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Stepanova K, Toman M, Sinkorova J, Sinkora S, Pfeiferova S, Kupcova Skalnikova H, Abuhajiar S, Moutelikova R, Salat J, Stepanova H, Nechvatalova K, Leva L, Hermanova P, Kratochvilova M, Dusankova B, Sinkora M, Horak V, Hudcovic T, Butler JE, Sinkora M. Modified live vaccine strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus cause immune system dysregulation similar to wild strains. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1292381. [PMID: 38283357 PMCID: PMC10811158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. Background and objective We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. Methods We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. Results Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. Discussion and conclusion The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Toman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Sarka Pfeiferova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Salim Abuhajiar
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Romana Moutelikova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Katerina Nechvatalova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Leva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Mirka Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Blanka Dusankova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Vratislav Horak
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses and Research Center PIGMOD (Pig Models of Diseases), Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
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Sun J, Chong J, Zhang J, Ge L. Preterm pigs for preterm birth research: reasonably feasible. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1189422. [PMID: 37520824 PMCID: PMC10374951 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1189422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth will disrupt the pattern and course of organ development, which may result in morbidity and mortality of newborn infants. Large animal models are crucial resources for developing novel, credible, and effective treatments for preterm infants. This review summarizes the classification, definition, and prevalence of preterm birth, and analyzes the relationship between the predicted animal days and one human year in the most widely used animal models (mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and pigs) for preterm birth studies. After that, the physiological characteristics of preterm pig models at different gestational ages are described in more detail, including birth weight, body temperature, brain development, cardiovascular system development, respiratory, digestive, and immune system development, kidney development, and blood constituents. Studies on postnatal development and adaptation of preterm pig models of different gestational ages will help to determine the physiological basis for survival and development of very preterm, middle preterm, and late preterm newborns, and will also aid in the study and accurate optimization of feeding conditions, diet- or drug-related interventions for preterm neonates. Finally, this review summarizes several accepted pediatric applications of preterm pig models in nutritional fortification, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal encephalopathy and hypothermia intervention, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy for preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
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3
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Stepanova K, Sinkorova J, Srutkova D, Sinkora M, Sinkora S, Splichal I, Splichalova A, Butler JE, Sinkora M. The order of immunoglobulin light chain κ and λ usage in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues of germ-free and conventional piglets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104392. [PMID: 35271860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In pigs (Sus scrofa), the initial immunoglobulin rearrangement of the κ light chain is replaced by λ before the heavy chains rearrange, and the light chains may rearrange even later. This study investigates whether these developmental differences are reflected in the usage of IGK and IGL genes. We found large differences between peripheral B cells and those developing in the bone marrow, and between B cells in germ-free piglets and conventional pigs. During early B cell development in the bone marrow, more 3' V and 5' J gene segments for both light chains are used. However, in the peripheral naive repertoire, more 5' IGLV and 3' IGLJ genes are used. A similar shift toward the use of more 5' IGKV and 3' IGKJ genes is observed later after antigen exposure in conventional pigs. The expression profile showed that most λ+ B cells are generated earlier, while κ+ B cells develop from late precursors that already contain the λ rearrangement. The initial λ rearrangement is retained in both λ+ and κ+ B lymphocytes, and multiple λ transcripts can be found in individual cells. The overall pool of the IGLV repertoire is therefore much larger and more diversified than for IGKV. The κ repertoire is further restricted to the preferential use of only two major IGKV genes, reflecting the limitation for only two consecutive rearrangements. Tracing of silenced λ transcripts in κ+ B cells further confirmed the unconventional mechanism of differential rearrangements in pigs. Our results underline the diversity of the immune system among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Splichal
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Splichalova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - John E Butler
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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4
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Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Butler JE, Sinkora M, Sinkora S, Sinkorova J. Comparative Aspects of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement Arrays in Different Species. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823145. [PMID: 35222402 PMCID: PMC8873125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and mice indicate the critical role of the surrogate light chain in the selection of the productive immunoglobulin repertoire during B cell development. However, subsequent studies using mutant mice have also demonstrated that alternative pathways are allowed. Our recent investigation has shown that some species, such as pig, physiologically use preferential rearrangement of authentic light chains, and become independent of surrogate light chains. Here we summarize the findings from swine and compare them with results in other species. In both groups, allelic and isotypic exclusions remain intact, so the different processes do not alter the paradigm of B-cell monospecificity. Both groups also retained some other essential processes, such as segregated and sequential rearrangement of heavy and light chain loci, preferential rearrangement of light chain kappa before lambda, and functional κ-deleting element recombination. On the other hand, the respective order of heavy and light chains rearrangement may vary, and rearrangement of the light chain kappa and lambda on different chromosomes may occur independently. Studies have also confirmed that the surrogate light chain is not required for the selection of the productive repertoire of heavy chains and can be substituted by authentic light chains. These findings are important for understanding evolutional approaches, redundancy and efficiency of B-cell generation, dependencies on other regulatory factors, and strategies for constructing therapeutic antibodies in unrelated species. The results may also be important for explaining interspecies differences in the proportional use of light chains and for the understanding of divergences in rearrangement processes. Therefore, the division into two groups may not be definitive and there may be more groups of intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marek Sinkora,
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Simon Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czechia
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5
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Li K, Zhu G, Zhou S, Sun P, Wang H, Bao H, Fu Y, Li P, Bai X, Ma X, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Cao Y, Lu Z. Isolation and characterization of porcine monoclonal antibodies revealed two distinct serotype-independent epitopes on VP2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34280085 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and the humoral immune response plays an essential role in protection against FMDV infection. However, little information is available about FMDV-specific mAbs derived from single B cells of pigs. This study aimed to determine the antigenic features of FMDV that are recognized by antibodies from pigs. Therefore, a panel of pig-derived mAbs against FMDV were developed using fluorescence-based single B cell antibody technology. Western blotting revealed that three of the antibodies (1C6, P2-7E and P2-8G) recognized conserved antigen epitopes on capsid protein VP2, and exhibited broad reactivity against both FMDV serotypes A and O. An alanine-substitution scanning assay and sequence conservation analysis elucidated that these porcine mAbs recognized two conserved epitopes on VP2: a linear epitope (2KKTEETTLL10) in the N terminus and a conformational epitope involving residues K63, H65, L66, F67, D68 and L81 on two β-sheets (B-sheet and C-sheet) that depended on the integrity of VP2. Random parings of heavy and light chains of the IgGs confirmed that the heavy chain is predominantly involved in binding to antigen. The light chain of porcine IgG contributes to the binding affinity toward an antigen and may function as a support platform for antibody stability. In summary, this study is the first to reveal the conserved antigenic profile of FMDV recognized by porcine B cells and provides a novel method for analysing the antibody response against FMDV in its natural hosts (i.e. pigs) at the clonal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou 730046, PR China
