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Chen C, Lai H, Song P, Gu X. Promotion effect of proanthocyanidin on dentin remineralization via the polymer induced liquid precursor process. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 160:106750. [PMID: 39293136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin (PA) has demonstrated promise as a dental biomodifier for maintaining dentin collagen integrity, yet there is limited evidence regarding its efficacy in dentin repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PA on dentin remineralization through the polymer induced liquid precursor (PILP) process, as well as to assess the mechanical properties of the restored dentin. Demineralized dentin was treated with a PA-contained remineralization medium, resulting in the formation of PA-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles via the PILP process. The kinetics and microstructure of remineralized dentin were examined through the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), attenuated total reflectance-FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the application of PA facilitated the process of dentin remineralization, achieving completion within 48 h, demonstrating a notable reduction in time required. Following remineralization, the mechanical properties of the dentin exhibited an elastic modulus of 15.89 ± 1.70 GPa and a hardness of 0.47 ± 0.08 GPa, which were similar to those of natural dentin. These findings suggest that combining PA with the PILP process can promote dentin remineralization and improve its mechanical properties, offering a promising new approach for dentin repair in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haiyan Lai
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Song
- SanYe Pediatric Dental Clinic, Hangzhou Stomatology Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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2
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Kuru E, Eronat N, Türkün M, Çoğulu D. Comparison of remineralization ability of tricalcium silicate and of glass ionomer cement on residual dentin: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:732. [PMID: 38926776 PMCID: PMC11202387 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the remineralization effects of a calcium silicate-based cement (Biodentine) and of a glass ionomer cement (GIC: Fuji IX) on artificially demineralized dentin. METHODS Four standard cavities were prepared in dentin discs prepared from 34 extracted sound human third molars. In each disc, one cavity was covered with an acid-resistant varnish before demineralization (Group 1). The specimens were soaked in a chemical demineralization solution for 96 h to induce artificial carious lesions. Thereafter, one cavity each was filled with Biodentine (Group 2) and GIC (Group 3), respectively, and one carious lesion was left unrestored as a negative control (Group 4). Next, specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days. After cross-sectioning the specimens, the Ca/P ratio was calculated in each specimen by using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Both cement types induced dentin remineralization as compared to Group 4. The Ca/P ratio was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The dentin lesion remineralization capability of Biodentine is higher than that of GIC, suggesting the usefulness of the former as a bioactive dentin replacement material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biodentine has a higher remineralization ability than that of GIC for carious dentin, and its interfacial properties make it a promising bioactive dentin restorative material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kuru
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Usak University School of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet, Merkez/Usak, 64200, Turkey.
| | - Nesrin Eronat
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ege University School of Dentistry, Erzene, Bornova/İzmir, 35040, Turkey
| | - Murat Türkün
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ege University School of Dentistry, Erzene, Bornova / İzmir, 35040, Turkey
| | - Dilşah Çoğulu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ege University School of Dentistry, Erzene, Bornova/İzmir, 35040, Turkey
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Tang S, Dong Z, Ke X, Luo J, Li J. Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:42. [PMID: 34876550 PMCID: PMC8651686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in vertebrates. The underlying mechanisms and pathways of biomineralization provide inspiration for designing and constructing materials to repair hard tissues. In particular, the formation processes of minerals can be partly replicated by utilizing bioinspired artificial materials to mimic the functions of biomolecules or stabilize intermediate mineral phases involved in biomineralization. Here, we review recent advances in biomineralization-inspired materials developed for hard tissue repair. Biomineralization-inspired materials are categorized into different types based on their specific applications, which include bone repair, dentin remineralization, and enamel remineralization. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized, and several perspectives on future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Dong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiang Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Xiang K, Chen L, Chen W, Yang D. Remineralization of dentin induced by a compound of polyamide-amine and chlorhexidine in a resin dentin bonding microenvironment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:472. [PMID: 33850869 PMCID: PMC8039710 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a complex of polyamide-amine dendrimer (PAMAM) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) on remineralization of dentin in an artificial simulated resin dentin bonding microenvironment. Methods The structure of this complex was characterized by FT-IR. Twelve standard dentin samples were randomly divided into four treatment fluid groups namely a PAMAM group, CG group, PAMAM + CG group, and deionized water group. A microenvironmental mineralization model was established in vitro with 50 µm gap width between resin and dentin. The dentin surface was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the chemical structure of the surface was analyzed by X-ray energy spectrum (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and laser Raman spectroscopy. Results SEM showed the density of dentinal tubules exposed in the PAMAM group decreased after a 14-day immersion, with corn rod-shaped crystal structures gathered around the tubules. In addition, visible mineralization occurred in partial areas of the CG group, rod-shaped crystals and in comparison, dentinal tubules in the PAMAM + CG group were almost completely covered by flaky crystal structures. Raman spectrum analysis showed that crystals formed by PAMAM, CG, and PAMAM + CG solution all had strong phosphate characteristic peaks, indicating the presence of hydroxyapatite (HA), that of the PAMAM + CG group was the strongest. The EDS results showed that the Ca and P levels of the PAMAM group and the CG group were slightly higher than those of the deionized water group, while PAMAM + CG group significantly higher than the others, Ca/P value approaching 1.67. The results of XRD showed the characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite detected by the PAMAM + CG group at 2θ=26.0 (002), 2θ=32.0 (211), and 2θ=33.0 (112) were high and sharp, with a few diffraction line burrs indicating it had high crystallinity and purity. The Scherrer equation results showed that the appearance and size of the grains formed by the PAMAM + CG group were basically consistent with those of healthy dentin. Conclusions Altogether, the compound of polyamide-amine dendrimer and chlorhexidine could induce the remineralization of human dentin in a resin dentin bonding microenvironment with a gap of 50 µm to form a crystal structure similar to dentin hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Xiang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhao L, Sun J, Zhang C, Chen C, Chen Y, Zheng B, Pan H, Shao C, Jin B, Tang R, Gu X. Effect of aspartic acid on the crystallization kinetics of ACP and dentin remineralization. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104226. [PMID: 33302092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen and non-collagen proteins are the main organic components of dentin. This study aimed to investigate the biomimetic remineralization of demineralized dentin by aspartic acid (Asp), which is abundant in non-collagenous proteins (NCPs). Asp was added to a mineralizing solution containing polyacrylic acid (PAA) to explore the mechanism of Asp regulating the pure amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) phase transition process. The remineralization process and superstructure of the remineralized layer of demineralized dentin were evaluated and analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the biological stability of the remineralized layer was investigated by collagenase degradation experiment. It demonstrated that Asp promoted the crystallization kinetics of PAA-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite (HAP), and shortened the remineralization time of demineralized dentin from 7 days to 2 days. The newly formed remineralized dentin had similar morphology and biological stability to the natural dentin layer. The presence of a large number of Asp residues in NCPs promoted the phase transformation of ACP, and further revealed the mechanism of action of NCPs in dentin biomineralization. This experiment also showed that Asp promoted the biomimetic remineralization of dentin; the morphology and hierarchical structure of remineralized layer was similar to that of natural teeth, and had good biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Haihua Pan
- Centre for Biopathways and Biomaterials and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Centre for Biopathways and Biomaterials and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Biao Jin
- Centre for Biopathways and Biomaterials and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Centre for Biopathways and Biomaterials and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Xiang KZ, Chen L, Yang DQ. [Research progress on the biomimetic remineralization of hard tooth tissues based on polyamide-amine dendrimer]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:692-696. [PMID: 33377349 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyamide-amine (PAMAM) dendrimer, a new hyperbranched macromolecular polymer, is considered an "artificial protein" by many scholars on account of its excellent chemical and biological characteristics. PAMAM has internal cavities and a large number of reactive terminal groups. These structures allow the polymer to be used as a bionic macromoleculethat could simulate the biomimetic mineralization of the natural organic matrix on the surface of tooth tissue. Specifically, PAMAM can beused as an organic template to regulate mineral nucleation and crystal growth; thus, the polymerisa more ideal dental restoration material than traditional allogenic materials. This article reviews research progress on thePAMAM-induced biomimetic mineralization of hard tooth tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zhen Xiang
