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Lamers SL, Rose R, Maidji E, Agsalda-Garcia M, Nolan DJ, Fogel GB, Salemi M, Garcia DL, Bracci P, Yong W, Commins D, Said J, Khanlou N, Hinkin CH, Sueiras MV, Mathisen G, Donovan S, Shiramizu B, Stoddart CA, McGrath MS, Singer EJ. HIV DNA Is Frequently Present within Pathologic Tissues Evaluated at Autopsy from Combined Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Patients with Undetectable Viral Loads. J Virol 2016; 90:8968-83. [PMID: 27466426 PMCID: PMC5044815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00674-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV infection treatment strategies have historically defined effectiveness through measuring patient plasma HIV RNA. While combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce plasma viral load (pVL) to undetectable levels, the degree that HIV is eliminated from other anatomical sites remains unclear. We investigated the HIV DNA levels in 229 varied autopsy tissues from 20 HIV-positive (HIV(+)) cART-treated study participants with low or undetectable plasma VL and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VL prior to death who were enrolled in the National Neurological AIDS Bank (NNAB) longitudinal study and autopsy cohort. Extensive medical histories were obtained for each participant. Autopsy specimens, including at least six brain and nonbrain tissues per participant, were reviewed by study pathologists. HIV DNA, measured in tissues by quantitative and droplet digital PCR, was identified in 48/87 brain tissues and 82/142 nonbrain tissues at levels >200 HIV copies/million cell equivalents. No participant was found to be completely free of tissue HIV. Parallel sequencing studies from some tissues recovered intact HIV DNA and RNA. Abnormal histological findings were identified in all participants, especially in brain, spleen, lung, lymph node, liver, aorta, and kidney. All brain tissues demonstrated some degree of pathology. Ninety-five percent of participants had some degree of atherosclerosis, and 75% of participants died with cancer. This study assists in characterizing the anatomical locations of HIV, in particular, macrophage-rich tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS) and testis. Additional studies are needed to determine if the HIV recovered from tissues promotes the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, cancer, and atherosclerosis. IMPORTANCE It is well-known that combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce plasma HIV to undetectable levels; however, cART cannot completely clear HIV infection. An ongoing question is, "Where is HIV hiding?" A well-studied HIV reservoir is "resting" T cells, which can be isolated from blood products and succumb to cART once activated. Less-studied reservoirs are anatomical tissue samples, which have unknown cART penetration, contain a comparably diverse spectrum of potentially HIV-infected immune cells, and are important since <2% of body lymphocytes actually reside in blood. We examined 229 varied autopsy specimens from 20 HIV(+) participants who died while on cART and identified that >50% of tissues were HIV infected. Additionally, we identified considerable pathology in participants' tissues, especially in brain, spleen, lung, lymph node, liver, aorta, and kidney. This study substantiates that tissue-associated HIV is present despite cART and can inform future studies into HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ekaterina Maidji
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- The University of Hawaii, Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology and Hawaii Center for AIDS, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - David J Nolan
- Bioinfoexperts, LLC, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA The University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gary B Fogel
- Natural Selection, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- The University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Debra L Garcia
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Bracci
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Yong
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Commins
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Said
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles H Hinkin
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA UCLA School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miguel Valdes Sueiras
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Glenn Mathisen
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Donovan
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- The University of Hawaii, Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology and Hawaii Center for AIDS, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S McGrath
- The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource, San Francisco, California, USA University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elyse J Singer