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6
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Chen N, Li S, Tian Y, Li X, Li S, Li J, Qiu M, Sun Z, Xiao Y, Yan X, Lin H, Yu X, Tian K, Shang S, Zhu J. Chimeric HP-PRRSV2 containing an ORF2-6 consensus sequence induces antibodies with broadly neutralizing activity and confers cross protection against virulent NADC30-like isolate. Vet Res 2021; 52:74. [PMID: 34044890 PMCID: PMC8161975 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the substantial genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), commercial PRRS vaccines fail to provide sufficient cross protection. Previous studies have confirmed the existence of PRRSV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). However, bnAbs are rarely induced by either natural infection or vaccination. In this study, we designed and synthesized a consensus sequence of PRRSV2 ORF2-6 genes (ORF2-6-CON) encoding all envelope proteins based on 30 representative Chinese PRRSV isolates. The ORF2-6-CON sequence shared > 90% nucleotide identities to all four lineages of PRRSV2 isolates in China. A chimeric virus (rJS-ORF2-6-CON) containing the ORF2-6-CON was generated using the avirulent HP-PRRSV2 JSTZ1712-12 infectious clone as a backbone. The rJS-ORF2-6-CON has similar replication efficiency as the backbone virus in vitro. Furthermore, pig inoculation and challenge studies showed that rJS-ORF2-6-CON is not pathogenic to piglets and confers better cross protection against the virulent NADC30-like isolate than a commercial HP-PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. Noticeably, the rJS-ORF2-6-CON strain could induce bnAbs while the MLV strain only induced homologous nAbs. In addition, the lineages of VDJ repertoires potentially associated with distinct nAbs were also characterized. Overall, our results demonstrate that rJS-ORF2-6-CON is a promising candidate for the development of a PRRS genetic engineered vaccine conferring cross protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xilin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471003, Henan, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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7
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Zhang L, Wang L, Cao S, Lv H, Huang J, Zhang G, Tabynov K, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Nanobody Nb6 fused with porcine IgG Fc as the delivering tag to inhibit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Res 2021; 52:25. [PMID: 33596995 PMCID: PMC7887809 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious virus that has led to enormous economic loss worldwide because of ineffective prevention and treatment. In view of their minimized size, high target specificity and affinity, nanobodies have been extensively investigated as diagnostic tools and treatments of many diseases. Previously, a PRRSV Nsp9-specific nanobody (Nb6) was identified as a PRRSV replication inhibitor. When it was fused with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT, Nb6-TAT could enter the cells for PRRSV suppression. However, delivery of molecules by CPP lack cell specificity and have a short duration of action. PRRSV has a tropism for monocyte/macrophage lineage, which expresses high levels of Fcγ receptors. Herein, we designed a nanobody containing porcine IgG Fc (Fcγ) to inhibit PRRSV replication in PRRSV permissive cells. Fcγ fused Nb6 chimeric antibody (Nb6-pFc) was assembled into a dimer with interchain disulfide bonds and expressed in a Pichia pastoris system. The results show that Nb6-pFc exhibits a well-binding ability to recombinant Nsp9 or PRRSV-encoded Nsp9 and that FcγR-mediated endocytosis of Nb6-pFc into porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) was in a dose-dependent manner. Nb6-pFc can inhibit PRRSV infection efficiently not only by binding with Nsp9 but also by upregulating proinflammatory cytokine production in PAM. Together, this study proposes the design of a porcine IgG Fc-fused nanobody that can enter PRRSV susceptible PAM via FcγR-mediated endocytosis and inhibit PRRSV replication. This research reveals that nanobody-Fcγ chimeric antibodies might be effective for the control and prevention of monocyte/macrophage lineage susceptible pathogeneses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guixi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaissar Tabynov
- Kazakh National Agrarian University, 050010, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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8
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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9
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Zhang M, Li Z, Li J, Huang T, Peng G, Tang W, Yi G, Zhang L, Song Y, Liu T, Hu X, Ren L, Liu H, Butler JE, Han H, Zhao Y. Revisiting the Pig IGHC Gene Locus in Different Breeds Uncovers Nine Distinct IGHG Genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2137-2145. [PMID: 32929042 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgG subclass diversification is common in placental mammals. It has been well documented in humans and mice that different IgG subclasses, with diversified functions, synergistically regulate humoral immunity. However, our knowledge on the genomic and functional diversification of IgG subclasses in the pig, a mammalian species with high agricultural and biomedical importance, is incomplete. Using bacterial artificial chromosome sequencing and newly assembled genomes generated by the PacBio sequencing approach, we characterized and mapped the IgH C region gene locus in three indigenous Chinese breeds (Erhualian, Xiang, and Luchuan) and compared them to that of Duroc. Our data revealed that IGHG genes in Chinese pigs differ from the Duroc, whereas the IGHM, IGHD, IGHA, and IGHE genes were all single copy and highly conserved in the pig breeds examined. Most striking were differences in numbers of IGHG genes: there are seven genes in Erhualian pigs, six in the Duroc, but only five in Xiang pigs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all reported porcine IGHG genes could be classified into nine subclasses: IGHG1, IGHG2a, IGHG2b, IGHG2c, IGHG3, IGHG4, IGHG5a, IGHG5b, and IGHG5c. Using sequence information, we developed a mouse mAb specific for IgG3. This study offers a starting point to investigate the structure-function relationship of IgG subclasses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaochuang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenda Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Yi
- Research Centre for Animal Genome, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; and
| | - John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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10
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Descotes J, Allais L, Ancian P, Pedersen HD, Friry-Santini C, Iglesias A, Rubic-Schneider T, Skaggs H, Vestbjerg P. Nonclinical evaluation of immunological safety in Göttingen Minipigs: The CONFIRM initiative. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:271-275. [PMID: 29481836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to consider non-rodent species for the immunological safety evaluation of drug candidates. The EU Framework-6 RETHINK Project demonstrated that the Göttingen Minipig is a relevant animal model for regulatory toxicology studies. Extensive knowledge on the immune system of domestic pigs is available and fewer differences from humans have been identified as compared to other species, such as mice or non-human primates. Minipig data are too scarce to allow for claiming full immunological comparability with domestic pigs. Another gap limiting minipig use for immunological safety evaluation is the lack of a qualified and validated database. However, available data lend support to the use of minipigs. The need for a COllaborative Network For Immunological safety Research in Minipigs (the CONFIRM Initiative) was obvious. It is intended to trigger immunological safety research in Göttingen Minipigs, to assist and synergize fundamental, translational and regulatory investigative efforts relevant to the immunological safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals and biologics, and to spread current knowledge and new findings to the scientific and regulatory toxicology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Descotes
- ImmunoSafe Consulting & University of Lyon, 38480 Saint Jean d'Avelanne, France.
