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Kyselová J, Tichý L, Sztankóová Z, Marková J, Kavanová K, Beinhauerová M, Mušková M. Comparative Characterization of Immune Response in Sheep with Caseous Lymphadenitis through Analysis of the Whole Blood Transcriptome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2144. [PMID: 37443943 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic contagious disease that affects small ruminants and is characterized by the formation of pyogranulomas in lymph nodes and other organs. However, the pathogenesis of this disease and the response of the host genome to infection are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the whole blood transcriptome and evaluate differential gene expression during the later stages of CL in naturally infected ewes. The study included diseased, serologically positive (EP), exposed, serologically negative (EN) ewes from the same infected flock and healthy ewes (CN) from a different flock. RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina NextSeq system, and differential gene expression was estimated using DESeq2 and Edge R approaches. The analysis identified 191 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the EP group (102 upregulated and 89 downregulated) and 256 DEGs in the EN group (106 upregulated and 150 downregulated) compared to the CN group. Numerous immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells were influenced in both EP and EN ewes. Immune DEGs were preferentially assigned to antigen presentation through the MHC complex, T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, and extracellular matrix interactions. Furthermore, the EP group showed altered regulation of cytokine and chemokine signaling and activation and recombination of B-cell receptors. Conversely, NF-kappa B signaling, apoptosis, and stress response were the main processes influenced in the EN group. In addition, statistically significant enrichment of the essential immune pathways of binding and uptake of ligands by scavenger receptors in EP and p53 signaling in the EN group was found. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the disease course and host-pathogen interaction in naturally CL-infected sheep by investigating the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Kyselová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Tichý
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sztankóová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Marková
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kavanová
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Beinhauerová
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Mušková
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Gillespie A, Loonie K, Zhang F, Prendergast J, Connelley T, Baldwin CL. Next generation sequencing of transcribed genes in ruminant γδ T cell populations. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:129-142. [PMID: 35810664 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine γδ T cells are distinguished by expression of WC1, hybrid pattern recognition receptors and co-receptors to the T cell receptor (TCR), or their absence. WC1 molecules bind pathogens and the ability of γδ T cells to respond to pathogens largely correlates with their expression of particular WC1 genes. Following activation, the TCR and WC1 molecules co-localize and knocking down WC1 abrogates the ability of WC1-expressing γδ T cells to respond to antigen. It is known that these two major populations, WC1+ and WC1-, differ in their TCR gene expression and previous studies showed other differences using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and serial analysis of gene expression. Differences in genes expressed would influence the functional outcome when WC1+ vs. WC1- γδ T cells respond to pathogens. To identify unique aspects of their transcriptome, here we performed RNA-Seq of flow cytometrically sorted bovine WC1+ and WC1- γδ T cells and compared them to all mononuclear cells in blood. The greatest differences in gene expression were found between γδ T cells and other mononuclear cells and included those involved in lymphocyte activation and effector processes. Only minor differences occurred between ex vivo WC1+ vs. WC1- γδ T cells with those gene products being involved in cell adhesion and chemotaxis. After culturing cells from primed animals with Leptospira antigens major difference in the transcriptome was evident, with over 600 genes significantly differentially expressed including those focused on cytokine signaling. Unexpectedly, antigen-responding and non-responding populations of WC1+ γδ T cells had few differences in their transcriptomes outside of cytotoxic factors although they had more WC1-1, WC1-2 and WC1-13 transcripts. Through differential gene expression we were able to define properties of ex vivo and stimulated WC1+ cells which will be useful in understanding their functional biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Loonie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Wu M, Jiang Q, Nazmi A, Yin J, Yang G. Swine unconventional T cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104330. [PMID: 34863955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are important domestic livestock and a comprehensive understanding of their immune system is critical