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Stoyanova-Ivanova A, Petrov V, Martins JNR, Andreeva L, Georgiev V. Multi-Force Bio-Active™ Archwires and Various Contemporary NiTi Multi-Force Archwires: Properties and Characteristics-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2603. [PMID: 38893867 PMCID: PMC11174049 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The manufacturing of orthodontic archwires made from NiTi alloy has undergone numerous changes from the second half of the last century to modern times. Initially, superelastic-active austenitic NiTi alloys were predominant, followed by thermodynamic-active martensitic NiTi alloys, and, finally, the most recent development was graded thermodynamic alloys. These advancements have been the subject of extensive investigation in numerous studies, as they necessitated a deeper understanding of their properties. Furthermore, it is imperative that we validate the information provided by manufacturers regarding these archwires through independent studies. This review evaluates existing studies on the subject with a specific focus on the Bio-active multi-force NiTi archwire, by examining its mechanical, thermal, and physicochemical properties before and after clinical use. This archwire consists primarily of Ni and Ti, with traces of Fe and Cr, which release graduated, biologically tolerable forces which increase in a front-to-back direction and are affected by the temperature of the environment they are in. The review provides information to practicing orthodontists, facilitating informed decisions regarding the selection and use of Bio-active™ archwires for individual patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Stoyanova-Ivanova
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.S.-I.); (V.G.)
| | - Valeri Petrov
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. G. Sofiiski Blvd., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Jorge N. R. Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- LIBPhys-FCT UID/FIS/04559/2013, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral (GIBBO), Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Andreeva
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. G. Sofiiski Blvd., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Velizar Georgiev
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.S.-I.); (V.G.)
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Stoyanova-Ivanova A, Georgieva M, Petrov V, Martins JNR, Andreeva L, Petkov A, Petrova N, Georgiev V. Thermal Behavior Changes of As-Received and Retrieved Bio-Active ® (BA) and TriTanium ® (TR) Multiforce Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic Archwires. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103776. [PMID: 37241402 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiforce nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires release progressively increasing forces in a front-to-back direction along their length. The properties of NiTi orthodontic archwires depend on the correlation and characteristics of their microstructural phases (austenite, martensite and the intermediate R-phase). From a clinical and manufacturing point of view, the determination of the austenite finish (Af) temperature is of the greatest importance, as in the austenitic phase, the alloy is most stable and exhibits the final workable form. The main purpose of using multiforce orthodontic archwires is to decrease the intensity of the applied forces to the teeth with a small root surface area, such as the lower central incisors, and also provide forces high enough to move the molars. With the optimally dosed forces of multiforce orthodontic archwires in the frontal, premolar and molar segments, the feeling of pain can be reduced. This will contribute to the greater cooperation of the patient, which is of utmost importance to achieve optimal results. The aim of this research was to determine the Af temperature at each segment of as-received and retrieved Bio-Active® and TriTanium® archwires with dimensions of 0.016 × 0.022 inches, investigated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. A classical Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test and multi-variance comparison based on the ANOVA test statistic using the Bonferroni corrected Mann-Whitney test for multiple comparisons were used. The incisor, premolar and molar segments have different Af temperatures, and they decrease from the anterior to posterior so that the posterior segment has the lowest Af. Bio-Active® and TriTanium® with dimensions of 0.016 × 0.022 inches can be used as first leveling archwires by additional cooling and are not recommended for use on patients with mouth breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Stoyanova-Ivanova
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mirela Georgieva
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. G. Sofiiski Blvd., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valeri Petrov
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. G. Sofiiski Blvd., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Department of Endodontics, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua Professora Teresa Ambrósio, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Bioquimica e Biologia Oral, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Andreeva
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, St. G. Sofiiski Blvd., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Petkov
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Nadia Petrova
- Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography "Acad. Ivan Kostov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, "Acad. Georgi Bonchev" Str. 107, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Georgiev
