1
|
Artiaga BL, Madden D, Kwon T, McDowell C, Keating C, Balaraman V, de Carvahlo Madrid DM, Touchard L, Henningson J, Meade P, Krammer F, Morozov I, Richt JA, Driver JP. Adjuvant Use of the Invariant-Natural-Killer-T-Cell Agonist α-Galactosylceramide Leads to Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease in Influenza-Vaccinated Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1068. [PMID: 39340098 PMCID: PMC11435877 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are glycolipid-reactive T cells with potent immunoregulatory properties. iNKT cells activated with the marine-sponge-derived glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (αGC), provide a universal source of T-cell help that has shown considerable promise for a wide array of therapeutic applications. This includes harnessing iNKT-cell-mediated immune responses to adjuvant whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) vaccines. An important concern with WIV vaccines is that under certain circumstances, they are capable of triggering vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). This immunopathological phenomenon can arise after immunization with an oil-in-water (OIW) adjuvanted WIV vaccine, followed by infection with a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mismatched challenge virus. This elicits antibodies (Abs) that bind immunodominant epitopes in the HA2 region of the heterologous virus, which purportedly causes enhanced virus fusion activity to the host cell and increased infection. Here, we show that αGC can induce severe VAERD in pigs. However, instead of stimulating high concentrations of HA2 Abs, αGC elicits high concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells both in the lungs and systemically. Additionally, we found that VAERD mediated by iNKT cells results in distinct cytokine profiles and altered adaptation of the challenge virus following infection compared to an OIW adjuvant. Overall, these results provide a cautionary note about considering the formulation of WIV vaccines with iNKT-cell agonists as a potential strategy to modulate antigen-specific immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cassidy Keating
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Darling Melany de Carvahlo Madrid
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Laurie Touchard
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Philip Meade
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rajashekar V, Stern L, Almeida CF, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. The surveillance of viral infections by the unconventional Type I NKT cell. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1472854. [PMID: 39355244 PMCID: PMC11442276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1472854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I NKT cells, also known as Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells, are a subpopulation of unconventional, innate-like T (ILT) cells which can proficiently influence downstream immune effector functions. Type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that recognises lipid-based ligands specifically presented by the non-classical cluster of differentiation (CD1) protein d (CD1d) molecule. Due to their potent immunomodulatory functional capacity, type I NKT cells are being increasingly considered in prophylactic and therapeutic approaches towards various diseases, including as vaccine-adjuvants. As viruses do not encode lipid synthesis, it is surprising that many studies have shown that some viruses can directly impede type I NKT activation through downregulating CD1d expression. Therefore, in order to harness type I NKT cells for potential anti-viral therapeutic uses, it is critical that we fully appreciate how the CD1d-iNKT cell axis interacts with viral immunity. In this review, we examine clinical findings that underpin the importance of type I NKT cell function in viral infections. This review also explores how certain viruses employ immunoevasive mechanisms and directly encode functions to target CD1d expression and type I NKT cell function. Overall, we suggest that the CD1d-iNKT cell axis may hold greater gravity within viral infections than what was previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varshini Rajashekar
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases , University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Stern
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases , University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catarina F. Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases , University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases , University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sparks Z, Wen Y, Hawkins I, Lednicky J, Abboud G, Nelson C, Driver JP, Chauhan A. Sustained release of inactivated H1N1 virus from degradable microparticles for extended vaccination. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 202:114388. [PMID: 38945409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines administered as intramuscularly injected inactivated viruses or intranasally administered live-attenuated viruses usually provide short-term protection against influenza infections. Biodegradable particles that provide sustained release of the antigen has been studied as an approach to extend vaccine protection. Here, we investigate sustained release of ultraviolet killed influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34(H1N1)) (kPR8) loaded into poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles. Particles were prepared using the double emulsion method, and polymer molecular weight (MW), polymer hydrophobicity, polymer concentration in the organic phase, and the amount of killed virus were varied to obtain a range of particles. Formulations included PLGA 50:50 (2-6, 7-17 kDa), PLGA 75:25 (4-15 kDa), and 50/50 PLGA 75:25 (4-15 kDa)/PCL (14 kDa). Additionally, NaOH was co-encapsulated in some cases to enhance particle degradation. The structure of the particles was explored by size measurements and electron microscopy. The kPR8 release profiles were measured using hemagglutinin ELISA. The concentration of the polymer (PLGA) in the organic phase and polymer MW significantly influenced virus loading, while polymer MW and co-encapsulation of NaOH modulated the release profiles. Mice receiving a single intramuscular injection of NaOH microparticle-encapsulated kPR8 were partially protected against a lethal influenza challenge 32 weeks post immunization. Microparticle (MP) vaccination induced a gradual increase in PR8-specific IgGs dominated by IgG1 in contrast to the rapid IgG2a-biased response elicited by soluble kPR8 immunization. Our results indicate that vaccine-NaOH co-loaded PLGA particles show potential as a single dose vaccination strategy for extended protection against influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Sparks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Yuhan Wen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - Ian Hawkins
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - John Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - Corwin Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65201, United States.