to improve swine vaccine efficacy. Pig models represent an excellent animal model for immunological studies because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. A significant portion of pig immunological studies focused on characterizing the conventional T cell (Tconv) immune responses. These cells recognize peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. In contrast, unconventional T cells are non-MHC-restricted and profoundly regulate conventional T cells. Key subsets of unconventional T cells reviewed here include natural killer T (NKT) cells, γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and two potential unconventional T cell subsets expressing NKp46 or CD11b. Unlike Tconvs, most of these cells recognize lipids, small molecule metabolites, or modified peptides, and they generally show simplified patterns of T cell receptor (TCR) expression and rapid effector responses. Here, we review that unconventional T cells are an abundant and critical component of the porcine immune system, summarize the current understanding of these cells, and highlight some of the key differences among mouse, human, and porcine unconventional T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qianling Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ali Nazmi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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Le Page L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in artiodactyls: Focus on swine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104334. [PMID: 34919982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective medical strategy for disease prevention but there is a need to improve livestock vaccine efficacy. Understanding the structure of the immune system of swine, which are considered a γδ T cell "high" species, and thus, particularly how to engage their γδ T cells for immune responses, may allow for development of vaccine optimization strategies. The propensity of γδ T cells to home to specific tissues, secrete pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, exhibit memory or recall responses and even function as antigen-presenting cells for αβ T cells supports the concept that they have enormous potential for priming by next generation vaccine constructs to contribute to protective immunity. γδ T cells exhibit several innate-like antigen recognition properties including the ability to recognize antigen in the absence of presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules enabling γδ T cells to recognize an array of peptides but also non-peptide antigens in a T cell receptor-dependent manner. γδ T cell subpopulations in ruminants and swine can be distinguished based on differential expression of the hybrid co-receptor and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) known as workshop cluster 1 (WC1). Expression of various PRR and other innate-like immune receptors diversifies the antigen recognition potential of γδ T cells. Finally, γδ T cells in livestock are potent producers of critical master regulator cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whose production orchestrates downstream cytokine and chemokine production by other cells, thereby shaping the immune response as a whole. Our knowledge of the biology, receptor expression and response to infectious diseases by swine γδ T cells is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040698. [PMID: 35203344 PMCID: PMC8869946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
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Defining the caprine γδ T cell WC1 multigenic array and evaluation of its expressed sequences and gene structure conservation among goat breeds and relative to cattle. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:347-365. [PMID: 35138437 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Workshop cluster 1 (WC1) molecules are part of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and act as hybrid co-receptors for the γδ T cell receptor and as pattern recognition receptors for binding pathogens. These members of the CD163 gene family are expressed on γδ T cells in the blood of ruminants. While the presence of WC1+ γδ T cells in the blood of goats has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies, there was no information available about the goat WC1 gene family. The caprine WC1 multigenic array was characterized here for number, structure and expression of genes, and similarity to WC1 genes of cattle and among goat breeds. We found sequence for 17 complete WC1 genes and evidence for up to 30 SRCR a1 or d1 domains which represent distinct signature domains for individual genes. This suggests substantially more WC1 genes than in cattle. Moreover, goats had seven different WC1 gene structures of which 4 are unique to goats. Caprine WC1 genes also had multiple transcript splice variants of their intracytoplasmic domains that eliminated tyrosines shown previously to be important for signal transduction. The most distal WC1 SRCR a1 domains were highly conserved among goat breeds, but fewer were conserved between goats and cattle. Since goats have a greater number of WC1 genes and unique WC1 gene structures relative to cattle, goat WC1 molecules may have expanded functions. This finding may impact research on next-generation vaccines designed to stimulate γδ T cells.