- G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Effect of thermocycling-induced stress on properties of orthodontic NiTi wires. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1788-1795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Al-Horini O, Hajeer MY, Baba F. Evaluating the Elemental Composition, Transformation Behavior, Crystalline Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Three 0.016-Inch by 0.022-Inch Nickel-Titanium Archwires: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e27206. [PMID: 35898807 PMCID: PMC9309200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires are considered the most attractive wires during the first stage of orthodontic treatment because of their unique properties throughout several generations. This study aimed to evaluate three different NiTi wires in terms of their elemental composition, transformation behavior, crystalline structure, and mechanical properties. Materials and methods The study used three different groups of NiTi archwires with dimensions of 0.016 x 0.022-inch (American Orthodontics®, Sheboygan, WI, USA). The first group included six superelastic NiTi archwires (NT3-SE®), with normal force and a stable structure that was not affected by temperature changes. The second group included six heat-activated NiTi archwires activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D®), with moderate force and a sensitive structure to thermal changes, especially at room temperature. The third group included six heat-activated NiTi archwires activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite®), with light force and a sensitive structure to thermal changes, especially at body temperature. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was performed to determine wire element composition, whereas differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the austenite finish temperature (Af). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the crystalline structure at room temperature, and a three-point bending test was carried out under constant temperature (37°C) with respect to the instructions of ISO15841/DIS to evaluate the mechanical properties of these wires. Results The XRF analysis revealed that the superelastic NiTi archwires (NT3-SE) were composed of NiTi and chrome, whereas the heat-activated wires (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) were composed of NiTi and copper. The DSC showed the Af was at +16.84°C for the superelastic type (NT3-SE), +23°C for the heat-activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), and +33.99°C for the heat-activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite). The XRD analysis identified the crystalline structure at room temperature for the superelastic type (NT3-SE) as austenite, while for thermal types (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) were a compound structure of austenite and martensite phase. Finally, the bending test showed that the highest forces were delivered from the superelastic type (NT3-SE), followed by heat-activated at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), while the lowest forces were delivered from heat-activated at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite). There was no significant difference between the superelastic type (NT3-SE) and thermally activated type at 25°C (Thermal Ti-D), while there was a significant difference between the two previous types and the thermally activated type at 35°C (Thermal Ti-Lite) for all studied unloading points. Conclusions The thermal types of archwires (Thermal Ti-D and Thermal Ti-Lite) had lower unloading values in comparison with the superelastic type (NT3-SE). The elemental composition was different between the superelastic wires and the thermal ones. The superelastic wires were also different from the other two types in terms of crystalline structure. The three types of archwires had an activation degree located in the range of oral cavity variations.
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Sapata VM, Sapata DM, Gurgel JA, Neto AM, Ramos AL. DSC analysis and evaluation of forces released on deactivation of 0.40-mm (0.016") orthodontic thermo-activated NiTi wires: An in vitro study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:12-18. [PMID: 32454953 PMCID: PMC7235700 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
. This study evaluated the phase transformation of NiTi orthodontic wires and forces they release on deactivation. Methods. The structural phase transformations of the following five thermo-activated nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): Flexy Thermal Sentalloy® (GAC International), NiTi (35ºC) (Eurodonto), Thermo-Plus® (Morelli), FlexyNiTi® Flexy Thermal (35ºC) (Orthometric) and Damon® CuNiTi (35ºC) (ORMCO Corp.). The wires had a cross-section of 0.40 mm (0.016"). In addition, the forces they released were investigated using the three-point bending test. Five arches of each wire were tested using DSC (-20/80ºC at 10ºC/min), and six arches from each wire were sectioned for bending tests. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Pearson’s correlation test was performed between the results yielded by the DSC tests and those by three-point analyses (P=0.05). Results. The DSC analysis showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers, with no differences between the lots of the same brand. ORMCO and Orthometric wires exhibited similar TTR values in cooling (P=0.49), and statistically similar TTR values in heating (P=0.056). The three-point bending test showed different patterns in releasing forces. A correlation was found between the DSC analysis and the three-point bending test results. Conclusion. The higher the temperature transformation was, the larger was the variation of force. All the wires presented higher forces at 3-mm deflection from 155 (±12.3) to 168.1 (±8) cN. The DSC analysis and the three-point bending test showed differences between the NiTi alloys from all the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adilson Luiz Ramos
- Department of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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da Silva Vieira B, Cançado RH, Freitas KM, Valarelli FP, Gobbi RC, de Oliveira RCG. Effect of Clinical Use and Sterilization Process on the Transition Temperature Range of Thermally NiTi Alloys. Open Dent J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210601913010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Thermally activated nickel-titanium wires have been widely used by orthodontists due to more constant forces, generation over longer activation spans, greater resistance to permanent deformation, superelasticity characteristics when cyclically loaded, better spring-back and less hysteresis.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinical use and sterilization process on the Transition Temperature Range (TTR) of thermoset nickel-titanium wires using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
Methods:
Sections from four nickel-titanium wires (0.019 × 0.025-inch) belonging to four different brands were assessed in four different states. Two of the wires were assessed in the “as received” state, one after 60 days of clinical use, and one after 60 days of clinical use and subjected to a sterilization process (autoclaving). The segments of each archwire were tested using DSC at temperatures ranging from −80°C to 150°C at a rate of 10°C/min.
Results:
All the nickel-titanium memory thermoset wires presented with desirable property for clinical use. The shape memory property was not influenced by clinical use and sterilization process.
Conclusion:
There was no change in TTR of the nickel-titanium wires after clinical use and sterilization.
