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Melepat B, Li T, Vinkler M. Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:105147. [PMID: 38325501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Melepat
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Tao Li
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, EU, Czech Republic.
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Gao S, Huang W, Peng S, Zhou J, Zhan H, Lu T, Liang W, Li J, Zhang Y, Li W, Han C, Li Q. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of nine toll like receptor (TLR) genes in Scortum barcoo under Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127667. [PMID: 37918608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors participating in innate immune system. Up to now, no TLR has been identified in Jade perch (Scortum barcoo). In this study, we successfully identified 9 members of TLRs from the Jade perch. Amino acid sequence alignment analysis showed that the whole sequences of these TLRs were highly conserved among different fish species, especially in LRR, TM and TIR domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each SbTLR was successfully grouped into corresponding gene family of teleosts. Expression analysis showed that most SbTLRs mainly expressed in liver, spleen, muscle and skin, while expressed less in brain and stomach. After Streptococcus agalactiae infection, expression of SbTLR2, SbTLR5S and SbTLR22 were significantly upregulated, while SbTLR3, SbTLR5M, SbTLR9, SbTLR13, and SbTLR14 were significantly downregulated. In all, this research first reported molecular characterization and expression profiles of 9 TLRs in Jade perch. These data will make a contribution for better understanding the antibacterial mechanism of TLRs in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songze Gao
- Guangzhou Mygene Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510320, PR China
| | - Wenwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Suhan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiangwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huawei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tongfu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weiqian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chong Han
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, School of life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Huo C, Tian H, Rao H, Zeng B, Li D, Li Z, Li Y. Genetic diversity of Toll-like receptor 9 in swamp eels (Monopterus albus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1149-1156. [PMID: 36879356 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The swamp eel, Monopterus albus, is an important aquaculture species in Asia (mainly China) whose production has seriously suffered from infectious diseases. In spite of the critical requirement for aquaculture practices, to date there is scant information on its immune defence. Here, the genetic characteristics of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which plays crucial roles in the initiation of host defence against microbial invasion, were analysed. It exhibits a striking lack of genetic variation resulting from a recent demographic bottleneck. A comparison with the homologue of M. javanensis revealed that replacement but not silent differences have nonrandomly accumulated in the coding sequences at the early stage following their split from a common ancestor. Furthermore, the replacements relevant to the type II functional divergence have mainly occurred in structural motifs mediating ligand recognition and receptor homodimerization. These results provide hints to understand the diversity-based strategy of TLR9 in the arms race against pathogens. Furthermore, the findings reported here give credence to the importance of basic immunology knowledge, especially for the key elements, in genetic engineering and breeding for disease resistance in the eel and other fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifei Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Rao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Debing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Han C, Huang W, Peng S, Zhou J, Zhan H, Li W, Gong J, Li Q. Characterization and expression analysis of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family in zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus) against Aeromonas veronii infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104622. [PMID: 36543267 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play an important role in innate and adaptive immune system. However, in teleosts, the data on IRFs is still scarce. Here, for the first time, we identified 11 members of IRFs from the zig-zag eel Mastacembelus armatus (MarIRF1-10). The deduced protein sequences are highly conserved among different fish species especially in DBD and IAD domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MarIRFs preferentially grouped with fish species in Synbranchiformes or Perciformes. Expression analysis showed that MarIRFs were expressed in all nine tissues including spleen, gill, muscle and intestine. After infected by Aeromonas veronii, expression of MarIRF2, MaIRF4b and MaIRF5 were significantly upregulated in spleen, MarIRF1, MarIRF2 were significantly upregulated in kidney, but in liver, nearly all MarIRFs were downregulated. Taken together, this study first reported molecular characterization and expression patterns of 11 IRFs in the zig-zag eel. All these results will contribute a lot to better understanding the antibacterial mechanism of IRFs in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Suhan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiangwei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huawei Zhan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Gong
- Key Laboratory For Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Wang B, Liu X, Zhao J, Cao M, Yu Z, Fu Q, Tan F, Yang N, Li C. Characterization, evolution and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:9-16. [PMID: 35477098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize the conserved molecular structures of pathogens to active the innate immune responses, and subsequently induce the antigen-specific adaptive immune responses for the clearance of infected pathogen. Among the PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the first and best characterized PRRs across all the species. Among the TLR members, TLR7 showed significant conservation across the vertebrates, with the lowest rate of evolution for its LRR domains from primates to fishes. In the current study, one TLR7 (SmTLR7) gene was captured in turbot, with a 3144 bp open reading frame (ORF), that encoding 1047 amino acid residues. Following multiple sequence comparison, SmTLR7 was found to have the highest similarity and identity both to Paralichthys olivaceus with 91.9% and 85.9%, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, SmTLR7 was firstly clustered with Japanese flounder, and then clustered with fugu, rainbow trout, and zebrafish. In addition, SmTLR7 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues with the highest expression level in spleen, followed by skin, while the lowest expression level was detected in blood. Following both Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum challenge, SmTLR7 was significantly down-regulated in gill and intestine, and up-regulated in skin. Moreover, SmTLR7 was significantly up-regulated in head kidney macrophages following LPS, LTA, PGN and polyI:C stimulation, as well as showed the strongest binding ability to LPS, followed by PGN, LTA, and polyI:C in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, following RNAi of SmTLR7, MyD88 and IL-1β were slightly up-regulated, while TRAF6 and IL-8 were significantly down-regulated. The characterization of TLR7 can expand our understanding of the PRRs in teleost fishes, and eventually aid the exploration of interactions between host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhouxin Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Taira G, Onoue T, Hikima JI, Sakai M, Kono T. Circadian clock components Bmal1 and Clock1 regulate tlr9 gene expression in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:438-445. [PMID: 32653586 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, circadian regulation of immune molecules in lower vertebrates, particularly, diurnal oscillation in the immune status of a fish, is not well understood. In this study, the diurnal oscillation of toll-like receptor (Tlr) 9, which plays a role in pathogen recognition, was investigated in the Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We confirmed the expression of tlr9 and clock genes (bmal1 and clock1) in the central and peripheral tissues of medaka. These genes were expressed in a diurnal manner in medaka acclimated to a 12-h:12-h light-dark (12:12 LD) cycle. In addition, increased tlr9 expression was detected in medaka embryo cells (OLHdrR-e3) overexpressing both bmal1 and clock1 genes; however, this result was not obtained when only one or neither of the genes was overexpressed. This suggests that the increase in expression was mediated by the Bmal1 and Clock1 proteins together. In vitro stimulation of the head kidney with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) at different zeitgeber times (ZTs; ZT0 = light on, ZT12 = light off) affected the degree of tlr9 gene expression, showing high and low responsiveness to CpG-ODN stimulation at ZT6/10 and ZT18/22, respectively. Similarly, bacterial infection at different ZT points induced a difference in the expression of Tlr9 signaling pathway-related genes (tlr9 and myd88). These results suggested that fish tlr9 exhibits diurnal oscillation, which is regulated by clock proteins, and its responsiveness to immune-stimulation/pathogen infection depends on the time of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Taira
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Teika Onoue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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