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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in immune responses and outcome of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106660. [PMID: 35988820 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases with a broad clinical spectrum. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease caused by different Leishmania species, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and distributed worldwide. TL can present a cutaneous (CL) or mucocutaneous (MCL) clinical form depending on factors inherent to the parasite, the host and the vector. Polymorphisms in the immune response genes are host genetic factors that influence the pathogenesis or control of leishmaniasis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune genes have been evaluated in several countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. In this review, we report studies on SNPs in several immune genes that might be associated with susceptibility or resistance to TL. We summarize studies from around the world and in Brazil, highlight the difficulties of these studies and future analyses needed to enhance our knowledge regarding host genetic factors in TL. Understanding the genetic characteristics of the host that facilitate resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis can contribute to the development of immunotherapy schedules for this disease. The current treatment methods are toxic, and no human vaccine is available.
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Margaroni M, Agallou M, Vasilakaki A, Karagkouni D, Skoufos G, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Karagouni E. Transcriptional Profiling of Leishmania infantum Infected Dendritic Cells: Insights into the Role of Immunometabolism in Host-Parasite Interaction. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071271. [PMID: 35888991 PMCID: PMC9322131 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are capable of effectively invading dendritic cells (DCs), a cell population orchestrating immune responses against several diseases, including leishmaniasis, by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Leishmania on the other hand has evolved various mechanisms to subvert DCs activation and establish infection. Thus, the transcriptional profile of DCs derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) that have been infected with Leishmania infantum parasite or of DCs exposed to chemically inactivated parasites was investigated via RNA sequencing, aiming to better understand the host–pathogen interplay. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that L. infantum actively inhibits maturation of not only infected but also bystander BMDCs. Analysis of double-sorted L. infantum infected BMDCs revealed significantly increased expression of genes mainly associated with metabolism and particularly glycolysis. Moreover, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to DC-T cell interactions were also found to be upregulated exclusively in infected BMDCs. On the contrary, transcriptome analysis of fixed parasites containing BMDCs indicated that energy production was mediated through TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, DEGs related to differentiation of DCs leading to activation and differentiation of Th17 subpopulations were detected. These findings suggest an important role of metabolism on DCs-Leishmania interplay and eventually disease establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa Margaroni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Agallou
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Athina Vasilakaki
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
| | - Dimitra Karagkouni
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Skoufos
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Artemis G. Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (D.K.); (G.S.); (A.G.H.)
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (M.A.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-0647-8826
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The level of interleukin-17, 23, and gamma interferon in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients before and after intra lesion treatment. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:476-482. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Khandibharad S, Nimsarkar P, Singh S. Mechanobiology of immune cells: Messengers, receivers and followers in leishmaniasis aiding synthetic devices. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:186-198. [PMID: 36051499 PMCID: PMC9424266 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are influential molecules which can direct cells behavior. In this review, cytokines are referred as messengers, immune cells which respond to cytokine stimulus are referred as receivers and the immune cells which gets modulated due to their plasticity induced by infectious pathogen leishmania, are referred as followers. The advantage of plasticity of cells is taken by the parasite to switch them from parasite eliminating form to parasite survival favoring form through a process called as reciprocity which is undergone by cytokines, wherein pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory switch occur rendering immune cell population to switch their phenotype. Detailed study of this switch can help in identification of important targets which can help in restoring the phenotype to parasite eliminating form and this can be done through synthetic circuit, finding its wider applicability in therapeutics. Cytokines as messengers for governing reciprocity in infection. Leishmania induces reciprocity modulating the immune cells plasticity. Reciprocity of cytokines identifies important target for therapeutics. Therapeutic targets aiding the design of synthetic devices to combat infection.
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Araújo CF, Oliveira IBN, Silva MVT, Pereira LIDA, Pinto SA, Silveira MB, Dorta ML, Fonseca SG, Gomes RS, Ribeiro-Dias F. New world Leishmania spp. infection in people living with HIV: Concerns about relapses and secondary prophylaxis. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106146. [PMID: 34562423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Leishmania impairs immune responses, increases treatment failure and relapse rates in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), as well as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). There is insufficient data on the treatment, relapse, and secondary prophylaxis in patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania in Brazil. This study investigated patients with HIV/ATL and HIV/VL to describe the outcome of leishmaniasis in patients assisted at a referral hospital of Brazilian midwestern region. Patients with HIV/ATL (n = 21) mainly presented cutaneous diseases (76.2%) with an overall relapse rate of 28.57% after treatment, whereas HIV/VL (n = 28) patients accounted for 17.5% of the cases. The counts of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratios at diagnosis or relapses were not significantly different between relapsing and non-relapsing patients. Patients with HIV/ATL or HIV/VL showed high levels of activation markers in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The regular use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and viral load at the time of diagnosis did not influence the relapse rates. Relapses occurred in 36.4% (4/11) of the patients with HIV/VL receiving secondary prophylaxis and in 5.9% (1/17) of the patients who did not receive secondary prophylaxis (p = 0.06). These data are relevant for the therapeutic management of the patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania.
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