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Patent highlights April–May 2015. Pharm Pat Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Wang Q, Liu X, Zhou Q, Wang C. Cytosolic sensing of aberrant DNA: arming STING on the endoplasmic reticulum. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26220155 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1067303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids is a general and effective strategy used by the host to perceive the presence of invading microorganisms and initiate an innate immune response. However, inappropriate detection of aberrant self nucleic acids is implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. Recently, ER-resident stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been uncovered as a key component in the innate immune response to cytosolic nucleic acids and a direct sensor for bacterial cyclic dinucleotides. The elucidation of STING-mediated signaling will provide insight into host-microbial interactions and contribute to the development of novel strategies for anti-infection therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the cellular and molecular processes of host sensing and responding to microbial or endogenous aberrant DNA species, highlighting the essential function of STING and the corresponding regulatory mechanisms. The authors also attempt to delineate the role for the DNA-sensing signaling during the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases and suggest improvements in the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. EXPERT OPINION It is essential to elucidate how the STING-dependent signaling mediates the DNA vaccines action as well as the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The relevant knowledge will greatly benefit the treatment of infectious diseases and identify potential targets for effective drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Liu
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- b 2 Chongqing Medical University, The College of Laboratory Medicine , 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chen Wang
- a 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
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Maringer K, Fernandez-Sesma A. Message in a bottle: lessons learned from antagonism of STING signalling during RNA virus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:669-79. [PMID: 25212897 PMCID: PMC4330990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
STING has emerged in recent years as an important signalling adaptor in the activation of type I interferon responses during infection with DNA viruses and bacteria. An increasing body of evidence suggests that STING also modulates responses to RNA viruses, though the mechanisms remain less clear. In this review, we give a brief overview of the ways in which STING facilitates sensing of RNA viruses. These include modulation of RIG-I-dependent responses through STING's interaction with MAVS, and more speculative mechanisms involving the DNA sensor cGAS and sensing of membrane remodelling events. We then provide an in-depth literature review to summarise the known mechanisms by which RNA viruses of the families Flaviviridae and Coronaviridae evade sensing through STING. Our own work has shown that the NS2B/3 protease complex of the flavivirus dengue virus binds and cleaves STING, and that an inability to degrade murine STING may contribute to host restriction in this virus. We contrast this to the mechanism employed by the distantly related hepacivirus hepatitis C virus, in which STING is bound and inactivated by the NS4B protein. Finally, we discuss STING antagonism in the coronaviruses SARS coronavirus and human coronavirus NL63, which disrupt K63-linked polyubiquitination and dimerisation of STING (both of which are required for STING-mediated activation of IRF-3) via their papain-like proteases. We draw parallels with less-well characterised mechanisms of STING antagonism in related viruses, and place our current knowledge in the context of species tropism restrictions that potentially affect the emergence of new human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Immunologic Mechanism of Patchouli Alcohol Anti-H1N1 Influenza Virus May Through Regulation of the RLH Signal Pathway In Vitro. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:431-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shaw N, Ouyang S, Liu ZJ. Binding of bacterial secondary messenger molecule c di-GMP is a STING operation. Protein Cell 2012; 4:117-29. [PMID: 23264039 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial skirmishes between the host and pathogen result in spillage of the contents of the bacterial cell. Amongst the spillage, the secondary messenger molecule, cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c di-GMP), was recently shown to be bound by stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Binding of c di-GMP by STING activates the Tank Binding Kinase (TBK1) mediated signaling cascades that galvanize the body's defenses for elimination of the pathogen. In addition to c di-GMP, STING has also been shown to function in innate immune responses against pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) originating from the DNA or RNA of pathogens. The pivotal role of STING in host defense is exemplified by the fact that STING(-/-) mice die upon infection by HSV-1. Thus, STING plays an essential role in innate immune responses against pathogens. This opens up an exciting possibility of targeting STING for development of adjuvant therapies to boost the immune defenses against invading microbes. Similarly, STING could be targeted for mitigating the inflammatory responses augmented by the innate immune system. This review summarizes and updates our current understanding of the role of STING in innate immune responses and discusses the future challenges in delineating the mechanism of STING-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Shaw