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen Y, Sparks Z, Hawkins I, Lednicky J, Abboud G, Nelson C, Chauhan A, Driver J. Sustained release system from PLGA particles co-encapsulated with inactivated influenza virus with natural killer T cell agonist α-galactosylceramide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114365. [PMID: 38876362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines against influenza and many other infectious diseases require multiple boosters in addition to the primary dose to improve efficacy, but this approach is not ideal for compliance. The multiple doses could potentially be replaced by sustained or pulsatile release of antigens encapsulated in degradable microparticles (MPs). The efficacy of a vaccine is improved by adding an adjuvant, which can be co-delivered from the particles to enhance immunogenicity. Here, we developed degradable poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (7-17 kDa) MPs capable of sustained release of ultraviolet killed influenza virus (A/PR/8/34) (kPR8) vaccine and the natural killer T (NKT) cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) and tested their effectiveness at providing long-term protection against influenza virus infection in mice. Multiple formulations were developed for encapsulating the virus and adjuvant separately, and in combination. The MPs exhibited sustained release of both the virus and the adjuvant lasting more than a month. Co-encapsulation significantly increased the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the vaccine but reduced the release duration. On the other hand, co-encapsulation led to a reduction in EE for the α-GalCer and a change in release profile to a higher initial burst followed by a linear release compared to a low initial burst and slower linear release. The α-GalCer also had considerably longer release duration compared to the vaccine. Mice injected with particle formulations co-encapsulating kPR8 and α-GalCer were protected from a lethal influenza virus infection 30 weeks after vaccination. This study demonstrates that PLGA MP based vaccines are promising for providing effective vaccination and possibly for replacing multiple doses with a single injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Zachary Sparks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Ian Hawkins
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - John Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32612, United States
| | - Corwin Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
| | - John Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madrid DMDC, Gu W, Artiaga BL, Yang G, Loeb J, Hawkins IK, Castleman WL, Lednicky JA, Richt JA, Driver JP. Comparison of oseltamivir and α-galactosylceramide for reducing disease and transmission in pigs infected with 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:999507. [PMID: 36337191 PMCID: PMC9635317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.999507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a major cause of respiratory disease in humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the primary antiviral medication used to treat ongoing influenza infections. However, NAIs are not always effective for controlling virus shedding and lung inflammation. Other concerns are the emergence of NAI-resistant virus strains and the risk of side effects, which are occasionally severe. Consequently, additional anti-influenza therapies to replace or combine with NAIs are desirable. Here, we compared the efficacy of the NAI oseltamivir with the invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell superagonist, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which induces innate immune responses that inhibit influenza virus replication in mouse models. We show that oseltamivir reduced lung lesions and lowered virus titers in the upper respiratory tract of pigs infected with A/California/04/2009 (CA04) pandemic H1N1pdm09. It also reduced virus transmission to influenza-naïve contact pigs. In contrast, α-GalCer had no impact on virus replication, lung disease, or virus transmission, even when used in combination with oseltamivir. This is significant as iNKT-cell therapy has been studied as an approach for treating humans with influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ian K. Hawkins
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William L. Castleman
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States,*Correspondence: John P. Driver
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Vaccinated with a Conserved Hemagglutinin HA1 Peptide Adjuvanted with CAF ®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070751. [PMID: 34358167 PMCID: PMC8310093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and protection correlates against influenza virus (IV) infection in pigs vaccinated with the novel NG34 HA1 vaccine candidate adjuvanted with either CAF®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG (αGCM). Two groups of six pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with either NG34 + CAF®01 or NG34 + CDA/αGCM. As controls, groups of animals (n = 6 or 4) either non-vaccinated or vaccinated with human seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine or NG34 + Freund’s adjuvant were included in the study. All animal groups were challenged with the 2009 pandemic (pdm09) strain of H1N1 (total amount of 7 × 106 TCID50/mL) via intranasal and endotracheal routes 21 days after second vaccination. Reduced consolidated lung lesions were observed both on days three and seven post-challenge in the animals vaccinated with NG34 + CAF®01, whereas higher variability with relatively more severe lesions in pigs of the NG34 + CDA/αGCM group on day three post-infection. Among groups, animals vaccinated with NG34 + CDA/αGCM showed higher viral loads in the lung at seven days post infection whereas animals from NG34 + CAF®01 completely abolished virus from the lower respiratory tract. Similarly, higher IFNγ secretion and stronger IgG responses against the NG34 peptide in sera was observed in animals from the NG34 + CAF®01 group as compared to the NG34 + CDA/αGCM. NG34-vaccinated pigs with adjuvanted CAF®01 or CDA/αGCM combinations resulted in different immune responses as well as outcomes in pathology and viral shedding.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bertho N, Meurens F. The pig as a medical model for acquired respiratory diseases and dysfunctions: An immunological perspective. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:254-267. [PMID: 33933817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By definition no model is perfect, and this also holds for biology and health sciences. In medicine, murine models are, and will be indispensable for long, thanks to their reasonable cost and huge choice of transgenic strains and molecular tools. On the other side, non-human primates remain the best animal models although their use is limited because of financial and obvious ethical reasons. In the field of respiratory diseases, specific clinical models such as sheep and cotton rat for bronchiolitis, or ferret and Syrian hamster for influenza and Covid-19, have been successfully developed, however, in these species, the toolbox for biological analysis remains scarce. In this view the porcine medical model is appearing as the third, intermediate, choice, between murine and primate. Herein we would like to present the pros and cons of pig as a model for acquired respiratory conditions, through an immunological point of view. Indeed, important progresses have been made in pig immunology during the last decade that allowed the precise description of immune molecules and cell phenotypes and functions. These progresses might allow the use of pig as clinical model of human respiratory diseases but also as a species of interest to perform basic research explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - François Meurens
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5E3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|