- Oral Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering in Chongqing Universities, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Oral Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering in Chongqing Universities, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - De-Qin Yang
- Oral Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering in Chongqing Universities, Chongqing 401147, China
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Xie Y, He E, Cao Z, Ou Q, Wang Y. Effect of polyvinylphosphonic acid on resin-dentin bonds and the cytotoxicity of mouse dental papilla cell-23. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 122:492.e1-492.e6. [PMID: 31623837 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Polyvinylphosphonic acid (PVPA) could be used as a biomimetic remineralization analog and a matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitor. However, studies are lacking regarding the performance of PVPA in dental bonding systems for maintaining the durability of the resin-dentin bond. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of PVPA on the durability of resin-dentin bonds and the viability of mouse dental papilla cell-23 (MDPC-23). The mechanical properties of resin-dentin interfaces during long-term storage were analyzed, and the potential application of PVPA as a biomimetic remineralization analog in adhesive dentistry was evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-five extracted noncarious human third molars were collected and randomly divided into 5 groups, and then the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) data and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were used to evaluate the preservation condition of resin-dentin bonds after 1 day, 6 months, and 1 year of storage. The cytotoxicity of PVPA was detected by cell proliferation assay and cell apoptosis assay. RESULTS Compared with the control and chlorhexidine (CHX) groups, the combined group (treated with both 200-μg/mL PVPA and biomimetic remineralization) had excellent bond durability. The exposed collagen fibril from the PVPA-treated groups (included 200-μg/mL and 500-μg/mL PVPA groups and a combined group) still showed integrity after 1 year of storage when compared with the control group. PVPA up to 500 μg/mL showed no cytotoxicity to MDPC-23 and did not inhibit cell growth. CONCLUSIONS This study offered evidence that PVPA did not result in cytotoxicity at low concentrations as an MMP inhibitor and a biomimetic remineralization analog. In addition, the application of PVPA improved bond strength and preserved collagen integrity after 1 year of in vitro storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Xie
- Graduate student, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Enbao He
- Resident Physician, Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Cao
- Graduate student, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qianmin Ou
- Graduate student, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Professor, Oral Biology and Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Islas RE, García JJ. Hydrophosphonylation of Alkynes with Trialkyl Phosphites Catalyzed by Nickel. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E. Islas
- Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D. F. 04510 México
| | - Juventino J. García
- Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México D. F. 04510 México
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Wu S, Gu L, Huang Z, Sun Q, Chen H, Ling J, Mai S. Intrafibrillar mineralization of polyacrylic acid-bound collagen fibrils using a two-dimensional collagen model and Portland cement-based resins. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 125:72-80. [PMID: 27996182 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biomimetic remineralization of apatite-depleted dentin is a potential method for enhancing the durability of resin-dentin bonding. To advance this strategy from its initial proof-of-concept design, we sought to investigate the characteristics of polyacrylic acid (PAA) adsorption to desorption from type I collagen and to test the mineralization ability of PAA-bound collagen. Portland cement and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were homogenized with a hydrophilic resin blend to produce experimental resins. The collagen fibrils reconstituted on nickel (Ni) grids were mineralized using different methods: (i) group I consisted of collagen treated with Portland cement-based resin in simulated body fluid (SBF); (ii) group II consisted of PAA-bound collagen treated with Portland cement-based resin in SBF; and (iii) group III consisted of PAA-bound collagen treated with β-TCP-doped Portland cement-based resin in deionized water. Intrafibrillar mineralization was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. We found that a carbonyl-associated peak at pH 3.0 increased as adsorption time increased, whereas a hydrogen bond-associated peak increased as desorption time increased. The experimental resins maintained an alkaline pH and the continuous release of calcium ions. Apatite was detected within PAA-bound collagen in groups II and III. Our results suggest that PAA-bound type I collagen fibrils can be mineralized using Portland cement-based resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiurong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sui Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lin HP, Lin J, Li J, Xu JH, Mehl C. In vitro remineralization of hybrid layers using biomimetic analogs. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:864-873. [PMID: 27819133 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resin-dentin bond degradation is a major cause of restoration failures. The major aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of a remineralization medium on collagen matrices of hybrid layers of three different adhesive resins using nanotechnology methods. Coronal dentin surfaces were prepared from freshly extracted premolars and bonded to composite resin using three adhesive resins (FluoroBond II, Xeno-III-Bond, and iBond). From each tooth, two central slabs were selected for the study. The slabs used as controls were immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The experimental slabs were immersed in a Portland cement-based remineralization medium that contained two biomimetic analogs (biomineralization medium (BRM)). Eight slabs per group were retrieved after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, respectively and immersed in Rhodamine B for 24 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to evaluate the permeability of hybrid layers to Rhodamine B. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) tests. After four months, all BRM specimens exhibited a significantly smaller fluorescent area than SBF specimens, indicating a remineralization of the hybrid layer (P≤0.05). A clinically applicable biomimetic remineralization delivery system could potentially slow down bond degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing-Hong Xu
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Christian Mehl
- HarderMehl Dental Clinic, Volkartstraße 5, 80634 Munich, Germany
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12
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M, Wang J, Jiang T, Wang Y, Watson TF, Sauro S. Polycarboxylated microfillers incorporated into light-curable resin-based dental adhesives evoke remineralization at the mineral-depleted dentin. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:679-97. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.891926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhong B, Peng C, Wang G, Tian L, Cai Q, Cui F. Contemporary research findings on dentine remineralization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:1004-16. [PMID: 23955967 DOI: 10.1002/term.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhong
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhong Wang
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tian
- Centre of Stomatology; China-Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Fuzhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing People's Republic of China
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Strategies to prevent hydrolytic degradation of the hybrid layer-A review. Dent Mater 2013; 29:999-1011. [PMID: 23953737 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endogenous dentin collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins, are responsible for the time-dependent hydrolysis of collagen matrix of hybrid layers. As collagen matrix integrity is essential for the preservation of long-term dentin bond strength, inhibition of endogenous dentin proteases is necessary for durable resin-bonded restorations. METHODS Several tentative approaches to prevent enzyme function have been proposed. Some of them have already demonstrated clinical efficacy, while others need to be researched further before clinical protocols can be proposed. This review will examine both the principles and outcomes of techniques to prevent collagen hydrolysis in dentin-resin interfaces. RESULTS Chlorhexidine, a general inhibitor of MMPs and cysteine cathepsins, is the most tested method. In general, these experiments have shown that enzyme inhibition is a promising approach to improve hybrid layer preservation and bond strength durability. Other enzyme inhibitors, e.g. enzyme-inhibiting monomers, may be considered promising alternatives that would allow more simple clinical application than chlorhexidine. Cross-linking collagen and/or dentin matrix-bound enzymes could render hybrid layer organic matrices resistant to degradation. Alternatively, complete removal of water from the hybrid layer with ethanol wet bonding or biomimetic remineralization should eliminate hydrolysis of both collagen and resin components. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the function of the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of hybrid layer collagen has prompted several innovative approaches to retain hybrid layer integrity and strong dentin bonding. The ultimate goal, prevention of collagen matrix degradation with clinically applicable techniques and commercially available materials may be achievable in several ways.