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA David Geffen School of Medicine and Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Gomez AM, Ouellet M, Deshiere A, Breton Y, Tremblay MJ. HIV-1-Mediated BAFF Secretion in Macrophages Does Not Require Endosomal TLRs, Type-I IFN, and Nef, but Depends on the Cellular Phenotype Status. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3806-17. [PMID: 27022194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by persistent viral replication, chronic immune activation, and CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, several immune dysfunctions are observed in cells that are not targeted by the virus, such as B cells. Some B cell abnormalities include hypergammaglobulinemia, nonspecific B cell activation, class switching, increased cell turnover, breakage of tolerance, and a loss of the capacity to generate and maintain memory. Several cytokines and growth factors that are increased in the serum of HIV-1-infected individuals have been suggested to directly or indirectly trigger B cell activation, and one of these is BAFF. In this study, we investigate the ability of fully competent (R5-tropic) HIV-1 to induce BAFF production by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We demonstrate here that HIV-1 drives BAFF production in MDMs in a type-I IFN- and TLR-independent manner. Moreover, we determine that HIV-1 Nef accessory protein is dispensable in BAFF upregulation as a nef-deleted HIV-1 strain is still able to increase BAFF at levels similar to the wild type strain. Finally, we show that the macrophage phenotype status affects HIV-1 replication and BAFF induction, as both were abrogated in MDMs displaying a M1 phenotype. This study provides new useful information about the increased levels of BAFF observed during HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of macrophages as a source of BAFF, a phenomenon that might contribute to B cell dysfunctions at inflammatory tissue sites in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Gomez
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; and
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; and
| | - Alexandre Deshiere
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; and
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; and
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada; and Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Gorry PR, Francella N, Lewin SR, Collman RG. HIV-1 envelope-receptor interactions required for macrophage infection and implications for current HIV-1 cure strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:71-81. [PMID: 24158961 PMCID: PMC3868190 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells residing in the CNS and lymphoid tissues are targets for productive HIV-1 replication, and their infection contributes to the pathological manifestations of HIV-1 infection. The Envs can adopt altered configurations to overcome entry restrictions in macrophages via a more efficient and/or altered mechanism of engagement with cellular receptors. This review highlights evidence supporting an important role for macrophages in HIV-1 pathogenesis and persistence, which need to be considered for strategies aimed at achieving a functional or sterilizing cure. We also highlight that the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-1 tropism for macrophages are complex, involving enhanced and/or altered interactions with CD4, CCR5, and/or CXCR4, and that the nature of these interactions may depend on the anatomical location of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Nicholas Francella
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Spadaro F, Cecchetti S, Purificato C, Sabbatucci M, Podo F, Ramoni C, Gessani S, Fantuzzi L. Nuclear phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C β1 controls cytoplasmic CCL2 mRNA levels in HIV-1 gp120-stimulated primary human macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59705. [PMID: 23555755 PMCID: PMC3610878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 induces, independently of infection, the release of CCL2 from macrophages. In turn, this chemokine acts as an autocrine factor enhancing viral replication. In this study, we show for the first time that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) is required for the production of CCL2 triggered by gp120 in macrophages. Using a combination of confocal laser-scanner microscopy, pharmacologic inhibition, western blotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, we demonstrate that gp120 interaction with CCR5 leads to nuclear localization of the PI-PLC β1 isozyme mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK-1/2. Notably, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), previously reported to be required for NF-kB-mediated CCL2 production induced by gp120 in macrophages, drives both ERK1/2 activation and PI-PLC β1 nuclear localization induced by gp120. PI-PLC β1 activation through CCR5 is also triggered by the natural chemokine ligand CCL4, but independently of ERK1/2. Finally, PI-PLC inhibition neither blocks gp120-mediated NF-kB activation nor overall accumulation of CCL2 mRNA, whereas it decreases CCL2 transcript level in the cytoplasm. These results identify nuclear PI-PLC β1 as a new intermediate in the gp120-triggered PC-PLC-driven signal transduction pathway leading to CCL2 secretion in macrophages. The finding that a concerted gp120-mediated signaling involving both PC- and PI-specific PLCs is required for the expression of CCL2 in macrophages suggests that this signal transduction pathway may also be relevant for the modulation of viral replication in these cells. Thus, this study may contribute to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spadaro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Purificato
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sabbatucci
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Podo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ramoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fantuzzi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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