| | - Linda Allais
- Charles River Laboratories, 69210 Saint Germain-Nuelles, France
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11
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Guo N, Su M, Xie Z, Wang K, Yuan H, Li M, Li J, Liu M, Bai J, Liu J, Ouyang H, Pang D, Jiao H. Characterization and comparative analysis of immunoglobulin lambda chain diversity in a neonatal porcine model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 195:84-91. [PMID: 29249323 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate how antigen exposure and selection shape the porcine antibody repertoires, we investigated the immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IGL) gene repertoires of the binary cross-bred (Yorkshire×Landrace) pig at different developmental stages, pre-suckle neonate (0days), wean piglet (35days) and growing pig (75days) under normal farming conditions. Immunoglobulin lambda light transcript (IGLV-J-C) clones of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these different developmental stages were assessed for IGL combination, junction and sequence diversity. Previous research has revealed that IGLV8 plays a major role in immunity during the early fetus stage and that IGLV3 accounts for 30% of the neonatal IGLV repertoires. Here, we found that the antibody profile exhibited salient features at different stages. The usage of the IGLV3-3 subclass gradually decreased during development, in contrast, the utilization of IGLV8 (IGLV8-10, IGLV8-13 and IGLV8-18), which started in the fetal stage, has increased in the growing stage. Moreover, the junction diversity, as measured by the IGLV hypervariable complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3L) lengths, was constant during the different stages. The complete junction mutation ratio clearly increased in the growing pig compared to that in the younger pig. Our data provide new insights into the postnatal porcine IGLV repertoires maturation which can lay the foundation for porcine antibody gene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kankan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huping Jiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Chen L, Duan Y, Benatuil L, Stine WB. Analysis of 5518 unique, productively rearranged human VH3-23*01 gene sequences reveals CDR-H3 length-dependent usage of the IGHD2 gene family. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:603-609. [PMID: 28472386 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear and accurate understanding of diversity in antibody complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) is critical for antibody discovery and engineering. Previous observations of antibody CDR-H3 diversity were based on analyzing available antibody sequences in the public databases. The results may not accurately reflect that of natural antibody repertoire due to erroneous species annotation and the presence of man-made CDR loop diversity in public antibody sequence databases. In this study, in a precisely controlled germline context, we explored the relationship between amino acid composition and CDR-H3 length using 5518 unique productively rearranged human VH3-23*01 gene sequences. CDR-H3 length-dependent usage of the Cys-Xn-Cys motif is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Abbvie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- Data and Statistical Sciences, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lorenzo Benatuil
- Abbvie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William B Stine
- Abbvie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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13
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Chen N, Trible BR, Rowland RRR. Amplification and selection of PRRSV-activated VDJ repertoires in pigs secreting distinct neutralizing antiboidies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 189:53-57. [PMID: 28669387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) play an important role in protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. However, the characterization of PRRSV nAb repertoires is rarely investigated. In this study, we developed a swine VDJ amplification method and selection criteria for the characterization of PRRSV-activated VDJ repertoires. According to clonal expansion theory, two separated aliquots of lymph nodes from pigs producing different PRRSV nAbs were utilized to determine the activated B-cell repertoires. Swine VDJ repertoires from a mock-infected pig and PRRSV-infected pigs secreting no detectable nAbs, only homologous nAbs, and broad nAbs were amplified by a single pair of primers that could detect all seven major VDJ genes. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced to generate 385 VDJ sequences. Sequence alignment showed that the diversification of VDJ genes was mainly due to the variation in complementarity determining regions (CDRs), especially CDR3. Based on selection criteria, shared and abundant sequences were identified in two separated aliquots from PRRSV-infected pigs but not from the mock-infected pig, suggesting they were secreted from PRRSV-activated B cells. Thus, the amplification and selection method provide a potential alternative for the characterization of swine VDJ repertoires. However, additional experiments are required to determine whether the shared and abundant VDJ lineages identified in this study are PRRSV-specific or distinct neutralizing-antibodies-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Benjamin R Trible
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
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14
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Butler JE, Santiago-Mateo K, Wertz N, Sun X, Sinkora M, Francis DL. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. XXIV. Hypothesis: The ileal Peyer patches (IPP) are the major source of primary, undiversified IgA antibodies in newborn piglets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:340-351. [PMID: 27497872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ileal Peyers patches (IPP) of newborn germfree (GF) piglets were isolated into blind loops and the piglets colonized with a defined probiotic microflora. After 5 weeks, IgA levels in the intestinal lavage (IL) of loop piglets remained at GF levels and IgM comprised ∼70% while in controls, IgA levels were elevated 5-fold and comprised ∼70% of total Igs. Loop piglets also had reduced serum IgA levels suggesting the source of serum IgA had been interrupted. The isotype profile for loop contents was intermediate between that in the IL of GF and probiotic controls. Surprisingly, colonization alone did not result in repertoire diversification in the IPP. Rather, colonization promoted pronounced proliferation of fully switched IgA(+)IgM(-) B cells in the IPP that supply early, non-diversified "natural" SIgA antibodies to the gut lumen and a primary IgA response in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | | | - Nancy Wertz
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xiuzhu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - David L Francis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brooking, SD, USA
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15
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Lee WT, Jones DD, Yates JL, Winslow GM, Davis AD, Rudd RJ, Barron CT, Cowan C. Identification of secreted and membrane-bound bat immunoglobulin using a Microchiropteran-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:114-123. [PMID: 27377583 PMCID: PMC7172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bat immunity has received increasing attention because some bat species are being decimated by the fungal disease, White Nose Syndrome, while other species are potential reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Identifying specific immune processes requires new specific tools and reagents. In this study, we describe a new mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with Eptesicus fuscus immunoglobulins. The epitope recognized by mAb BT1-4F10 was localized to immunoglobulin light (lambda) chains; hence, the mAb recognized serum immunoglobulins and B lymphocytes. The BT1-4F10 epitope appeared to be restricted to Microchiropteran immunoglobulins and absent from Megachiropteran immunoglobulins. Analyses of sera and other E. fuscus fluids showed that most, if not all, secreted immunoglobulins utilized lambda light chains. Finally, mAb BT1-4F10 permitted the identification of B cell follicles in splenic white pulp. This Microchiropteran-specific mAb has potential utility in seroassays; hence, this reagent may have both basic and practical applications for studying immune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA.
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Jennifer L Yates
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Gary M Winslow
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - April D Davis
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Robert J Rudd
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Christopher T Barron
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Cailyn Cowan
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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16
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WITHDRAWN: Crossbred Commercial Pigs immunoglobulin lambda chain usage diversity fluctuation after born. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Sinkora M, Butler JE. Progress in the use of swine in developmental immunology of B and T lymphocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:1-17. [PMID: 26708608 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of higher vertebrates is believed to have evolved to counter the ability of pathogens to avoid expulsion because their high rate of germline mutations. Vertebrates developed this adaptive immune response through the evolution of lymphocytes capable of somatic generation of a diverse repertoire of their antigenic receptors without the need to increase the frequency of germline mutation. The focus of our research and this article is on the ontogenetic development of the lymphocytes, and the repertoires they generate in swine. Several features are discussed including (a) the "closed" porcine placenta means that de novo fetal development can be studied for 114 days without passive influence from the mother, (b) newborn piglets are precocial permitting them to be reared without their mothers in germ-free isolators, (c) swine are members of the γδ-high group of mammals and thus provides a greater opportunity to characterize the role of γδ T cells and (d) because swine have a simplified variable heavy and light chain genome they offer a convenient system to study antibody repertoire development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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18
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Wang X, Cheng G, Lu Y, Zhang C, Wu X, Han H, Zhao Y, Ren L. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Phylogeny, Genomic Organization and Expression of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes in Alligator sinensis, an Endangered Reptile Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147704. [PMID: 26901135 PMCID: PMC4762898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians are evolutionarily distinct reptiles that are distantly related to lizards and are thought to be the closest relatives of birds. Compared with birds and mammals, few studies have investigated the Ig light chain of crocodilians. Here, employing an Alligator sinensis genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and available genome data, we characterized the genomic organization of the Alligator sinensis IgL gene loci. The Alligator sinensis has two IgL isotypes, λ and κ, the same as Anolis carolinensis. The Igλ locus contains 6 Cλ genes, each preceded by a Jλ gene, and 86 potentially functional Vλ genes upstream of (Jλ-Cλ)n. The Igκ locus contains a single Cκ gene, 6 Jκs and 62 functional Vκs. All VL genes are classified into a total of 31 families: 19 Vλ families and 12 Vκ families. Based on an analysis of the chromosomal location of the light chain genes among mammals, birds, lizards and frogs, the data further confirm that there are two IgL isotypes in the Alligator sinensis: Igλ and Igκ. By analyzing the cloned Igλ/κ cDNA, we identified a biased usage pattern of V families in the expressed Vλ and Vκ. An analysis of the junctions of the recombined VJ revealed the presence of N and P nucleotides in both expressed λ and κ sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the V genes revealed V families shared by mammals, birds, reptiles and Xenopus, suggesting that these conserved V families are orthologous and have been retained during the evolution of IgL. Our data suggest that the Alligator sinensis IgL gene repertoire is highly diverse and complex and provide insight into immunoglobulin gene evolution in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaobing Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Wuhu 241000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Heckel T, Schmucki R, Berrera M, Ringshandl S, Badi L, Steiner G, Ravon M, Küng E, Kuhn B, Kratochwil NA, Schmitt G, Kiialainen A, Nowaczyk C, Daff H, Khan AP, Lekolool I, Pelle R, Okoth E, Bishop R, Daubenberger C, Ebeling M, Certa U. Functional analysis and transcriptional output of the Göttingen minipig genome. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:932. [PMID: 26573612 PMCID: PMC4647470 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade the Göttingen minipig has gained increasing recognition as animal model in pharmaceutical and safety research because it recapitulates many aspects of human physiology and metabolism. Genome-based comparison of drug targets together with quantitative tissue expression analysis allows rational prediction of pharmacology and cross-reactivity of human drugs in animal models thereby improving drug attrition which is an important challenge in the process of drug development. RESULTS Here we present a new chromosome level based version of the Göttingen minipig genome together with a comparative transcriptional analysis of tissues with pharmaceutical relevance as basis for translational research. We relied on mapping and assembly of WGS (whole-genome-shotgun sequencing) derived reads to the reference genome of the Duroc pig and predict 19,228 human orthologous protein-coding genes. Genome-based prediction of the sequence of human drug targets enables the prediction of drug cross-reactivity based on conservation of binding sites. We further support the finding that the genome of Sus scrofa contains about ten-times less pseudogenized genes compared to other vertebrates. Among the functional human orthologs of these minipig pseudogenes we found HEPN1, a putative tumor suppressor gene. The genomes of Sus scrofa, the Tibetan boar, the African Bushpig, and the Warthog show sequence conservation of all inactivating HEPN1 mutations suggesting disruption before the evolutionary split of these pig species. We identify 133 Sus scrofa specific, conserved long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the minipig genome and show that these transcripts are highly conserved in the African pigs and the Tibetan boar suggesting functional significance. Using a new minipig specific microarray we show high conservation of gene expression signatures in 13 tissues with biomedical relevance between humans and adult minipigs. We underline this relationship for minipig and human liver where we could demonstrate similar expression levels for most phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes. Higher expression levels and metabolic activities were found for FMO1, AKR/CRs and for phase II drug metabolizing enzymes in minipig as compared to human. The variability of gene expression in equivalent human and minipig tissues is considerably higher in minipig organs, which is important for study design in case a human target belongs to this variable category in the minipig. The first analysis of gene expression in multiple tissues during development from young to adult shows that the majority of transcriptional programs are concluded four weeks after birth. This finding is in line with the advanced state of human postnatal organ development at comparative age categories and further supports the minipig as model for pediatric drug safety studies. CONCLUSIONS Genome based assessment of sequence conservation combined with gene expression data in several tissues improves the translational value of the minipig for human drug development. The genome and gene expression data presented here are important resources for researchers using the minipig as model for biomedical research or commercial breeding. Potential impact of our data for comparative genomics, translational research, and experimental medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heckel
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Berrera
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Ringshandl
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Badi
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Morgane Ravon
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Erich Küng
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole A Kratochwil
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Kiialainen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Corinne Nowaczyk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hamina Daff
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Azinwi Phina Khan
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Isaac Lekolool
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Edward Okoth
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, CH 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Certa
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Qin T, Zhao H, Zhu H, Wang D, Du W, Hao H. Immunoglobulin genomics in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Immunol Lett 2015; 166:79-86. [PMID: 26073565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In science, the prairie voles are ideal models for studying the regulatory mechanisms of social behavior in humans. The utility of the prairie vole as a biology model can be further enhanced by characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the prairie vole immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. The prairie vole IgH locus on chromosome 1 spans over 1600kb, and consists of at least 79 VH segments (28 potentially functional genes, 2 ORFs and 49 pseudogenes), 7 DH segments, 4 JH segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ɛ, and α), and two transmembrane regions of δ gene. The Igκ locus, found on three scaffolds (JH996430, JH996605 and JH996566), contains a totle of 124 Vκ segments (47 potentially functional genes, 1 ORF and 76 pseudogenes), 5 Jκ segments and a single Cκ gene. Two different transcriptional orientations were determined for these Vκ gene segments. In contrast, the Igλ locus on scaffold JH996473 and JH996489 includes 21 Vλ gene segments (14 potentially functional genes, 1 ORF and 6 pseudogenes), all with the same transcriptional polarity as the downstream Jλ-Cλ cluster. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments suggested the prairie vole's large germline VH, Vκ and Vλ gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Huijing Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weihua Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haisheng Hao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Butler J. Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Specimens for Studies of Mucosal Immunity in Animals of Veterinary Importance. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.15003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Muraoka J, Ozawa T, Enomoto Y, Kiyose N, Imamura A, Arima K, Nakayama H, Ito Y. Selection and characterization of human serum albumin-specific porcine scFv antibodies using a phage display library. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:42-8. [PMID: 24555936 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was generated and human serum albumin (HSA)-specific clones were characterized to investigate the usefulness of porcine antibodies. Phage libraries were developed from pigs immunized with the model antigen HSA. The library size was 1.5 × 10(7) for kappa (VL) and 1.4 × 10(7) for lambda fragments. Eight HSA-specific clones from the kappa library and one clone from the lambda library were isolated using affinity selection. The binding specificity of these clones was confirmed using a phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The scFvs were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified from the periplasm fraction for further investigation. Based on the results of ELISA and Western blot analysis, four scFv clones with high activity and high yield were selected and purified. The purified scFvs from four of the nine clones exhibited an approximate KD of 10(-8) M. This is the first report describing isolation of HSA-specific porcine scFv antibodies from an antibody phage library and characterization of their binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Muraoka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima, Japan
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Battista JM, Tallmadge RL, Stokol T, Felippe MJB. Hematopoiesis in the equine fetal liver suggests immune preparedness. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:635-49. [PMID: 25179685 PMCID: PMC4198492 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how the equine fetus prepares its pre-immune humoral repertoire for an imminent exposure to pathogens in the neonatal period, particularly how the primary hematopoietic organs are equipped to support B cell hematopoiesis and immunoglobulin (Ig) diversity. We demonstrated that the liver and the bone marrow at approximately 100 days of gestation (DG) are active sites of hematopoiesis based on the expression of signature messenger RNA (mRNA) (c-KIT, CD34, IL7R, CXCL12, IRF8, PU.1, PAX5, NOTCH1, GATA1, CEBPA) and protein markers (CD34, CD19, IgM, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11b, CD172A) of hematopoietic development and leukocyte differentiation molecules, respectively. To verify Ig diversity achieved during the production of B cells, V(D)J segments were sequenced in primary lymphoid organs of the equine fetus and adult horse, revealing that similar heavy chain VDJ segments and CDR3 lengths were most frequently used independent of life stage. In contrast, different lambda light chain segments were predominant in equine fetal compared to adult stage, and surprisingly, the fetus had less restricted use of variable gene segments to construct the lambda chain. Fetal Igs also contained elements of sequence diversity, albeit to a smaller degree than that of the adult horse. Our data suggest that the B cells produced in the liver and bone marrow of the equine fetus generate a wide repertoire of pre-immune Igs for protection, and the more diverse use of different lambda variable gene segments in fetal life may provide the neonate an opportunity to respond to a wider range of antigens at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Battista
- Equine Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA,
| | - RL Tallmadge
- Equine Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA,
| | - T Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA,
| | - MJB Felippe
- Equine Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Qin T, Zhu H, Wang D, Hao H, Du W. Genomic organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes in the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). Scand J Immunol 2014; 81:11-22. [PMID: 25271137 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In science, the hamsters are widely used as a model for studying the human diseases because they display many features like humans. The utility of the Chinese hamster as a biology model can be further enhanced by further characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization and expression of the Chinese hamster immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. The Chinese hamster IgH locus contains 268 VH segments (132 potentially functional genes, 12 ORFs and 124 pseudogenes), 4 DH segments, 6 JH segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ε and α) and one reverse δ remnant fragment. The Igκ locus contains only a single Cκ gene, 4 Jκ segments and 48 Vκ segments (15 potentially functional genes and 33 pseudogenes), whereas the Igλ locus contains 4 Cλ genes, but only Cλ 3 and Cλ 4 each preceded by a Jλ gene segment. A total of 49 Vλ segments (39 potentially functional genes, 3 ORFs and 7 pseudogenes) were identified. Analysis of junctions of the recombined V(D)J transcripts reveals complex diversity in both expressed H and κ sequences, but the microhomology-directed VJ recombination obviously results in very limited diversity in the Chinese hamster λ gene despite more potential germline-encoded combinatorial diversity. This is the first study to make a comprehensive analysis of the Ig genes in the Chinese hamster, which provides insights into the Ig genes in placental mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Qin
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Sinkora M, Sinkorova J. B Cell Lymphogenesis in Swine Is Located in the Bone Marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5023-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) induces FasL and reduces iNOS and Cox2 in primary monocytes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1747-54. [PMID: 25059476 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2742-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may alter the phenotype of monocytes by soluble factors that may be influenced by stimulation of the RPE. Since RPE cells carry the toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) that detects and reacts to viral infection through binding of dsRNA we investigated the effects of RPE cells with or without TLR3 stimulation on blood-derived monocytes with respect to regulation of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-angiogenic factors and migratory properties. METHODS Primary RPE cells were prepared from porcine eyes; monocytes were prepared from porcine blood. TLR3 activation was induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). RPE cells were stimulated with Poly I:C in different concentrations for 24 hours and a cell culture supernatant was applied to the monocytes. Expression of CD14 and Fas ligand (FasL) was determined via flow cytometry. The expression of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNFα, Cox2, iNOS and IL-10 was determined via quantitative RT-PCR. Migration was determined using Boyden chamber experiments. RESULTS The supernatant of RPE cells, irrespective of TLR3 activation, induced FasL expression in the monocytes. Expression of iNOS and Cox2 was reduced by RPE cells and the reduction of Cox2 but not if iNOS was lost under TLR3 activation. No induction of IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10 or TNFα by the RPE was seen. TLR3-activated RPE cells induced monocyte migration. CONCLUSION RPE cells induce an upregulation of FasL and a downregulation of iNOS and Cox2 without upregulating inflammatory cytokines, possibly inducing an anti-angiogenic phenotype in the monocytes. This phenotype is still upheld after challenging RPE cells with dsRNA, mimicking a viral infection.