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Ouyang S, Song X, Wang Y, Ru H, Shaw N, Jiang Y, Niu F, Zhu Y, Qiu W, Parvatiyar K, Li Y, Zhang R, Cheng G, Liu ZJ. Structural analysis of the STING adaptor protein reveals a hydrophobic dimer interface and mode of cyclic di-GMP binding. Immunity 2012; 36:1073-86. [PMID: 22579474 PMCID: PMC3654694 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
STING is an essential signaling molecule for DNA and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) production via TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) pathway. It contains an N-terminal transmembrane region and a cytosolic C-terminal domain (CTD). Here, we describe crystal structures of STING CTD alone and complexed with c-di-GMP in a unique binding mode. The strictly conserved aa 153-173 region was shown to be cytosolic and participated in dimerization via hydrophobic interactions. The STING CTD functions as a dimer and the dimerization was independent of posttranslational modifications. Binding of c-di-GMP enhanced interaction of a shorter construct of STING CTD (residues 139-344) with TBK1. This suggests an extra TBK1 binding site, other than serine 358. This study provides a glimpse into the unique architecture of STING and sheds light on the mechanism of c-di-GMP-mediated TBK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Ouyang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianqiang Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Heng Ru
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengfeng Niu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Qiu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America,Correspondence: Zhi-Jie Liu: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. . Tel: 86-10-64857988; Fax: 86-10-64888426. OR Genhong Cheng: Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, BSRB 210A, 615 E. Charles Young Dr. Los Angeles, CA 90095. . Tel: 310-825-8896, Fax: 310-206-5553
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Correspondence: Zhi-Jie Liu: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. . Tel: 86-10-64857988; Fax: 86-10-64888426. OR Genhong Cheng: Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, BSRB 210A, 615 E. Charles Young Dr. Los Angeles, CA 90095. . Tel: 310-825-8896, Fax: 310-206-5553
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Abstract
Rabies is among the longest known and most dangerous and feared infectious diseases for humans and animals and still is responsible for tenth of thousands of human deaths per year. The rabies virus (RABV) is a rather atypical member of the Rhabdoviridae family as it has completely adapted during evolution to warm-blooded hosts and is directly transmitted between them, whereas most other rhabdoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors. The virus is also unique with respect to its extremely broad host species range and a very narrow host organ range, namely its strict neurotropism. It is becoming increasingly clear that the host innate immune system, particularly the type I interferon system, and the viral counteractions profoundly shape this virus-host relationship. In the past few years, exciting new insight was obtained on how viruses are sensed by innate immune receptors, how the downstream signaling networks for activation of interferon are working, and how viruses can interfere with the system. While RABV 5'-triphosphate RNAs were identified as the major pathogen-associated molecular pattern sensed by cytoplasmic RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), the RABV phosphoprotein (P) has emerged as a potent multifunctional antagonist able to counteract the signaling cascades leading to transcriptional activation of interferon genes as well as interferon signaling pathways, thereby limiting expression of antiviral and immune-stimulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rieder
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Feng H, Liu H, Kong R, Wang L, Wang Y, Hu W, Guo Q. Expression profiles of carp IRF-3/-7 correlate with the up-regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK1, four pivotal molecules in RIG-I signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1159-1169. [PMID: 21385615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic helicase protein RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and downstream signaling molecules, MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein), TRAF3 (TNF-receptor-associated factor 3) and TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), have significant roles in the recognition of cytoplasmic 5'-triphosphate ssRNA and short dsRNA, and phosphorylation of IRF-3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and IRF-7 which is responsible for the induction of type I interferons (IFN). In the present study, the full-length cDNAs of RIG-I, MAVS, TRAF3 and TBK1 were cloned and identified in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The deduced protein of carp RIG-I is of 946 aa (amino acids), consisting of two CARDs (caspase-recruitment domain), a DEXDc (DExD/H box-containing domain), a HELICc (helicase superfamily c-terminal domain) and a RD (regulatory domain). Carp MAVS is of 585 aa, containing a CARD, a proline-rich region and a TM (transmembrane domain). Carp TRAF3 encodes a protein of 573 