin He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineFirst Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
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Yang X, Liu X, Nie Y, Zhan F, Zhu B. Oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cellular events in RSV infection: potential protective roles of antioxidants. Virol J 2023; 20:224. [PMID: 37798799 PMCID: PMC10557227 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02194-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, can cause severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children, immunocompromised individuals and elderly people. RSV is associated with an augmented innate immune response, enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and necrosis of infected cells. Oxidative stress, which is mainly characterized as an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant responses, interacts with all the pathophysiologic processes above and is receiving increasing attention in RSV infection. A gradual accumulation of evidence indicates that ROS overproduction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of severe RSV infection and serves as a major factor in pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage. Thus, antioxidants seem to be an effective treatment for severe RSV infection. This article mainly reviews the information on oxidative stress and ROS-mediated cellular events during RSV infection for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Yujun Nie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021, Hubei, China.
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Ueda H. Non-Vesicular Release of Alarmin Prothymosin α Complex Associated with Annexin-2 Flop-Out. Cells 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37371039 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein prothymosin α (ProTα) is a unique member of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)/alarmins. ProTα prevents neuronal necrosis by causing a cell death mode switch in serum-starving or ischemic/reperfusion models in vitro and in vivo. Underlying receptor mechanisms include Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and Gi-coupled receptor. Recent studies have revealed that the mode of the fatal stress-induced extracellular release of nuclear ProTα from cortical neurons in primary cultures, astrocytes and C6 glioma cells has two steps: ATP loss-induced nuclear release and the Ca2+-mediated formation of a multiple protein complex and its extracellular release. Under the serum-starving condition, ProTα is diffused from the nucleus throughout the cell due to the ATP loss-induced impairment of importin α-mediated nuclear transport. Subsequent mechanisms are all Ca2+-dependent. They include the formation of a protein complex with ProTα, S100A13, p40 Syt-1 and Annexin A2 (ANXA2); the fusion of the protein complex to the plasma membrane via p40 Syt-1-Stx-1 interaction; and TMEM16F scramblase-mediated ANXA2 flop-out. Subsequently, the protein complex is extracellularly released, leaving ANXA2 on the outer cell surface. The ANXA2 is then flipped in by a force of ATP8A2 activity, and the non-vesicular release of protein complex is repeated. Thus, the ANXA2 flop-out could play key roles in a new type of non-vesicular and non-classical release for DAMPs/alarmins, which is distinct from the modes conducted via gasdermin D or mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Nei-hu, Taipei 114201, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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