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Comparison of the efficacy of aflibercept, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab in an RPE/choroid organ culture. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1593-8. [PMID: 25047874 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-VEGF treatment is the therapy of choice in age-related macular degeneration and is also applied in diabetic macular edema or retinal vein occlusion. Recently, aflibercept has been approved for therapeutic use. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of aflibercept in comparison with the VEGF-antagonists ranibizumab and bevacizumab in RPE/choroid organ cultures. METHODS RPE/choroid organ cultures were prepared from freshly slaughtered pigs' eyes. Organ cultures were treated with 125 μg/ml aflibercept, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab, and the VEGF content of the supernatant was evaluated over the course of 7 days. Additionally, the minimal concentration of VEGF inhibition was evaluated in organ cultures, measured after 6 h of application. RESULTS Aflibercept was able to completely inhibit VEGF detection for 6 h at a minimal concentration of 0.031 μg/ml, in contrast to bevacizumab (3.9 μg/ml) and ranibizumab (0.244 μg/ml). A statistically significant VEGF inhibition compared to control could be found for aflibercept and ranibizumab down to and including 0.031 μg/ml, while bevacizumab was significantly reduced compared to control down to a concentration of 0.244 μg/ml and again at 0.061 μg/ml. Inhibition of VEGF after a single aflibercept application of 125 μg/ml could be found over the course of 7 days, with some VEGF detectable at the 7th day. In contrast, VEGF was detectable after 72 h of ranibizumab treatment and some VEGF could already be found 12 h after bevacizumab treatment. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, aflibercept displays a prolonged VEGF inhibition, confirming its effectiveness but also raising concerns about possible side effects of long-term usage.
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Guzman-Bautista ER, Garcia-Ruiz CE, Gama-Espinosa AL, Ramirez-Estudillo C, Rojas-Gomez OI, Vega-Lopez MA. Effect of age and maternal antibodies on the systemic and mucosal immune response after neonatal immunization in a porcine model. Immunology 2014; 141:609-16. [PMID: 24754050 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn mammals are highly susceptible to respiratory infections. Although maternal antibodies (MatAb) offer them some protection, they may also interfere with their systemic immune response to vaccination. However, the impact of MatAb on the neonatal mucosal immune response remains incompletely described. This study was performed to determine the effect of ovalbumin (OVA) -specific MatAb on the anti- OVA antibody response in sera, nasal secretions and saliva from specific pathogen-free Vietnamese miniature piglets immunized at 7 or 14 days of age. Our results demonstrated that MatAb increased antigen-specific IgA and IgG responses in sera, and transiently enhanced an early secretory IgA response in nasal secretions of piglets immunized at 7 days of age. In contrast, we detected a lower mucosal (nasal secretion and saliva) anti- OVA IgG response in piglets with MatAb immunized at 14 days of age, compared with piglets with no MatAb, suggesting a modulatory effect of antigen-specific maternal factors on the isotype transfer to the mucosal immune exclusion system. In our porcine model, we demonstrated that passive maternal immunity positively modulated the systemic and nasal immune responses of animals immunized early in life. Our results, therefore, open the possibility of inducing systemic and respiratory mucosal immunity in the presence of MatAb through early vaccination.
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Levast B, Berri M, Wilson HL, Meurens F, Salmon H. Development of gut immunoglobulin A production in piglet in response to innate and environmental factors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:235-244. [PMID: 24384471 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current review focuses on pre- and post-natal development of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in pig. IgA production is influenced by intrinsic genetic factors in the foetus as well as extrinsic environmental factors during the post-natal period. At birth, piglets are exposed to new antigens through maternal colostrums/milk as well as exogenous microbiota. This exposure to new antigens is critical for the proper development of the gut mucosal immune system and is characterized mainly by the establishment of IgA response. A second critical period for neonatal intestinal immune system development occurs at weaning time when the gut environment is exposed to new dietary antigens. Neonate needs to establish oral tolerance and in the absence of protective milk need to fight potential new pathogens. To improve knowledge about the immune response in the neonates, it is important to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence the intestinal immune system development and to elucidate their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Tours, France
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - François Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Henri Salmon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Tours, France
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Vaccines and Vaccination Practices: Key to Sustainable Animal Production. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152402 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Butler JE, Sinkora M. The enigma of the lower gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:259-70. [PMID: 23695307 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Artiodactyls possess GALT that appears in fetal life and is located at the extreme end of the ileum. These IPP contain mostly B cells and involute early in postnatal life. Rabbits have a similarly located lymphoid organ, called the sacculus rotundus. Studies in sheep and rabbits have led to the concept that the lower hindgut GALT represents primary lymphoid tissue for B cells and is necessary for normal B cell development, analogous to the bursa of Fabricius. This review traces the history of the observations and theories that have led to the existing concept concerning the role of lower GALT. We then review recent data from piglets with resected IPP that challenges the concept that the IPP is primary B cell lymphoid tissue and that artiodactyls and rabbits are members of the GALT group in the same context as gallinaceous birds. Eliminating the IPP as the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells leads to the hypothesis that the IPP acts as first-responder mucosal lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Doly 183, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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Dawson HD, Loveland JE, Pascal G, Gilbert JGR, Uenishi H, Mann KM, Sang Y, Zhang J, Carvalho-Silva D, Hunt T, Hardy M, Hu Z, Zhao SH, Anselmo A, Shinkai H, Chen C, Badaoui B, Berman D, Amid C, Kay M, Lloyd D, Snow C, Morozumi T, Cheng RPY, Bystrom M, Kapetanovic R, Schwartz JC, Kataria R, Astley M, Fritz E, Steward C, Thomas M, Wilming L, Toki D, Archibald AL, Bed’Hom B, Beraldi D, Huang TH, Ait-Ali T, Blecha F, Botti S, Freeman TC, Giuffra E, Hume DA, Lunney JK, Murtaugh MP, Reecy JM, Harrow JL, Rogel-Gaillard C, Tuggle CK. Structural and functional annotation of the porcine immunome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:332. [PMID: 23676093 PMCID: PMC3658956 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The domestic pig is known as an excellent model for human immunology and the two species share many pathogens. Susceptibility to infectious disease is one of the major constraints on swine performance, yet the structure and function of genes comprising the pig immunome are not well-characterized. The completion of the pig genome provides the opportunity to annotate the pig immunome, and compare and contrast pig and human immune systems. RESULTS The Immune Response Annotation Group (IRAG) used computational curation and manual annotation of the swine genome assembly 10.2 (Sscrofa10.2) to refine the currently available automated annotation of 1,369 immunity-related genes through sequence-based comparison to genes in other species. Within these genes, we annotated 3,472 transcripts. Annotation provided evidence for gene expansions in several immune response families, and identified artiodactyl-specific expansions in the cathelicidin and type 1 Interferon families. We found gene duplications for 18 genes, including 13 immune response genes and five non-immune response genes discovered in the annotation process. Manual annotation provided evidence for many new alternative splice variants and 8 gene duplications. Over 1,100 transcripts without porcine sequence evidence were detected using cross-species annotation. We used a functional approach to discover and accurately annotate porcine immune response genes. A co-expression clustering analysis of transcriptomic data from selected experimental infections or immune stimulations of blood, macrophages or lymph nodes identified a large cluster of genes that exhibited a correlated positive response upon infection across multiple pathogens or immune stimuli. Interestingly, this gene cluster (cluster 4) is enriched for known general human immune response genes, yet contains many un-annotated porcine genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the encoded proteins of cluster 4 genes showed that 15% exhibited an accelerated evolution as compared to 4.1% across the entire genome. CONCLUSIONS This extensive annotation dramatically extends the genome-based knowledge of the molecular genetics and structure of a major portion of the porcine immunome. Our complementary functional approach using co-expression during immune response has provided new putative immune response annotation for over 500 porcine genes. Our phylogenetic analysis of this core immunome cluster confirms rapid evolutionary change in this set of genes, and that, as in other species, such genes are important components of the pig's adaptation to pathogen challenge over evolutionary time. These comprehensive and integrated analyses increase the value of the porcine genome sequence and provide important tools for global analyses and data-mining of the porcine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry D Dawson