aa, including a RING (really interesting new gene), two TRAF-type zinc fingers, a coiled coil and a MATH-TRAF3 (meprin and TRAF homology) domain. Carp TBK1 is of 727 aa and contains a S_TKc domain (Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain). Carp RIG-I, MAVS, TRAF3 and TBK1 mRNAs are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined. In response to SVCV infection, carp RIG-I and MAVS mRNAs were up-regulated at different levels in spleen, head kidney and intestine tissues at different time points. Similarly, both carp IRF-3 and IRF-7 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the detected tissues. Especially in intestine, the IRF-3 and IRF-7 mRNAs of carp increased and reached 25.3-fold (at 3 dpi) and 224.7-fold (at 5 dpi). Noteworthily, a significant growth of carp TRAF3 and TBK1 mRNA was also mainly found in intestine (7.0-fold and 11.3-fold at 5 dpi, respectively). These data implied that the expression profiles of IRF-3/-7 mRNAs in carp correlate with the up-regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK, and carp RIG-I and MAVS may be involved in antiviral responses through the RIG-I viral recognition signaling pathway in a TRAF3/TBK1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Hayakawa S, Shiratori S, Yamato H, Kameyama T, Kitatsuji C, Kashigi F, Goto S, Kameoka S, Fujikura D, Yamada T, Mizutani T, Kazumata M, Sato M, Tanaka J, Asaka M, Ohba Y, Miyazaki T, Imamura M, Takaoka A. ZAPS is a potent stimulator of signaling mediated by the RNA helicase RIG-I during antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:37-44. [PMID: 21102435 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) participate in many biological and pathological processes. Here we report that the PARP-13 shorter isoform (ZAPS), rather than the full-length protein (ZAP), was selectively induced by 5'-triphosphate-modified RNA (3pRNA) and functioned as a potent stimulator of interferon responses in human cells mediated by the RNA helicase RIG-I. ZAPS associated with RIG-I to promote the oligomerization and ATPase activity of RIG-I, which led to robust activation of IRF3 and NF-κB transcription factors. Disruption of the gene encoding ZAPS resulted in impaired induction of interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β and other cytokines after viral infection. These results indicate that ZAPS is a key regulator of RIG-I signaling during the innate antiviral immune response, which suggests its possible use as a therapeutic target for viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Hayakawa
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Witte K, Witte E, Sabat R, Wolk K. IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29: promising cytokines with type I interferon-like properties. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:237-51. [PMID: 20655797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-28A, IL-28B and IL-29 (also designated type III interferons) constitute a new subfamily within the IL-10-interferon family. They are produced by virtually any nucleated cell type, particularly dendritic cells, following viral infection or activation with bacterial components, and mediate their effects via the IL-28R1/IL-10R2 receptor complex. Although IL-28/IL-29 are closer to the IL-10-related cytokines in terms of gene structure, protein structure, and receptor usage, they display type I interferon-like anti-viral and cytostatic activities. Unlike type I interferons, the target cell populations of IL-28/IL-29 are restricted and mainly include epithelial cells and hepatocytes. These properties suggest that IL-28/IL-29 are potential therapeutic alternatives to type I interferons in terms of viral infections and tumors. This review describes the current knowledge about these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Witte
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Rieder M, Conzelmann KK. Rhabdovirus evasion of the interferon system. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:499-509. [PMID: 19715459 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae contains important pathogens of humans, livestock, and crops, including the insect-transmitted vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and the neurotropic rabies virus (RV), which is directly transmitted between mammals. In spite of a highly similar organization of RNA genomes, proteins, and virus particles, cell biology of VSV and RV is divergent in several aspects, particularly with respect to their interplay with the cellular host defense. While infection with both rhabdoviruses is recognized via viral triphosphate RNAs by the cytoplasmic RNA helicase/translocase RIG-I, the viral counteractions to limit the response are contrasting. VSV infection is characterized by a rapid general shutdown of host gene expression and severe cytopathic effects, due to multiple activities of the matrix (M) protein affecting host polymerase functions and mRNA nuclear export, and by rapid and high-level virus replication. In contrast, RV spread and transmission relies on preserving the integrity of host cells, particularly of neurons. While a general cell shutdown by RV M is not observed, RV phosphoprotein (P) has developed independent functions to interfere with activation of IRFs and with STAT signaling. The molecular mechanisms employed are different from those of the paramyxovirus P gene products serving similar functions, and illustrate evolution of IFN antagonists to specifically support virus survival in the natural niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rieder
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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