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Crider J, Quiniou SMA, Felch KL, Showmaker K, Bengtén E, Wilson M. A Comprehensive Annotation of the Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) T Cell Receptor Alpha/Delta, Beta, and Gamma Loci. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786402. [PMID: 34899754 PMCID: PMC8656973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete germline repertoires of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, T cell receptor (TR) loci, TRAD, TRB, and TRG were obtained by analyzing genomic data from PacBio sequencing. The catfish TRB locus spans 214 kb, and contains 112 TRBV genes, a single TRBD gene, 31 TRBJ genes and two TRBC genes. In contrast, the TRAD locus is very large, at 1,285 kb. It consists of four TRDD genes, one TRDJ gene followed by the exons for TRDC, 125 TRAJ genes and the exons encoding the TRAC. Downstream of the TRAC, are 140 TRADV genes, and all of them are in the opposite transcriptional orientation. The catfish TRGC locus spans 151 kb and consists of four diverse V-J-C cassettes. Altogether, this locus contains 15 TRGV genes and 10 TRGJ genes. To place our data into context, we also analyzed the zebrafish TR germline gene repertoires. Overall, our findings demonstrated that catfish possesses a more restricted repertoire compared to the zebrafish. For example, the 140 TRADV genes in catfish form eight subgroups based on members sharing 75% nucleotide identity. However, the 149 TRAD genes in zebrafish form 53 subgroups. This difference in subgroup numbers between catfish and zebrafish is best explained by expansions of catfish TRADV subgroups, which likely occurred through multiple, relatively recent gene duplications. Similarly, 112 catfish TRBV genes form 30 subgroups, while the 51 zebrafish TRBV genes are placed into 36 subgroups. Notably, several catfish and zebrafish TRB subgroups share ancestor nodes. In addition, the complete catfish TR gene annotation was used to compile a TR gene segment database, which was applied in clonotype analysis of an available gynogenetic channel catfish transcriptome. Combined, the TR annotation and clonotype analysis suggested that the expressed TRA, TRB, and TRD repertoires were generated by different mechanisms. The diversity of the TRB repertoire depends on the number of TRBV subgroups and TRBJ genes, while TRA diversity relies on the many different TRAJ genes, which appear to be only minimally trimmed. In contrast, TRD diversity relies on nucleotide additions and the utilization of up to four TRDD segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Crider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Stoneville, MS, United States
| | - Kristianna L Felch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Kurt Showmaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.,Department of Data Science, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Le Page L, Gillespie A, Schwartz JC, Prawits LM, Schlerka A, Farrell CP, Hammond JA, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC, Hammer SE. Subpopulations of swine γδ T cells defined by TCRγ and WC1 gene expression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104214. [PMID: 34329647 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a major portion of lymphocytes in the blood of both ruminants and swine. Subpopulations of swine γδ T cells have been distinguished by CD2 and CD8α expression. However, it was not clear if they have distinct expression profiles of their T-cell receptor (TCR) or WC1 genes. Identifying receptor expression will contribute to understanding the functional differences between these subpopulations and their contributions to immune protection. Here, we annotated three genomic assemblies of the swine TCRγ gene locus finding four gene cassettes containing C, J and V genes, although some haplotypes carried a null TRGC gene (TRGC4). Genes in the TRGC1 cassette were homologs of bovine TRGC5 cassette while the others were not homologous to bovine genes. Here we evaluated three principal populations of γδ T cells (CD2+/SWC5-, CD2-/SWC5+, and CD2-/SWC5-). Both CD2- subpopulations transcribed WC1 co-receptor genes, albeit with different patterns of gene expression but CD2+ cells did not. All subpopulations transcribed TCR genes from all four cassettes, although there were differences in expression levels. Finally, the CD2+ and CD2- γδ T-cell populations differed in their representation in various organs and tissues, presumably at least partially reflective of different ligand specificities for their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Lisa-Maria Prawits
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Schlerka
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Colin P Farrell
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Gillespie A, Yirsaw A, Gunasekaran KP, Smith TP, Bickhart DM, Turley M, Connelley T, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Characterization of the domestic goat γδ T cell receptor gene loci and gene usage. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:187-201. [PMID: 33479855 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Goats and cattle diverged 30 million years ago but retain similarities in immune system genes. Here, the caprine T cell receptor (TCR) gene loci and transcription of its genes were examined and compared to cattle. We annotated the TCR loci using an improved genome assembly (ARS1) of a highly homozygous San Clemente goat. This assembly has already proven useful for describing other immune system genes including antibody and leucocyte receptors. Both the TCRγ (TRG) and TCRδ (TRD) loci were similarly organized in goats as in cattle and the gene sequences were highly conserved. However, the number of genes varied slightly as a result of duplications and differences occurred in mutations resulting in pseudogenes. WC1+ γδ T cells in cattle have been shown to use TCRγ genes from only one of the six available cassettes. The structure of that Cγ gene product is unique and may be necessary to interact with WC1 for signal transduction following antigen ligation. Using RT-PCR and PacBio sequencing, we observed the same restriction for goat WC1+ γδ T cells. In contrast, caprine WC1+ and WC1- γδ T cell populations had a diverse TCRδ gene usage although the propensity for particular gene usage differed between the two cell populations. Noncanonical recombination signal sequences (RSS) largely correlated with restricted expression of TCRγ and δ genes. Finally, caprine γδ T cells were found to incorporate multiple TRD diversity gene sequences in a single transcript, an unusual feature among mammals but also previously observed in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Al Yirsaw
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Karthick P Gunasekaran
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Timothy P Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Derek M Bickhart
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael Turley
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | | | - Janice C Telfer
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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