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jane E Loveland
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Géraldine Pascal
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - James GR Gilbert
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katherine M Mann
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Denise Carvalho-Silva
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Toby Hunt
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Hardy
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Celine Chen
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniel Berman
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clara Amid
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK,Current affiliation: EMBL Outstation-Hinxton, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambs CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mike Kay
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Lloyd
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Snow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Takeya Morozumi
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Ryan Pei-Yen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan Bystrom
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ranjit Kataria
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, P.B. 129, GT Road By-Pass, Karnal 132001, (Haryana), India
| | - Matthew Astley
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eric Fritz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Charles Steward
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark Thomas
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laurens Wilming
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daisuke Toki
- Institute of Japan Association for Technology in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 446-1 Ippaizuka, Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frank Blecha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Integrative Biology Unit, via A. Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy,INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA ARS BA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harrow
- Informatics Department, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambs CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Klettner A, Koinzer S, Meyer T, Roider J. Toll-like receptor 3 activation in retinal pigment epithelium cells - Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways of cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e211-8. [PMID: 23387336 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor of the innate immune system, recognizing double-stranded RNA. TLR3 can lead to cytokine release or apoptosis and has recently been associated with the development of geographical atrophy via cytotoxic effects on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The current study was conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of TLR3 effects in the RPE. METHODS TLR3 activation via polyinosinic acid/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was investigated in primary porcine RPE cells, focussing on cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Primary cells were stimulated with different concentrations of Poly I:C. Cell death was investigated in trypan blue exclusion assay and cell death detection ELISA. VEGF and IFN-ß secretion were also detected in ELISA. As Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play an important part in TLR3-mediated signal transduction, we investigated the influence of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 on cell death and VEGF secretion, using commercially available inhibitors. RESULTS Activation of TLR3 by Poly I:C induced concentration-dependent cell death, partly mediated by JNK. ERK1/2 was activated and exerted some protection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of Poly I:C increased VEGF secretion after 4 and 24 hr, which was independent of MAPK. CONCLUSION The induction of cell death in RPE cells by TLR3 activation confirms possible involvement of TLR3 activation in GA. As cell death is partly mediated by JNK, more studies should be conducted investigating the role of JNK in RPE cell death to evaluate whether its inhibition might be a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of geographical atrophy. Additionally, effects on VEGF secretion can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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35
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Das S, Hirano M, Tako R, McCallister C, Nikolaidis N. Evolutionary genomics of immunoglobulin-encoding Loci in vertebrates. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:95-102. [PMID: 23024601 PMCID: PMC3308330 DOI: 10.2174/138920212799860652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (or antibodies) are an essential element of the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune response system. These molecules have evolved over the past 500 million years and generated highly specialized proteins that recognize an extraordinarily large number of diverse substances, collectively known as antigens. During vertebrate evolution the diversification of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci resulted in differences in the genomic organization, gene content, and ratio of functional genes and pseudogenes. The tinkering process in the immunoglobulin-encoding loci often gave rise to lineage-specific characteristics that were formed by selection to increase species adaptation and fitness. Immunoglobulin loci and their encoded antibodies have been shaped repeatedly by contrasting evolutionary forces, either to conserve the prototypic structure and mechanism of action or to generate alternative and diversified structures and modes of function. Moreover, evolution favored the development of multiple mechanisms of primary and secondary antibody diversification, which are used by different species to effectively generate an almost infinite collection of diverse antibody types. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the genomics and evolution of the immunoglobulin-encoding loci and their protein products in jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, USA
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36
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Guo Y, Bao Y, Meng Q, Hu X, Meng Q, Ren L, Li N, Zhao Y. Immunoglobulin genomics in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e39298. [PMID: 22761756 PMCID: PMC3382241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In science, the guinea pig is known as one of the gold standards for modeling human disease. It is especially important as a molecular and cellular biology model for studying the human immune system, as its immunological genes are more similar to human genes than are those of mice. The utility of the guinea pig as a model organism can be further enhanced by further characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the guinea pig immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain genes. The guinea pig IgH locus is located in genomic scaffolds 54 and 75, and spans approximately 6,480 kb. 507 V(H) segments (94 potentially functional genes and 413 pseudogenes), 41 D(H) segments, six J(H) segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ε, and α), and one reverse δ remnant fragment were identified within the two scaffolds. Many V(H) pseudogenes were found within the guinea pig, and likely constituted a potential donor pool for gene conversion during evolution. The Igκ locus mapped to a 4,029 kb region of scaffold 37 and 24 is composed of 349 V(κ) (111 potentially functional genes and 238 pseudogenes), three J(κ) and one C(κ) genes. The Igλ locus spans 1,642 kb in scaffold 4 and consists of 142 V(λ) (58 potentially functional genes and 84 pseudogenes) and 11 J(λ) -C(λ) clusters. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the guinea pig's large germline V(H) gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Department of Basic Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Sun Y, Liu Z, Ren L, Wei Z, Wang P, Li N, Zhao Y. Immunoglobulin genes and diversity: what we have learned from domestic animals. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22958617 PMCID: PMC3487963 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and Ig isotypes that are expressed in domestic animals. Four livestock species—cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses—express a full range of Ig heavy chains (IgHs), including μ, δ, γ, ϵ, and α. Two poultry species (chickens and ducks) express three IgH isotypes, μ, υ, and α, but not δ. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in the four livestock species, but only the λ chain is expressed in poultry. V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation (SHM), and gene conversion (GC) are three distinct mechanisms by which immunoglobulin variable region diversity is generated. Different domestic animals may use distinct means to diversify rearranged variable regions of Ig genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P, R, China.