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Lombardo L, Toni G, Mazzanti V, Mollica F, Spedicato GA, Siciliani G. The mechanical behavior of as received and retrieved nickel titanium orthodontic archwires. Prog Orthod 2019; 20:1. [PMID: 30613836 PMCID: PMC6321830 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-018-0251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the characteristics of as received and retrieved NiTi archwires at a constant temperature by plotting their load/deflection graphs and quantifying three parameters describing the discharge plateau phase. Materials and methods Two hundred four NiTi archwires, traditional and heat-activated, of various cross sections, were obtained from 5 different manufacturers. Specimens prepared from the selected wires were subjected to a three-point bending test where 92 were retrieved through an in vivo retrieval protocol (crowding group C1 and group C2), 56 went through an in vitro retrieval protocol, and 56 were as received. The in vitro retrieval protocol was performed by a gear motor connected to a stainless steel support that performed fatigue cycles to the bent wires in artificial saliva. The load/deflection graphs of as received and retrieved wires were described through three parameters and the results were analyzed with classification and regression trees (CART) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Statistically significant differences between as received and retrieved wires were found only for the parameter plateau slope which represents the constancy of force expressed by the wire. Conclusions The aging of NiTi archwires influences the force constancy expressed. The behavior of the wires changes depending on the size, brand, and type of retrieval protocol. In terms of performance, the poorest is represented by all wires retrieved in vitro and in vivo group C2 (moderate to severe crowding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lombardo
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Toni
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Siciliani
- Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Obaisi NA, Galang-Boquiren MTS, Evans CA, Tsay TGP, Viana G, Berzins D, Megremis S. Comparison of the transformation temperatures of heat-activated Nickel-Titanium orthodontic archwires by two different techniques. Dent Mater 2016; 32:879-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Spini TS, Valarelli FP, Cançado RH, Freitas KMSD, Villarinho DJ. Transition temperature range of thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:109-17. [PMID: 24676581 PMCID: PMC3956402 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The shape memory resulting from the superelasticity and thermoelastic effect is the main characteristic of thermally activated NiTi archwires and is closely related to the transition temperature range (TTR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the TTR of thermally activated NiTi archwires commercially available. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven different brands of 0.019" x 0.025" thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires were tested as received by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over the temperature range from -100 °C to 150 °C at 10 °C/min. RESULTS All thermally activated NiTi archwires analyzed presented stage transformation during thermal scanning with final austenitic temperature (Af) ranging from 20.39 °C to 45.42 °C. Three brands of NiTi archwires presented Af close to the room temperature and, this way, do not present properties of shape memory and pseudoelasticity that are desirable in clinical applications. CONCLUSIONS The thermally activated NiTi archwires present great variability in the TTR and the elastic parameters of each NiTi archwire should be provided by the manufacturers, to allow achievement of the best clinical performance possible.
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Thermomechanical properties of nickel-titanium closed-coil springs and their implications for clinical practice. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:319-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bradley TG, Berzins DW, Valeri N, Pruszynski J, Eliades T, Katsaros C. An investigation into the mechanical and aesthetic properties of new generation coated nickel-titanium wires in the as-received state and after clinical use. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:290-6. [PMID: 23873791 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjt048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical, structural, and aesthetic properties of two types of aesthetic coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires compared with comparable regular NiTi wires in the as-received state and after clinical use. MATERIALS/METHODS Sixty one subjects were randomly assigned to four groups (N = 61), two groups of coated wires and two groups of comparable, non-coated controls (n = 15/group). The period in the mouth ranged from 4 to 12 weeks after insertion. In total, 121 wires (61 retrieved and 60 as-received) were used in the study. The percentages of coating retention and loss were extrapolated from scans. A brief survey of five questions with three choices was given to all patients. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and three-point bending tests were done on as-received and used wires. RESULTS The surface characterization by the percentage of resin remaining indicated that most wires in both test groups lost a significant amount of coating. A patient survey indicated that this was a noticeable feature for patients. DSC analysis of the wires indicated that the metallurgical properties of the coated wires were not similar to the uncoated wires in the as-received condition. Three-point bending results indicate a wide variation in test results with large standard deviations among all the groups. LIMITATIONS The extent of coating loss requires investigating, as do the biological properties of the detached coating. CONCLUSIONS Both wires lost a significant amount of aesthetic coating after varying periods in the mouth. The metallurgical testing of these findings may indicate that these wires perform differently in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gerard Bradley
- *Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA,
| | - David W Berzins
- *Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas Valeri
- *Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jessica Pruszynski
- **Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Theodore Eliades
- ***Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- ****Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical School, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Metallurgical Characterization of Controlled Memory Wire Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments. J Endod 2011; 37:1566-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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IIJIMA M, OHTA M, BRANTLEY WA, NAGANISHI A, MURAKAMI T, MUGURUMA T, MIZOGUCHI I. Transformation behavior of nickel-titanium orthodontic wires under tensile load. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:398-403. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2010-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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