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Niu LN, Zhang W, Pashley DH, Breschi L, Mao J, Chen JH, Tay FR. Biomimetic remineralization of dentin. Dent Mater 2013; 30:77-96. [PMID: 23927881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Remineralization of demineralized dentin is important for improving dentin bonding stability and controlling primary and secondary caries. Nevertheless, conventional dentin remineralization strategy is not suitable for remineralizing completely demineralized dentin within hybrid layers created by etch-and-rinse and moderately aggressive self-etch adhesive systems, or the superficial part of a caries-affected dentin lesion left behind after minimally invasive caries removal. Biomimetic remineralization represents a different approach to this problem by attempting to backfill the demineralized dentin collagen with liquid-like amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursor particles that are stabilized by biomimetic analogs of noncollagenous proteins. METHODS This paper reviewed the changing concepts in calcium phosphate mineralization of fibrillar collagen, including the recently discovered, non-classical particle-based crystallization concept, formation of polymer-induced liquid-precursors (PILP), experimental collagen models for mineralization, and the need for using phosphate-containing biomimetic analogs for biomimetic mineralization of collagen. Published work on the remineralization of resin-dentin bonds and artificial caries-like lesions by various research groups was then reviewed. Finally, the problems and progress associated with the translation of a scientifically sound concept into a clinically applicable approach are discussed. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE The particle-based biomimetic remineralization strategy based on the PILP process demonstrates great potential in remineralizing faulty hybrid layers or caries-like dentin. Based on this concept, research in the development of more clinically feasible dentin remineralization strategy, such as incorporating poly(anionic) acid-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursor-containing mesoporous silica nanofillers in dentin adhesives, may provide a promising strategy for increasing of the durability of resin-dentin bonding and remineralizing caries-affected dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Niu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - David H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste and IGM-CNR, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jing Mao
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Perdigão J, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Dentin adhesion and MMPs: a comprehensive review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2013; 25:219-41. [PMID: 23910180 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the fundamental processes responsible for the aging mechanisms involved in the degradation of resin-bonded interfaces, as well as some potential approaches to prevent and counteract this degradation. Current research in several research centers aims at increasing the resin-dentin bond durability. The hydrophilic and acidic characteristics of current dentin adhesives have made hybrid layers highly prone to water sorption. This, in turn, causes polymer degradation and results in decreased resin-dentin bond strength over time. These unstable polymers inside the hybrid layer may result in denuded collagen fibers, which become vulnerable to mechanical and hydrolytical fatigue, as well as degradation by host-derived proteases with collagenolytic activity. These enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins, have a crucial role in the degradation of type I collagen, the organic component of the hybrid layer. This review will also describe several methods that have been recently advocated to silent the activity of these endogenous proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Perdigão
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Liu Y, Tjäderhane L, Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Li N, Mao J, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Limitations in bonding to dentin and experimental strategies to prevent bond degradation. J Dent Res 2011; 90:953-68. [PMID: 21220360 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited durability of resin-dentin bonds severely compromises the lifetime of tooth-colored restorations. Bond degradation occurs via hydrolysis of suboptimally polymerized hydrophilic resin components and degradation of water-rich, resin-sparse collagen matrices by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins. This review examined data generated over the past three years on five experimental strategies developed by different research groups for extending the longevity of resin-dentin bonds. They include: (1) increasing the degree of conversion and esterase resistance of hydrophilic adhesives; (2) the use of broad-spectrum inhibitors of collagenolytic enzymes, including novel inhibitor functional groups grafted to methacrylate resins monomers to produce anti-MMP adhesives; (3) the use of cross-linking agents for silencing the activities of MMP and cathepsins that irreversibly alter the 3-D structures of their catalytic/allosteric domains; (4) ethanol wet-bonding with hydrophobic resins to completely replace water from the extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar collagen compartments and immobilize the collagenolytic enzymes; and (5) biomimetic remineralization of the water-filled collagen matrix using analogs of matrix proteins to progressively replace water with intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar apatites to exclude exogenous collagenolytic enzymes and fossilize endogenous collagenolytic enzymes. A combination of several of these strategies should result in overcoming the critical barriers to progress currently encountered in dentin bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou District, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Huang S, Gao S, Cheng L, Yu H. Remineralization Potential of Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Initial Enamel Lesions: An in vitro Study. Caries Res 2011; 45:460-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000331207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kim YK, Mai S, Mazzoni A, Liu Y, Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Takahashi K, Zhang K, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Biomimetic remineralization as a progressive dehydration mechanism of collagen matrices--implications in the aging of resin-dentin bonds. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3729-39. [PMID: 20304110 PMCID: PMC2901402 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a dehydration process in which water from the intrafibrillar compartments of collagen fibrils are progressively replaced by apatites. As water is an important element that induces a lack of durability of resin-dentin bonds, this study has examined the use of a biomimetic remineralization strategy as a progressive dehydration mechanism to preserve joint integrity and maintain adhesive strength after ageing. Human dentin surfaces were bonded with dentin adhesives, restored with resin composites and sectioned into sticks containing the adhesive joint. Experimental specimens were aged in a biomimetic analog-containing remineralizing medium and control specimens in simulated body fluid for up to 12 months. Specimens retrieved after the designated periods were examined by transmission electron microscopy for the presence of water-rich regions using a silver tracer and for collagen degradation within the adhesive joints. Tensile testing was performed to determine the potential loss of bond integrity after ageing. Control specimens exhibited severe collagen degradation within the adhesive joint after ageing. Remineralized specimens exhibited progressive dehydration, as manifested by silver tracer reduction and partial remineralization of water-filled microchannels within the adhesive joint, as well as intrafibrillar remineralization of collagen fibrils that were demineralized initially as part of the bonding procedure. Biomimetic remineralization as a progressive dehydration mechanism of water-rich, resin-sparse collagen matrices enables these adhesive joints to resist degradation over a 12-month ageing period, as verified by the conservation of their tensile bond strength. The ability of the proof of concept biomimetic remineralization strategy to prevent bond degradation warrants further development of clinically relevant delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2-188-1, Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sui Mai
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Rd., Wuhan, China
| | - Arzu Tezvergil-Mutluay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 2, Turku, Finland
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Guangzhou, China
| | - David H. Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 St., Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 St., Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15 St., Augusta, GA, USA
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Gu LS, Kim J, Kim YK, Liu Y, Dickens SH, Pashley DH, Ling JQ, Tay FR. A chemical phosphorylation-inspired design for Type I collagen biomimetic remineralization. Dent Mater 2010; 26:1077-89. [PMID: 20688381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type I collagen alone cannot initiate tissue mineralization. Sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) is frequently employed as a chemical phosphorylating reagent in the food industry. This study examined the feasibility of using STMP as a functional analog of matrix phosphoproteins for biomimetic remineralization of resin-bonded dentin. METHODS Equilibrium adsorption and desorption studies of STMP were performed using demineralized dentin powder (DDP). Interaction between STMP and DDP was examined using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Based on those results, a bio-inspired mineralization scheme was developed for chemical phosphorylation of acid-etched dentin with STMP, followed by infiltration of the STMP-treated collagen matrix with two etch-and-rinse adhesives. Resin-dentin interfaces were remineralized in a Portland cement-simulated body fluid system, with or without the use of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a dual biomimetic analog. Remineralized resin-dentin interfaces were examined unstained using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Analysis of saturation binding curves revealed the presence of irreversible phosphate group binding sites on the surface of the DDP. FT-IR provided additional evidence of chemical interaction between STMP and DDP, with increased in the peak intensities of the PO and P-O-C stretching modes. Those peaks returned to their original intensities after alkaline phosphatase treatment. Evidence of intrafibrillar apatite formation could be seen in incompletely resin-infiltrated, STMP-phosphorylated collagen matrices only when PAA was present in the SBF. SIGNIFICANCE These results reinforce the importance of PAA for sequestration of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursors in the biomimetic remineralization scheme. They also highlight the role of STMP as a templating analog of dentin matrix phosphoproteins for inducing intrafibrillar remineralization of apatite nanocrystals within the collagen matrix of incompletely resin-infiltrated dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-sha Gu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kim J, Arola DD, Gu L, Kim YK, Mai S, Liu Y, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Functional biomimetic analogs help remineralize apatite-depleted demineralized resin-infiltrated dentin via a bottom-up approach. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2740-50. [PMID: 20045745 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural biominerals are formed through metastable amorphous precursor phases via a bottom-up, nanoparticle-mediated mineralization mechanism. Using an acid-etched human dentin model to create a layer of completely demineralized collagen matrix, a bio-inspired mineralization scheme has been developed based on the use of dual biomimetic analogs. These analogs help to sequester fluidic amorphous calcium phosphate nanoprecursors and function as templates for guiding homogeneous apatite nucleation within the collagen fibrils. By adopting this scheme for remineralizing adhesive resin-bonded, completely demineralized dentin, we have been able to redeposit intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar apatites in completely demineralized collagen matrices that are imperfectly infiltrated by resins. This study utilizes a spectrum of completely and partially demineralized dentin collagen matrices to further validate the necessity for using a biomimetic analog-containing medium for remineralizing resin-infiltrated partially demineralized collagen matrices in which remnant seed crystallites are present. In control specimens in which biomimetic analogs are absent from the remineralization medium, remineralization could only be seen in partially demineralized collagen matrices, probably by epitaxial growth via a top-down crystallization approach. Conversely, in the presence of biomimetic analogs in the remineralization medium, intrafibrillar remineralization of completely demineralized collagen matrices via a bottom-up crystallization mechanism can additionally be identified. The latter is characterized by the transition of intrafibrillar minerals from an inchoate state of continuously braided microfibrillar electron-dense amorphous strands to discrete nanocrystals, and ultimately into larger crystalline platelets within the collagen fibrils. Biomimetic remineralization via dual biomimetic analogs has the potential to be translated into a functional delivery system for salvaging failing resin-dentin bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongryul Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seou, South Korea
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Gu LS, Huffman BP, Arola DD, Kim YK, Mai S, Elsalanty ME, Ling JQ, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Changes in stiffness of resin-infiltrated demineralized dentin after remineralization by a bottom-up biomimetic approach. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:1453-61. [PMID: 19887126 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in elastic modulus, mineral density and ultrastructure of resin-infiltrated dentin after biomimetic remineralization. Sixty demineralized dentin beams were infiltrated with Clearfil Tri-S Bond, One-Step or Prime&Bond NT. They were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 week to maximize water sorption before determining the baseline elastic moduli. For each adhesive (N = 20) half of the beams remained immersed in SBF (control). The rest were immersed in a biomimetic remineralization medium. The elastic moduli were measured weekly for 15 additional weeks. Representative remineralized specimens were evaluated by X-ray microtomography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elastic moduli of control resin-infiltrated dentin remained consistently low, while those immersed in the biomimetic remineralization medium increased by 55-118% after 4 months. X-ray microtomography of the remineralized specimens revealed decreases in mineral density from the beam surface to the beam core that were indicative of external mineral aggregation and internal mineral deposition. Interfibrillar and intrafibrillar remineralization of resin-sparse intertubular dentin were seen under TEM, together with remineralized peritubular dentin. Biomimetic remineralization occurs by diffusion of nanoprecursors and biomimetic analogs in completely demineralized resin-infiltrated dentin and proceeds without the contribution of materials released from a mineralized dentin base.
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Kim J, Gu L, Breschi L, Tjäderhane L, Choi KK, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Implication of ethanol wet-bonding in hybrid layer remineralization. J Dent Res 2010; 89:575-80. [PMID: 20200419 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510363380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During mineralization, unbound water within the collagen matrix is replaced by apatite. This study tested the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the status of in vitro biomimetic remineralization of hybrid layers, regardless of their moisture contents. Acid-etched dentin was bonded with One-Step with ethanol-wet-bonding, water-wet-bonding, and water-overwet-bonding protocols. Composite-dentin slabs were subjected to remineralization for 1-4 months in a medium containing dual biomimetic analogs, with set Portland cement as the calcium source and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Remineralization was either non-existent or restricted to the intrafibrillar mode in ethanol-wet-bonded specimens. Extensive intrafibrillar and interfibrillar remineralization was observed in water-wet-bonded specimens. Water-overwet specimens demonstrated partial remineralization of hybrid layers and precipitation of mineralized plates within water channels. The use of ethanol-wet-bonding substantiates that biomimetic remineralization is a progressive dehydration process that replaces residual water in hybrid layers with apatite crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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