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Organization, complexity and allelic diversity of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin lambda locus. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:399-407. [PMID: 22186825 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the organization, complexity, and expression of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) light chain locus, which accounts for about half of antibody light chain usage in swine, yet is nearly totally unknown. Twenty-two IGL variable (IGLV) genes were identified that belong to seven subgroups. Nine genes appear to be functional. Eight possess stop codons, frameshifts, or both, and one is missing the V-EXON. Two additional genes are missing an essential cysteine residue and are classified as ORF (open reading frame). The IGLV genes are organized in two distinct clusters, a constant (C)-proximal cluster dominated by genes similar to the human IGLV3 subgroup, and a C-distal cluster dominated by genes most similar to the human IGLV8 and IGLV5 subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the porcine IGLV8 subgroup genes have recently expanded, suggesting a particularly effective role in immunity to porcine-specific pathogens. Moreover, expression of IGLV genes is nearly exclusively restricted to the IGLV3 and IGLV8 genes. The constant locus comprises three tandem cassettes comprised of a joining (IGLJ) gene and a constant (IGLC) gene, whereas a fourth downstream IGLJ gene has no corresponding associated IGLC gene. Comparison of individual BACs generated from the same individual revealed polymorphisms in IGLC2 and several IGLV genes, indicating that allelic variation in IGLV further expands the porcine antibody light chain repertoire.
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Schwartz JC, Lefranc MP, Murtaugh MP. Evolution of the porcine (Sus scrofa domestica) immunoglobulin kappa locus through germline gene conversion. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:303-11. [PMID: 22109540 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangement and expression are central to disease resistance and health maintenance in animals. The IG kappa (IGK) locus in swine (Sus scrofa domestica) contributes to approximately half of all antibody molecules, in contrast to many other Cetartiodactyla, whose members provide the majority of human dietary protein and in which kappa locus utilization is limited. The porcine IGK variable locus is 27.9 kb upstream of five IG kappa J genes (IGKJ) which are separated from a single constant gene (IGKC) by 2.8 kb. Fourteen variable genes (IGKV) were identified, of which nine are functional and two are open reading frame (ORF). Of the three pseudogenes, IGKV3-1 contains a frameshift and multiple stop codons, IGKV7-2 contains multiple stop codons, and IGKV2-5 is missing exon 2. The nine functional IGKV genes are phylogenetically related to either the human IGKV1 or IGKV2 subgroups. IGKV2 subgroup genes were found to be dominantly expressed. Polymorphisms were identified on overlapping BACs derived from the same individual such that 11 genes contain amino acid differences. The most striking allelic differences are present in IGKV2 genes, which contain as many as 16 amino acid changes between alleles, the majority of which are in complementarity determining region (CDR) 1. In addition, many IGKV2 CDR1 are shared between genes but not between alleles, suggesting extensive diversification of this locus through gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Escribano D, Gutiérrez AM, Martínez Subiela S, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Validation of three commercially available immunoassays for quantification of IgA, IgG, and IgM in porcine saliva samples. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:682-7. [PMID: 22019471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to perform the optimization and validation of three commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of IgA, IgG, and IgM (Igs) in porcine saliva samples and to determinate if their concentrations may be used to distinguish healthy from diseased animals. Intra and inter assay coefficients of variation were lower than 15% in all cases. All methods showed good linearity and recovery; and detection limits were low enough to detect Igs levels in healthy and diseased animals. The clinical validation showed an increase statistically significant (P<0.05) in the group of diseased animals versus healthy pigs. Therefore, these assays may be used in porcine saliva samples, in addition, the measurement of Igs in saliva could be a practical tool, simple and minimally invasive, to evaluate the humoral immune status of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Escribano
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Butler JE, Francis D, Santiago-Mateo K, Potockova H, Karova K, Sinkorova J. Ileal Peyer's patches are not necessary for systemic B cell development and maintenance and do not contribute significantly to the overall B cell pool in swine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5150-61. [PMID: 22013120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on studies of sheep, ileal Peyer's patches (IPP) have been regarded as a type of primary lymphoid tissue similar to the bursa of Fabricius in chicken. Because bursectomy results in B cell deficiency, we wondered whether resection of the IPP of piglets would have a similar effect. Comparison of IPP-resected, surgical shams and untreated germ-free piglets, all of which were later colonized with a defined commensal flora, demonstrated that resection of the IPP did not alter the level and phenotype of B and T cells in lymphoid tissues and the blood 10 wk after surgery. Additionally, colonization of IPP caused a shift from the fetal type of lymphocyte distribution to the adult type that is characterized by prevalence of B cells, with many of them representing IgA(+) switched B cells or displaying a more mature CD2(-)CD21(+) and CD2(-)CD21(-) phenotype. Moreover, colonization leads to appearance of effector CD4(+)CD8(+) αβ T helper and CD2(+)CD8(-) γδ T cells. Comparison of germ-free with colonized pigs and experiments utilizing surgical transposition of jejunal Peyer's patch into terminal ileum or construction of isolated ileal loops indicated that lymphocyte development in IPP is dependent on colonization. Although our studies confirmed higher mitotic and apoptotic rates in IPP, they failed to identify any cell populations that resemble developing B lineage cells in the bone marrow. These results indicate that porcine IPP are not required for systemic B cell generation or maintenance, but they are secondary lymphoid tissue that appears important in immune responses to colonizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic.
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Robbins GR, Knight KL. Mechanism for pre-B cell loss in VH-mutant rabbits. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4714-20. [PMID: 21957145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pre-BCR signaling is a critical checkpoint in B cell development in which B-lineage cells expressing functional IgH μ-chain are selectively expanded. B cell development is delayed in mutant ali/ali rabbits because the a-allotype encoding V(H)1 gene, which is normally used in VDJ gene rearrangements in wt rabbits, is deleted, and instead, most B-lineage cells use the a-allotype encoding V(H)4 gene [V(H)4(a)], which results in a severe developmental block at the pre-B cell stage. We found that V(H)4(a)-utilizing pre-B cells exhibit reduced pre-BCR signaling and do not undergo normal expansion in vitro. Transduction of murine 38B9 pre-B cells with chimeric rabbit-VDJ mouse-Cμ encoding retroviruses showed V(H)4(a)-encoded μ-chains do not readily form signal-competent pre-BCR, thereby explaining the reduction in pre-BCR signaling and pre-B cell expansion. Development of V(H)4(a)-utilizing B cells can be rescued in vivo by the expression of an Igκ transgene, indicating that V(H)4(a)-μ chains are not defective for conventional BCR formation and signaling. The ali/ali rabbit model system is unique because V(H)4(a)-μ chains have the capacity to pair with a variety of conventional IgL chains and yet lack the capacity to form a signal-competent pre-BCR. This system could allow for identification of critical structural parameters that govern pre-BCR formation/signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Das S, Hirano M, McCallister C, Tako R, Nikolaidis N. Comparative genomics and evolution of immunoglobulin-encoding loci in tetrapods. Adv Immunol 2011; 111:143-78. [PMID: 21970954 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385991-4.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulins (Igs or antibodies) as an integral part of the tetrapod adaptive immune response system have evolved toward producing highly diversified molecules that recognize a remarkably large number of different antigens. Antibodies and their respective encoding loci have been shaped by different and often contrasting evolutionary forces, some of which aim to conserve an established pattern or mechanism and others to generate alternative and diversified structural and functional configurations. The genomic organization, gene content, ratio between functional genes and pseudogenes, number and position of recombining genetic elements, and the different levels of divergence present at the germline of the Ig-encoding loci have been evolutionarily shaped and optimized in a lineage- and, in some cases, species-specific mode aiming to increase organismal fitness. Further, evolution favored the development of multiple mechanisms of primary and secondary antibody diversification, such as V(D)J recombination, class switch recombination, isotype exclusion, somatic hypermutation, and gene conversion. Diverse tetrapod species, based on their specific germline configurations, use these mechanisms in several different combinations to effectively generate a vast array of distinct antibody types and structures. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on the Ig-encoding loci in tetrapods and discusses the different evolutionary mechanisms that shaped their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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44
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Wu H, Weng B, Chen K, Chiou P, Yu B. Effect of dietary supplementation of β-1,3–1,6-glucan on reproductive performance and immunity of New Zealand White does and their pups. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Imoto JI, Ishikawa T, Yamanaka A, Konishi M, Murakami K, Shibahara T, Kubo M, Lim CK, Hamano M, Takasaki T, Kurane I, Udagawa H, Mukuta Y, Konishi E. Needle-free jet injection of small doses of Japanese encephalitis DNA and inactivated vaccine mixture induces neutralizing antibodies in miniature pigs and protects against fetal death and mummification in pregnant sows. Vaccine 2010; 28:7373-80. [PMID: 20851083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus causes abortion and stillbirth in swine, and encephalitis in humans and horses. We have previously reported that immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against JE was synergistically enhanced in mice by co-immunization with a commercial inactivated JE vaccine (JEVAX) under a needle-free injection system. Here, we found that this immunization strategy was also effective in miniature pigs. Because of the synergism, miniature pigs immunized twice with a mixture of 10 μg of DNA and a 1/100 dose of JEVAX developed a high neutralizing antibody titer (1:190 at 90% plaque reduction assay). Even using 1 μg of DNA, 3 of 4 pigs developed neutralizing antibodies. Following challenge, all miniature pigs with detectable neutralizing antibodies were protected against viremia. Pregnant sows inoculated with 10 or 1 μg of DNA mixed with JEVAX (1/100 dose) developed antibody titers of 1:40-1:320. Following challenge, fetal death and mummification were protected against in DNA/JEVAX-immunized sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Imoto
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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Sjölund M, Zoric M, Persson M, Karlsson G, Wallgren P. Disease patterns and immune responses in the offspring to sows with high or low antibody levels to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. Res Vet Sci 2010; 91:25-31. [PMID: 20728191 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The serum antibody responses to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and the secondary invader Pasteurella multocida were monitored from birth until slaughter in the offspring to sows with high or low levels of serum antibodies to A. pleuropneumoniae. Serum antibody concentrations to A. pleuropneumoniae were higher from birth to the age of 9 weeks in piglets delivered by high responding sows. In contrast, antibody levels to P. multocida were similar in both groups during this period. From the age of 20 and 15 weeks, antibody levels to A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida, respectively, were higher in the offspring to high responding sows. This implies that the offspring to sows with high levels of antibodies may be better protected during the first period of life because of a higher level of passively derived immunity. These piglets will also mount a higher antibody response when later infected, indicating a heritability of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sjölund
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kohzaki M, Nishihara K, Hirota K, Sonoda E, Yoshimura M, Ekino S, Butler JE, Watanabe M, Halazonetis TD, Takeda S. DNA polymerases nu and theta are required for efficient immunoglobulin V gene diversification in chicken. J Cell Biol 2010; 189:1117-27. [PMID: 20584917 PMCID: PMC2894443 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200912012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chicken DT40 B lymphocyte line diversifies its immunoglobulin (Ig) V genes through translesion DNA synthesis-dependent point mutations (Ig hypermutation) and homologous recombination (HR)-dependent Ig gene conversion. The error-prone biochemical characteristic of the A family DNA polymerases Polnu and Pol led us to explore the role of these polymerases in Ig gene diversification in DT40 cells. Disruption of both polymerases causes a significant decrease in Ig gene conversion events, although POLN(-/-)/POLQ(-/-) cells exhibit no prominent defect in HR-mediated DNA repair, as indicated by no increase in sensitivity to camptothecin. Poleta has also been previously implicated in Ig gene conversion. We show that a POLH(-/-)/POLN(-/-)/POLQ(-/-) triple mutant displays no Ig gene conversion and reduced Ig hypermutation. Together, these data define a role for Polnu and Pol in recombination and suggest that the DNA synthesis associated with Ig gene conversion is accounted for by three specialized DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaoki Kohzaki
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Kana Nishihara
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women’s University, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirota
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Sonoda
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michio Yoshimura
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ekino
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - John E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Medical School, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Thanos D. Halazonetis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Hendricks J, Terpstra P, Dammers PM, Somasundaram R, Visser A, Stoel M, Bos NA, Kroese FGM. Organization of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus of the rat. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:479-86. [PMID: 20442993 PMCID: PMC2890078 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have mapped and annotated the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) gene locus of the Brown Norway (BN) rat (assembly V3.4; Rat Genomic Sequence Consortium). In addition to known variable region genes, we found 12 novel previously unidentified functional IGHV genes and 1 novel functional IGHD gene. In total, the variable region of the rat IGH locus is composed of at least 353 unique IGHV genes, 21 IGHD genes, and 5 IGHJ genes, of which 131, 14, and 4 are potentially functional genes, respectively. Of all species studied so far, the rat seems to have the highest number of functional IGHV genes in the genome. Rat IGHV genes can be classified into 13 IGHV families based on nucleotide sequence identity. The variable region of the BN rat spans a total length of approximately 4.9 Mb and is organized in a typical translocon organization. Like the mouse, members of the various IGHV gene families are more or less grouped together on the genome, albeit some members of IGHV gene families are found intermingled with each other. In the rat, the largest IGHV gene families are IGHV1, IGHV2, and IGHV5. The overall conclusion is that the genomic organization of the variable region of the rat IGH locus is strikingly similar to that of the mouse, illustrating the close evolutionary relationship between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Hendricks
- Immunology Section, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713EZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Song G, Bailey DW, Dunlap KA, Burghardt RC, Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Johnson GA. Cathepsin B, Cathepsin L, and Cystatin C in the Porcine Uterus and Placenta: Potential Roles in Endometrial/Placental Remodeling and in Fluid-Phase Transport of Proteins Secreted by Uterine Epithelia Across Placental Areolae1. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:854-64. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Alitheen NB, McClure S, McCullagh P. B-cell development: one problem, multiple solutions. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:445-50. [PMID: 20084079 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies variations in the processes of B-cell development and repertoire generation contrast with the greater consistency of T-cell development. B-cell development in mice and humans, with postnatal B-cell generation of new repertoire in the bone marrow throughout life, is regarded as the 'standard' pattern. In contrast, accounts of B cells in birds, sheep, cattle, rabbits and pigs (the 'other' species) describe cessation of gene diversification in the perinatal period, with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) functioning as the primary lymphoid organ thereafter. It has become customary to regard the developmental pathways of T and B cells within any individual species as being as dissimilar as the functions of the two mature cell types. Reinterpretation of B-cell development patterns in different species is overdue in response to two types of reports. The first of these describe T-B 'crossover', specifically the intrathymic production of B cells and the extrathymic production of T cells. The second attests to the extent of sharing of B-cell developmental features across the two groups of species. We propose that, as is a feature of other haematopoietic cells, a menu of alternative B- and T-cell pathways has been retained and shared across species. A single pathway usually predominates in any species, masking alternatives. The observed predominance of any pathway is determined by factors such as placental permeability, extent of maturation of the immune system by birth and the feasibility of direct experimental intervention in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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